首页 > 代码库 > Spring bean依赖注入、bean的装配及相关注解

Spring bean依赖注入、bean的装配及相关注解

依赖注入

Spring主要提供以下两种方法用于依赖注入

  • 基于属性Setter方法注入
  • 基于构造方法注入

Setter方法注入

例子:

public class Communication {     private Messaging messaging;           /*     * DI via Setter     */    public void setMessaging(Messaging messaging){        this.messaging = messaging;    }     public void communicate(){        messaging.sendMessage();    }}

如上Communication类有一个messaging属性,并含有setMessaging方法,那么使用Setter方法注入的时候,只需要使用如下XML配置即可:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"    xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-4.0.xsd                            http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-4.0.xsd">     <bean id="activeMqMessaging" class="com.websystique.spring.domain.impl.ActiveMQMessaging" />     <bean id="communication" class="com.websystique.spring.Communication">        <property name="messaging">            <ref bean="activeMqMessaging" />        </property>    </bean> </beans>

这里省略了ActiveMQMessaging的定义,实际上ActiveMQMessaging类是Messaging接口的一个实现类。

构造方法注入

例子

public class Communication {     private Encryption encryption;         /*     * DI via Constructor Injection     */    public Communication(Encryption encryption){        this.encryption = encryption;    }      public void communicate(){        encryption.encryptData();    } }

注意以上Communication类有一个构造方法Communication(Encryption encryption),且含有一个入参,类型为Encryption,那么使用构造方法注入的时候,XML配置如下:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"    xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-4.0.xsd                            http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-4.0.xsd">     <bean id="rsaEncryption" class="com.websystique.spring.domain.impl.RSAEncryption" />     <bean id="communication" class="com.websystique.spring.Communication">        <constructor-arg type="com.websystique.spring.domain.Encryption">            <ref bean="rsaEncryption" />        </constructor-arg>    </bean> </beans>

注意,这里省略了RSAEncryption的定义,不用在意这些细节,该类是Encryption接口的一个实现类。

另外,为了避免构造方法重载带来的歧义,这里指定了入参类型为com.websystique.spring.domain.Encryption。

装配

bean的装配有两种方式,手动装配和自动装配。注意,不要混淆,bean的装配是依赖注入的具体行为,依赖注入的时候需要根据bean的名称或类型等进行装配。

手动装配:通过在<property> 或者 <constructor>标签中使用ref属性,在上一小节的“依赖注入”部分使用的就是手动装配;

<!-- default example (autowire="no") --><bean id="driver" class="com.websystique.spring.domain.Driver">    <property name="license" ref="license"/></bean> <bean id="license" class="com.websystique.spring.domain.License" >    <property name="number" value="123456ABCD"/></bean>

自动装配:在<bean>标签中使用autowire属性;

<bean id="application" class="com.websystique.spring.domain.Application" autowire="byName"/>

本小节主要关注自动装配,自动装配有以下四种方式:

  • autowire="byName" : 根据名称
  • autowire="byType" : 根据类型
  • autowire="constructor" : 根据构造方法入参类型
  • autowire="no" : 不使用自动装配,即默认方式,手动装配

autowire="byName"

例子:

public class Application {     private ApplicationUser applicationUser;     public ApplicationUser getApplicationUser() {        return applicationUser;    }     public void setApplicationUser(ApplicationUser applicationUser) {        this.applicationUser = applicationUser;    }     @Override    public String toString() {        return "Application [applicationUser=" + applicationUser + "]";    }}

该类有一个属性叫applicationUser,那么根据名称自动装配的XML配置如下:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"    xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-4.0.xsd                            http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-4.0.xsd">     <!-- byName example -->    <bean id="application" class="com.websystique.spring.domain.Application" autowire="byName"/>     <bean id="applicationUser" class="com.websystique.spring.domain.ApplicationUser" >        <property name="name" value="http://www.mamicode.com/superUser"/>    </bean>
</beans>

autowire="byType"

例子

public class Employee {     private EmployeeAddress address;     public EmployeeAddress getAddress() {        return address;    }     public void setAddress(EmployeeAddress address) {        this.address = address;    }     @Override    public String toString() {        return "Employee [address=" + address + "]";    }}

该类有一个属性类型为EmployeeAddress,那么根据类型自动装配的XML配置如下:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"    xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-4.0.xsd                            http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-4.0.xsd">     <!-- byType example -->    <bean id="employee" class="com.websystique.spring.domain.Employee" autowire="byType"/>     <bean id="employeeAddress" class="com.websystique.spring.domain.EmployeeAddress" >        <property name="street" value="112/223,SantaVila"/>        <property name="city" value="Nebraska"/>    </bean> </beans>

autowire="constructor"

例子

public class Performer {         private Instrument instrument;         public Performer(Instrument instrument){        this.instrument = instrument;    }     @Override    public String toString() {        return "Performer [instrument=" + instrument + "]";    }}

该类有一个构造方法,入参的类型为Instrument,那么根据构造方法自动装配的XML配置如下:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"    xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-4.0.xsd                            http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-4.0.xsd">     <!-- constructor example -->    <bean id="performer" class="com.websystique.spring.domain.Performer" autowire="constructor"/>     <bean id="instrument" class="com.websystique.spring.domain.Instrument" >        <property name="name" value="http://www.mamicode.com/PIANO"/>    </bean> </beans>

autowire="no"

public class Driver {     private License license;         public void setLicense(License license) {        this.license = license;    }     public License getLicense() {        return license;    }     @Override    public String toString() {        return "Driver [license=" + license + "]";    }}

该类有一个属性license,由于我们不打算使用自动装配功能,那么只能使用手动装配了,XML配置如下:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"    xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-4.0.xsd                            http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-4.0.xsd">     <!-- default example (autowire="no") -->    <bean id="driver" class="com.websystique.spring.domain.Driver" autowire="no">        <property name="license" ref="license"/>    </bean>     <bean id="license" class="com.websystique.spring.domain.License" >        <property name="number" value="123456ABCD"/>    </bean> </beans>

注意,如果不配置license的ref引用的话,license将为null。

相关注解

主要涉及以下三个注解

  • @Autowired
  • @Resource
  • @Qualifier

@Autowired可应用于构造方法、属性、setter方法或配置类@Configuration的方法上,该注解根据bean的数据类型进行装配,如果你想希望根据bean的名称进行装配可以使用带name属性的@Resource注解;另外@Qualifier注解经常与@Autowired注解结合使用,用于解决一个应用中存在多个同种类型的bean的情况,下面将给出各个注解的示例。

@Autowired(根据类型自动装配)

setter方法上

@Component("driver")public class Driver {     private License license;         @Autowired    public void setLicense(License license) {        this.license = license;    }     @Override    public String toString() {        return "Driver [license=" + license + "]";    }    //getter}

构造方法上

@Component("driver")public class Driver {     private License license;         @Autowired    public Driver(License license){        this.license = license;    }         @Override    public String toString() {        return "Driver [license=" + license + "]";    }}

属性上

@Component("driver")public class Driver {    @Autowired    private License license;         //getter,setter     @Override    public String toString() {        return "Driver [license=" + license + "]";    }}

@Resource(根据名称装配)

@Component("application")public class Application {     @Resource(name="applicationUser")    private ApplicationUser user;     @Override    public String toString() {        return "Application [user=" + user + "]";    }}

@Qualifier(与@Autowired结合使用,实现按名称装配)

例子背景::存在两个Car接口的实现类,其中一个Car接口的实现类已被注册为bean,且name为Mustang

@Componentpublic class Bond {     @Autowired    @Qualifier("Mustang")    private Car car;         public void showCar(){        car.getCarName();    }}

注意,以上例子如果不使用@Qualifier限定的话,将抛出如下异常,表明存在多个类型相同的bean:

Caused by: org.springframework.beans.factory.NoUniqueBeanDefinitionException: No qualifying bean of type [com.websystique.spring.domain.Car] is defined: expected single matching bean but found 2: Ferari,Mustang
    at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.doResolveDependency(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:970)
    at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.resolveDependency(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:858)
    at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor$AutowiredFieldElement.inject(AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:480)
    ... 14 more

最后提醒下,被@Autowired注解标注默认情况下能保证成功注入,如果注入不成功(往往是找不到,或存在歧义),Spring会抛出异常。当然,有时候可能会有特殊需求,不希望bean被强制装配,那么可以在@Autowired上添加required=false属性,表明该bean的装配是可选的,找不到的话,就为null吧,如下示例:

@Component("driver")public class Driver {    @Autowired(required=false)    private License license;         //getter,setter     @Override    public String toString() {        return "Driver [license=" + license + "]";    }}

基于以上原因,虽然@Autowired注解与@Resource功能类似,但是@Autowired还是比@Resource强大了那么一点点,个人建议使用@Autowired注解。

参考资料

http://websystique.com/spring/spring-dependency-injection-example-with-constructor-and-property-setter-xml-example/

http://websystique.com/spring/spring-beans-auto-wiring-example-using-xml-configuration/

http://websystique.com/spring/spring-dependency-injection-annotation-beans-auto-wiring-using-autowired-qualifier-resource-annotations-configuration/

 

 

Spring bean依赖注入、bean的装配及相关注解