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安卓第十夜 亚当的诞生

作者:Vamei 出处:http://www.cnblogs.com/vamei 欢迎转载,也请保留这段声明。谢谢!

 

上一讲介绍了用WebView来抓取一个网页内容。这一讲我将介绍如何在安卓内部直接进行HTTP通信。

《亚当的诞生》,西斯廷礼拜堂的吊顶画,米开朗基罗之作。当时的教皇强迫沉迷于雕塑的米开朗基罗画巨幅壁画。米开朗基罗认为这是在浪费自己的才华,充满愤怒的作画。当然,他又成功了。

 

描述

这一讲中,我将使用JSON,将数据库备份到远程的数据库中。反过来我也将从远程数据库中抓取条目,并放入安卓的数据库。相关的安卓知识点包括:

  • 线程
  • HTTP通信
  • JSON

 

增加ActionBar

我首先在首页上增加一菜单,用于触发下载和上传功能。这是通过ActionBar实现的。ActionBar在页面的顶端增加一个横幅。这个横幅上可以有应用的图标、文字信息和选项菜单(OptionMenu)。

 

我在布局文件res/menu/main.xml中定义ActionBar的菜单:

<menu xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"    xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"    xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools" >    <item        android:id="@+id/action_upload"        android:orderInCategory="100"        android:title="Upload"        app:showAsAction="never"/>      <item        android:id="@+id/action_download"        android:orderInCategory="100"        android:title="Download"        app:showAsAction="never"/></menu>

 

现在,修改之前的MainActivity.java。MainActivity将继承ActionBarActivity。这样,MainActivity页面的顶端将增加一条ActionBar。接下来,我要覆盖ActionBarActivity的两个方法。一个是onCreateOptionsMenu()方法。在这个方法中,我绑定上面的视图文件到ActionBar上。另一个方法onOptionsItemSelected(),主要用于说明菜单各个选项被点击后的动作。代码如下:

package me.vamei.vamei;import android.content.Context;import android.content.Intent;import android.content.SharedPreferences;import android.os.Bundle;import android.support.v7.app.ActionBarActivity;import android.view.Menu;import android.view.MenuItem;import android.view.View;import android.view.View.OnClickListener;import android.widget.Button;import android.widget.TextView;public class MainActivity extends ActionBarActivity implements OnClickListener {    private SharedPreferences sharedPref;        @Override    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);                sharedPref = this.getSharedPreferences("me.vamei.vamei",                 Context.MODE_PRIVATE);                Button btn1 = (Button) findViewById(R.id.author);        btn1.setOnClickListener(this);        Button btn2 = (Button) findViewById(R.id.category);        btn2.setOnClickListener(this);            }        @Override    protected void onResume() {        super.onResume();        TextView nameView = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.welcome);                // retrieve content from shared preference, with key "name"        String   welcome  = "Welcome, " + sharedPref.getString("name", "unknown") + "!";        nameView.setText(welcome);    }    // method for interface OnClickListener    @Override    public void onClick(View v) {        Intent intent;        // Routing to different view elements        switch(v.getId()) {            case R.id.author:                intent = new Intent(this,                         SelfEditActivity.class);                startActivity(intent);                break;            case R.id.category:                intent = new Intent(this,                        CategoryActivity.class);                startActivity(intent);                break;        }    }        @Override    public boolean onCreateOptionsMenu(Menu menu) {        // Inflate the menu; this adds items to the action bar if it is present.        getMenuInflater().inflate(R.menu.main, menu);        return true;    }    @Override    public boolean onOptionsItemSelected(MenuItem item) {        // Handle action bar item clicks here. The action bar will        // automatically handle clicks on the Home/Up button, so long        // as you specify a parent activity in AndroidManifest.xml.        int id = item.getItemId();        switch (id) {          case R.id.action_download:                    return true;                  case R.id.action_upload:                    return true;                }        return super.onOptionsItemSelected(item);    }}

在上面,我的onOptionsItemSelected()方法还没有包含具体的功能。我将在下一部分为该方法增加功能。 运行应用后效果如下:

 

HTTP获得数据

下一步,我将增加"Download"按钮点击后的功能。按钮点击后,应用将访问互联网,并获得URL指向的.js文件。获得.js文件后,我从该文件中提取JSON对象,这个对象中包含一些新的Category名字。最后,我在数据库中增加Category条目:

@Overridepublic boolean onOptionsItemSelected(MenuItem item) {    // Handle action bar item clicks here. The action bar will    // automatically handle clicks on the Home/Up button, so long    // as you specify a parent activity in AndroidManifest.xml.    int id = item.getItemId();    switch (id) {      case R.id.action_download:            Thread thread = new Thread() {                @Override                public void run(){                    try{                        // Http Get                        InputStream content;                        HttpClient httpclient = new DefaultHttpClient();                        HttpResponse response = httpclient.execute(                                new HttpGet("http://files.cnblogs.com/vamei/android_contact.js"));                        content = response.getEntity().getContent();                        BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(content));                        final StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();                        String line = null;                                                while ((line = reader.readLine()) != null) {                            sb.append(line);                        }                        content.close();                                                // Parse JSON Object and Save to DB                        JSONObject receivedObject = new JSONObject(sb.toString());                        JSONArray categoryObjects  = receivedObject.getJSONArray("category");                        ContactsManager cm        = new ContactsManager(getApplicationContext());                        JSONObject categoryObject;                        for (int i=0; i< categoryObjects.length(); i++) {                            categoryObject = categoryObjects.getJSONObject(i);                            String name = categoryObject.getString("name");                            Category category = new Category(name);                            cm.createCategory(category);                         }                      } catch (Exception e) {                        Log.i("Http Error", e.getMessage().toString());                      }                }            };            thread.start();
break; }
return super.onOptionsItemSelected(item);}

注意到,上面的网络访问部分启动了一个新线程Thread。为了确保界面的流畅,安卓规定网络访问不能在负责图画界面的主线程中进行。所以,我们必须把网络访问放在一个新的线程中。我们通过异步的方式进行网络访问,将在下一部分介绍。

程序中的JSONObject和JSONArray用于解析接收到的JSON字符串。

 

使用AsyncTask

AsyncTask在背景进程中工作。AsyncTask分为工作准备、工作进行和工作完成三个部分。AsyncTask有三个方法,onPreExecute(), doInBackground(), onPostExecute()分别代表这三个部分的任务。其中,doInBackground在背景进程中进行,因此可以把网络访问放入其中。此外,在doInBackground中,可以通过调用publishProgress(),来更新任务的进度。进度更新后,AsyncTask将调用onProgressUpdate()方法。

 

AsyncTask有三个类型<X, Y, Z>。它们分别是doInBackground(X), onProgressUpdate(Y)和onPostExecute(Z)的参数类型。此外,doInBackground()方法的返回值将成为onPostExecute()的参数,因此doInBackground()方法的返回值类型也是Z。

当工作完成,AsyncTask会通知主线程。AsyncTask与Thread的目的相同,但它异步的调用方式更方便编写,也更容易实现主线程和背景线程之间的信息传递。我下面会实现Upload的对应功能,即把Category表转成JSON,再把该JSON字符串发送到特定的URL。

@Overridepublic boolean onOptionsItemSelected(MenuItem item) {    // Handle action bar item clicks here. The action bar will    // automatically handle clicks on the Home/Up button, so long    // as you specify a parent activity in AndroidManifest.xml.    int id = item.getItemId();    switch (id) {            case R.id.action_download:              Thread thread = new Thread() {                  @Override                public void run(){                    try{                        InputStream content;                                                // Http Get                        HttpClient httpclient = new DefaultHttpClient();                        HttpResponse response = httpclient.execute(                                new HttpGet("http://files.cnblogs.com/vamei/android_contact.js"));                        content = response.getEntity().getContent();                        BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(content));                        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();                        String line = null;                                                while ((line = reader.readLine()) != null) {                            sb.append(line);                        }                        content.close();                                                // Parse JSON Object and Save to DB                        JSONObject receivedObject = new JSONObject(sb.toString());                        JSONArray categoryObjects = receivedObject.getJSONArray("category");                        ContactsManager cm        = new ContactsManager(getApplicationContext());                        JSONObject categoryObject;                        for (int i=0; i< categoryObjects.length(); i++) {                            categoryObject = categoryObjects.getJSONObject(i);                            String name = categoryObject.getString("name");                            Category category = new Category(name);                            cm.createCategory(category);                         }                      } catch (Exception e) {                        Log.i("Http Error", e.getMessage().toString());                      }                }            };            thread.start();            break;          // upload action          case R.id.action_upload:        UploadTask newTask = new UploadTask();        newTask.execute("http://files.cnblogs.com/");        break;    }          return super.onOptionsItemSelected(item);}    private class UploadTask extends AsyncTask <String, String, String> {    /*main worker*/    @Override    protected String doInBackground(String...params) {        ContactsManager cm  = new             ContactsManager(getApplicationContext());        List<Category> categories = cm.getAllCategories();        JSONObject sendObject = new JSONObject();        JSONArray categoryObjects = new JSONArray();        try {            for (int i=0; i<categories.size(); i++) {            JSONObject categoryObject = new JSONObject();            categoryObject.put("name",            categories.get(i).getName());            categoryObjects.put(categoryObject);                }            sendObject.put("category", categoryObjects);                    // update progress once                publishProgress("JSON DONE");            // posting to URL                   HttpClient httpClient = new DefaultHttpClient();            HttpPost httpPost = new HttpPost(params[0]);            StringEntity se   = new StringEntity(sendObject.toString());                se.setContentEncoding(new BasicHeader(HTTP.CONTENT_TYPE,                         "application/json"));            httpPost.setEntity(se);            HttpResponse httpResponse = httpClient.execute(httpPost);                    // update progress again            publishProgress("NETWORK DONE");                            return httpResponse.getStatusLine().toString();         } catch (Exception e) {            e.printStackTrace();            return "Crashed";        }    }    /*after background work is done*/    @Override    protected void onPostExecute(String result) {        Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this,                 result, Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();    }        /*when progress is updated*/    @Override    protected void onProgressUpdate(String...params) {        Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this,                 params[0], Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();    }}

这里的URL并不能处理POST方法。如果有兴趣,可以使用上一部分的Play框架,自制接受POST的服务器,并处理这里上传的JSON。

 

总结

ActionBarActivity

Thread, AsyncTask

JSONObject, JSONArray

Http, get and post

安卓第十夜 亚当的诞生