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Android View系统分析之从setContentView说开来(一)
今天是中秋节,先祝各位中秋快乐吧。作为北漂的人,对于过节最大的感触就是没气氛~ 中秋是一个特别重要的节日,小的时候过中秋都是特别快乐的,有月饼吃,和家人上月,过完中秋要去亲戚家拜访等等。现在对于我们来说也就是一个节日罢了,窝在家里看点电视、看点书、吃顿好的,虽说生活好了,但日子过得没啥滋味。废话不多说,开始今天的学习吧。
Hello World
对于学习编程的人而言,大多数人第一个项目都是著名的"Hello World",自从K&R开了这个先例,后面的人就很少有打破的。学习Android开发也是这样,我们第一次创建应用,估计也就是运行程序,然后在模拟器上输出一个Hello World,我们看到最简单的Activity中的内容大致是这样的:
public class MainActivity extends Activity { @Override public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView(R.layout.main_activity); } }main_activity.xml大致是这样的 :
<RelativeLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android" xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools" android:layout_width="match_parent" android:layout_height="match_parent" android:gravity="center" > <TextView android:layout_width="match_parent" android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:text="@string/hello_world" /> </RelativeLayout>然后执行程序,我们就可以看到模拟器中的Hello World了。
图1
我们在整个过程中做的事情很少,在我们的main_activity.xml我们只有一个显示文本的TextView,但是在上图中却还多了一个title。我们好奇的是整个过程是怎么工作的?对于大型系统来说细节总是复杂的,在下水平有限,所以我们今天只来理一下它的基本脉络。
setContentView
一般来说我们设置页面的内容视图是都是通过setContentView方法,那么我们就以2.3源码为例就来看看Activity中的setContentView到底做了什么吧。
/** * Set the activity content from a layout resource. The resource will be * inflated, adding all top-level views to the activity. * * @param layoutResID Resource ID to be inflated. */ public void setContentView(int layoutResID) { getWindow().setContentView(layoutResID); } public Window getWindow() { return mWindow; } private Window mWindow;
我们可以看到,实际上调用的mWindow的setContentView方法,在Android Touch事件分发过程这篇文章中我们已经指出Window的实现类为PhoneWindow类,我们就移步到PhoneWindow的setConentView吧,核心源码如下 :
@Override public void setContentView(int layoutResID) { if (mContentParent == null) { installDecor(); // 1、生成DecorView } else { mContentParent.removeAllViews(); } mLayoutInflater.inflate(layoutResID, mContentParent);// 2、将layoutResId的布局添加到mContentParent中 final Callback cb = getCallback(); if (cb != null) { cb.onContentChanged(); } } // 构建mDecor对象,并且初始化标题栏和Content Parent(我们要显示的内容区域) private void installDecor() { if (mDecor == null) { mDecor = generateDecor(); // 3、构建DecorView mDecor.setDescendantFocusability(ViewGroup.FOCUS_AFTER_DESCENDANTS); mDecor.setIsRootNamespace(true); } if (mContentParent == null) { mContentParent = generateLayout(mDecor); // 4、获取ContentView容器,即显示内容的区域 mTitleView = (TextView)findViewById(com.android.internal.R.id.title); 5、设置Title等 if (mTitleView != null) { if ((getLocalFeatures() & (1 << FEATURE_NO_TITLE)) != 0) { View titleContainer = findViewById(com.android.internal.R.id.title_container); if (titleContainer != null) { titleContainer.setVisibility(View.GONE); } else { mTitleView.setVisibility(View.GONE); } if (mContentParent instanceof FrameLayout) { ((FrameLayout)mContentParent).setForeground(null); } } else { mTitleView.setText(mTitle); } } } } protected DecorView generateDecor() { return new DecorView(getContext(), -1); // 构建mDecor对象 }我们可以看到,setContentView的基本流程简单概括就是如下几步:
1、构建mDecor对象。mDecor就是整个窗口的顶层视图,它主要包含了Title和Content View两个区域 (参考图1中的两个区域 ),Title区域就是我们的标题栏,Content View区域就是显示我们xml布局内容中的区域。关于mDecor对象更多说明也请参考Android Touch事件分发过程这篇文章;
2、设置一些关于窗口的属性,初始化标题栏区域和内容显示区域;
这里比较复杂的就是generateLayout(mDecor)这个函数,我们一起来分析一下吧。
// 返回用于显示我们设置的页面内容的ViewGroup容器 protected ViewGroup generateLayout(DecorView decor) { // Apply data from current theme. // 1、获取窗口的Style属性 TypedArray a = getWindowStyle(); if (false) { System.out.println("From style:"); String s = "Attrs:"; for (int i = 0; i < com.android.internal.R.styleable.Window.length; i++) { s = s + " " + Integer.toHexString(com.android.internal.R.styleable.Window[i]) + "=" + a.getString(i); } System.out.println(s); } // 窗口是否是浮动的 mIsFloating = a.getBoolean(com.android.internal.R.styleable.Window_windowIsFloating, false); int flagsToUpdate = (FLAG_LAYOUT_IN_SCREEN|FLAG_LAYOUT_INSET_DECOR) & (~getForcedWindowFlags()); if (mIsFloating) { setLayout(WRAP_CONTENT, WRAP_CONTENT); setFlags(0, flagsToUpdate); } else { setFlags(FLAG_LAYOUT_IN_SCREEN|FLAG_LAYOUT_INSET_DECOR, flagsToUpdate); } // 设置是否不显示title区域 if (a.getBoolean(com.android.internal.R.styleable.Window_windowNoTitle, false)) { requestFeature(FEATURE_NO_TITLE); } // 设置全屏的flag if (a.getBoolean(com.android.internal.R.styleable.Window_windowFullscreen, false)) { setFlags(FLAG_FULLSCREEN, FLAG_FULLSCREEN&(~getForcedWindowFlags())); } if (a.getBoolean(com.android.internal.R.styleable.Window_windowShowWallpaper, false)) { setFlags(FLAG_SHOW_WALLPAPER, FLAG_SHOW_WALLPAPER&(~getForcedWindowFlags())); } WindowManager.LayoutParams params = getAttributes(); // 设置输入法模式 if (!hasSoftInputMode()) { params.softInputMode = a.getInt( com.android.internal.R.styleable.Window_windowSoftInputMode, params.softInputMode); } if (a.getBoolean(com.android.internal.R.styleable.Window_backgroundDimEnabled, mIsFloating)) { /* All dialogs should have the window dimmed */ if ((getForcedWindowFlags()&WindowManager.LayoutParams.FLAG_DIM_BEHIND) == 0) { params.flags |= WindowManager.LayoutParams.FLAG_DIM_BEHIND; } params.dimAmount = a.getFloat( android.R.styleable.Window_backgroundDimAmount, 0.5f); } // 窗口动画 if (params.windowAnimations == 0) { params.windowAnimations = a.getResourceId( com.android.internal.R.styleable.Window_windowAnimationStyle, 0); } // The rest are only done if this window is not embedded; otherwise, // the values are inherited from our container. if (getContainer() == null) { if (mBackgroundDrawable == null) { if (mBackgroundResource == 0) { mBackgroundResource = a.getResourceId( com.android.internal.R.styleable.Window_windowBackground, 0); } if (mFrameResource == 0) { mFrameResource = a.getResourceId(com.android.internal.R.styleable.Window_windowFrame, 0); } if (false) { System.out.println("Background: " + Integer.toHexString(mBackgroundResource) + " Frame: " + Integer.toHexString(mFrameResource)); } } mTextColor = a.getColor(com.android.internal.R.styleable.Window_textColor, 0xFF000000); } // Inflate the window decor. // 2、根据一些属性来选择不同的顶层视图布局,例如设置了FEATURE_NO_TITLE的属性,那么就选择没有Title区域的那么布局; // layoutResource布局就是整个Activity的布局,其中含有title区域和content区域,content区域就是用来显示我通过 // setContentView设置进来的内容区域,也就是我们要显示的视图。 int layoutResource; int features = getLocalFeatures(); // System.out.println("Features: 0x" + Integer.toHexString(features)); if ((features & ((1 << FEATURE_LEFT_ICON) | (1 << FEATURE_RIGHT_ICON))) != 0) { if (mIsFloating) { layoutResource = com.android.internal.R.layout.dialog_title_icons; } else { layoutResource = com.android.internal.R.layout.screen_title_icons; } // System.out.println("Title Icons!"); } else if ((features & ((1 << FEATURE_PROGRESS) | (1 << FEATURE_INDETERMINATE_PROGRESS))) != 0) { // Special case for a window with only a progress bar (and title). // XXX Need to have a no-title version of embedded windows. layoutResource = com.android.internal.R.layout.screen_progress; // System.out.println("Progress!"); } else if ((features & (1 << FEATURE_CUSTOM_TITLE)) != 0) { // Special case for a window with a custom title. // If the window is floating, we need a dialog layout if (mIsFloating) { layoutResource = com.android.internal.R.layout.dialog_custom_title; } else { layoutResource = com.android.internal.R.layout.screen_custom_title; } } else if ((features & (1 << FEATURE_NO_TITLE)) == 0) { // If no other features and not embedded, only need a title. // If the window is floating, we need a dialog layout if (mIsFloating) { layoutResource = com.android.internal.R.layout.dialog_title; } else { layoutResource = com.android.internal.R.layout.screen_title; } // System.out.println("Title!"); } else { // Embedded, so no decoration is needed. layoutResource = com.android.internal.R.layout.screen_simple; // System.out.println("Simple!"); } mDecor.startChanging(); // 3、加载视图 View in = mLayoutInflater.inflate(layoutResource, null); // 4、将layoutResource的内容添加到mDecor中 decor.addView(in, new ViewGroup.LayoutParams(MATCH_PARENT, MATCH_PARENT)); // 5、获取到我们的内容显示区域,这是一个ViewGroup类型的,其实是FrameLayout ViewGroup contentParent = (ViewGroup)findViewById(ID_ANDROID_CONTENT); if (contentParent == null) { throw new RuntimeException("Window couldn‘t find content container view"); } if ((features & (1 << FEATURE_INDETERMINATE_PROGRESS)) != 0) { ProgressBar progress = getCircularProgressBar(false); if (progress != null) { progress.setIndeterminate(true); } } // 6、设置一些背景、title等属性 // Remaining setup -- of background and title -- that only applies // to top-level windows. if (getContainer() == null) { Drawable drawable = mBackgroundDrawable; if (mBackgroundResource != 0) { drawable = getContext().getResources().getDrawable(mBackgroundResource); } mDecor.setWindowBackground(drawable); drawable = null; if (mFrameResource != 0) { drawable = getContext().getResources().getDrawable(mFrameResource); } mDecor.setWindowFrame(drawable); // System.out.println("Text=" + Integer.toHexString(mTextColor) + // " Sel=" + Integer.toHexString(mTextSelectedColor) + // " Title=" + Integer.toHexString(mTitleColor)); if (mTitleColor == 0) { mTitleColor = mTextColor; } if (mTitle != null) { setTitle(mTitle); } setTitleColor(mTitleColor); } mDecor.finishChanging(); return contentParent; }其实也就是这么几个步骤:
1、获取用户设置的一些属性与Flag;
2、根据一些属性选择不同的顶层视图布局,例如FEATURE_NO_TITLE则选择没有title的布局文件等;这里我们看一个与图1中符合的顶层布局吧,即layoutResource = com.android.internal.R.layout.screen_title的情形:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android" android:orientation="vertical" android:fitsSystemWindows="true"> <!-- Popout bar for action modes --> <ViewStub android:id="@+id/action_mode_bar_stub" android:inflatedId="@+id/action_mode_bar" android:layout="@layout/action_mode_bar" android:layout_width="match_parent" android:layout_height="wrap_content" /> <!-- title区域--> <FrameLayout android:layout_width="match_parent" android:layout_height="?android:attr/windowTitleSize" style="?android:attr/windowTitleBackgroundStyle"> <TextView android:id="@android:id/title" style="?android:attr/windowTitleStyle" android:background="@null" android:fadingEdge="horizontal" android:gravity="center_vertical" android:layout_width="match_parent" android:layout_height="match_parent" /> </FrameLayout> <!--内容显示区域, 例如main_activity.xml布局就会被放到这个ViewGroup下面 --> <FrameLayout android:id="@android:id/content" android:layout_width="match_parent" android:layout_height="0dip" android:layout_weight="1" android:foregroundGravity="fill_horizontal|top" android:foreground="?android:attr/windowContentOverlay" /> </LinearLayout>
我们可以看到有两个区域,即title区域和content区域,generateLayout函数中的
// 5、获取到我们的内容显示区域,这是一个ViewGroup类型的,其实是FrameLayout ViewGroup contentParent = (ViewGroup)findViewById(ID_ANDROID_CONTENT);
获取的就是xml中id为content的FrameLayout,这个content就是我们的内容显示区域。整个布局对应的效果如下 :
这两个区域就组成了mDecor视图,我们的main_activity.xml就是放在内容视图这个区域的。
3、加载顶层布局文件,转换为View,将其添加到mDecor中;
4、获取内容容器Content Parent,即用于显示我们的内容的区域;
5、设置一些背景图和title等。
在经过这几步,我们就得到了mContentParent,这就是用来装载我们的视图的ViewGroup。再回过头来看setContentView函数:
public void setContentView(int layoutResID) { if (mContentParent == null) { installDecor(); // 1、生成DecorView,并且根据窗口属性加载顶级视图布局、获取mContentParent、设置一些基本属性等 } else { mContentParent.removeAllViews(); } mLayoutInflater.inflate(layoutResID, mContentParent);// 2、将layoutResId加载到mContentParent中,这里的layoutResId就是我们的main_activity.xml final Callback cb = getCallback(); if (cb != null) { cb.onContentChanged(); } }我们看看LayoutInflater的inflate函数吧 :
/**
* Inflate a new view hierarchy from the specified xml resource. Throws
* {@link InflateException} if there is an error.
*
* @param resource ID for an XML layout resource to load (e.g.,
* <code>R.layout.main_page</code>)
* @param root Optional view to be the parent of the generated hierarchy.
* @return The root View of the inflated hierarchy. If root was supplied,
* this is the root View; otherwise it is the root of the inflated
* XML file.
*/
public View inflate(int resource, ViewGroup root) {
return inflate(resource, root, root != null);
}
/**
* Inflate a new view hierarchy from the specified xml resource. Throws
* {@link InflateException} if there is an error.
*
* @param resource ID for an XML layout resource to load (e.g.,
* R.layout.main_page
)
* @param root Optional view to be the parent of the generated hierarchy (if
* attachToRoot is true), or else simply an object that
* provides a set of LayoutParams values for root of the returned
* hierarchy (if attachToRoot is false.)
* @param attachToRoot Whether the inflated hierarchy should be attached to
* the root parameter? If false, root is only used to create the
* correct subclass of LayoutParams for the root view in the XML.
* @return The root View of the inflated hierarchy. If root was supplied and
* attachToRoot is true, this is root; otherwise it is the root of
* the inflated XML file.
*/
public View inflate(int resource, ViewGroup root, boolean attachToRoot) {
if (DEBUG) System.out.println("INFLATING from resource: " + resource);
XmlResourceParser parser = getContext().getResources().getLayout(resource);
try {
return inflate(parser, root, attachToRoot);
} finally {
parser.close();
}
}
实际上就是将layoutResId这个布局的视图附加到mContentParent中。DecorView
移步 : DecorView 。
ViewGroup
ViewGroup从语义上来说就是视图组,它也继承自View类,它其实就是视图的容器。我们看官方的定义 :
* A ViewGroup is a special view that can contain other views * (called children.) The view group is the base class for layouts and views * containers. This class also defines the * {@link android.view.ViewGroup.LayoutParams} class which serves as the base * class for layouts parameters.我们通过ViewGroup来组织、管理子视图,例如我们常见的FrameLayout、LinearLayout、RelativeLayout、ListView等都是ViewGroup类型,总之只要能包含其他View或者ViewGroup的都是ViewGroup类型。使用ViewGroup来构建视图树。
View
View就是UI界面上的一个可见的组件,任何在UI上可见的都为View的子类。我们看官方定义 :
* This class represents the basic building block for user interface components. A View * occupies a rectangular area on the screen and is responsible for drawing and * event handling. View is the base class for <em>widgets</em>, which are * used to create interactive UI components (buttons, text fields, etc.). The * {@link android.view.ViewGroup} subclass is the base class for <em>layouts</em>, which * are invisible containers that hold other Views (or other ViewGroups) and define * their layout properties.
TextView、Button、ImageView、FrameLayout、LinearLayout、ListView等都是View的子类。
这样,ViewGroup类型的视图管理嵌套在里面的ViewGroup以及View控件组成了丰富多彩的用户界面。例如我们开篇的Hello World的视图结构是这样的 :
总结
整个窗口由Title区域和Content区域组成,Content区域就是我们要显示内容的区域,在这个区域中mContentParent是根ViewGroup,由mContentParent组织、管理其子视图,从而构建整个视图树。当Activity启动时,就将这些内容就会显示在手机上。
Android View系统分析之从setContentView说开来(一)