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Android View系统分析之从setContentView说开来(一)

       今天是中秋节,先祝各位中秋快乐吧。作为北漂的人,对于过节最大的感触就是没气氛~ 中秋是一个特别重要的节日,小的时候过中秋都是特别快乐的,有月饼吃,和家人上月,过完中秋要去亲戚家拜访等等。现在对于我们来说也就是一个节日罢了,窝在家里看点电视、看点书、吃顿好的,虽说生活好了,但日子过得没啥滋味。废话不多说,开始今天的学习吧。

Hello World

       对于学习编程的人而言,大多数人第一个项目都是著名的"Hello World",自从K&R开了这个先例,后面的人就很少有打破的。学习Android开发也是这样,我们第一次创建应用,估计也就是运行程序,然后在模拟器上输出一个Hello World,我们看到最简单的Activity中的内容大致是这样的:

public class MainActivity extends Activity {


	@Override
	public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
		super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
		setContentView(R.layout.main_activity);
	}

}
main_activity.xml大致是这样的 :

<RelativeLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent"
    android:gravity="center" >

    <TextView
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:text="@string/hello_world" />

</RelativeLayout>
然后执行程序,我们就可以看到模拟器中的Hello World了。


  图1

       我们在整个过程中做的事情很少,在我们的main_activity.xml我们只有一个显示文本的TextView,但是在上图中却还多了一个title。我们好奇的是整个过程是怎么工作的?对于大型系统来说细节总是复杂的,在下水平有限,所以我们今天只来理一下它的基本脉络。

setContentView

一般来说我们设置页面的内容视图是都是通过setContentView方法,那么我们就以2.3源码为例就来看看Activity中的setContentView到底做了什么吧。

    /**
     * Set the activity content from a layout resource.  The resource will be
     * inflated, adding all top-level views to the activity.
     * 
     * @param layoutResID Resource ID to be inflated.
     */
    public void setContentView(int layoutResID) {
        getWindow().setContentView(layoutResID);
    }
     
    public Window getWindow() {
        return mWindow;
    }


    private Window mWindow;

我们可以看到,实际上调用的mWindow的setContentView方法,在Android Touch事件分发过程这篇文章中我们已经指出Window的实现类为PhoneWindow类,我们就移步到PhoneWindow的setConentView吧,核心源码如下 :

    @Override
    public void setContentView(int layoutResID) {
        if (mContentParent == null) {
            installDecor();			// 1、生成DecorView
        } else {
            mContentParent.removeAllViews();
        }
        mLayoutInflater.inflate(layoutResID, mContentParent);// 2、将layoutResId的布局添加到mContentParent中
        final Callback cb = getCallback();
        if (cb != null) {
            cb.onContentChanged();
        }
    }
        // 构建mDecor对象,并且初始化标题栏和Content Parent(我们要显示的内容区域)
        private void installDecor() {
        if (mDecor == null) {
            mDecor = generateDecor();          // 3、构建DecorView
            mDecor.setDescendantFocusability(ViewGroup.FOCUS_AFTER_DESCENDANTS);
            mDecor.setIsRootNamespace(true);
        }
        if (mContentParent == null) {
            mContentParent = generateLayout(mDecor);              // 4、获取ContentView容器,即显示内容的区域

            mTitleView = (TextView)findViewById(com.android.internal.R.id.title); 5、设置Title等
            if (mTitleView != null) {
                if ((getLocalFeatures() & (1 << FEATURE_NO_TITLE)) != 0) {
                    View titleContainer = findViewById(com.android.internal.R.id.title_container);
                    if (titleContainer != null) {
                        titleContainer.setVisibility(View.GONE);
                    } else {
                        mTitleView.setVisibility(View.GONE);
                    }
                    if (mContentParent instanceof FrameLayout) {
                        ((FrameLayout)mContentParent).setForeground(null);
                    }
                } else {
                    mTitleView.setText(mTitle);
                }
            }
        }
    }

        protected DecorView generateDecor() {
        return new DecorView(getContext(), -1);    // 构建mDecor对象
    }
我们可以看到,setContentView的基本流程简单概括就是如下几步:

1、构建mDecor对象。mDecor就是整个窗口的顶层视图,它主要包含了Title和Content View两个区域 (参考图1中的两个区域 ),Title区域就是我们的标题栏,Content View区域就是显示我们xml布局内容中的区域。关于mDecor对象更多说明也请参考Android Touch事件分发过程这篇文章;

2、设置一些关于窗口的属性,初始化标题栏区域和内容显示区域;

这里比较复杂的就是generateLayout(mDecor)这个函数,我们一起来分析一下吧。

     // 返回用于显示我们设置的页面内容的ViewGroup容器
     protected ViewGroup generateLayout(DecorView decor) {
        // Apply data from current theme.
        // 1、获取窗口的Style属性
        TypedArray a = getWindowStyle();

        if (false) {
            System.out.println("From style:");
            String s = "Attrs:";
            for (int i = 0; i < com.android.internal.R.styleable.Window.length; i++) {
                s = s + " " + Integer.toHexString(com.android.internal.R.styleable.Window[i]) + "="
                        + a.getString(i);
            }
            System.out.println(s);
        }
        // 窗口是否是浮动的
        mIsFloating = a.getBoolean(com.android.internal.R.styleable.Window_windowIsFloating, false);
        int flagsToUpdate = (FLAG_LAYOUT_IN_SCREEN|FLAG_LAYOUT_INSET_DECOR)
                & (~getForcedWindowFlags());
        if (mIsFloating) {
            setLayout(WRAP_CONTENT, WRAP_CONTENT);
            setFlags(0, flagsToUpdate);
        } else {
            setFlags(FLAG_LAYOUT_IN_SCREEN|FLAG_LAYOUT_INSET_DECOR, flagsToUpdate);
        }
        // 设置是否不显示title区域
        if (a.getBoolean(com.android.internal.R.styleable.Window_windowNoTitle, false)) {
            requestFeature(FEATURE_NO_TITLE);
        }
        // 设置全屏的flag
        if (a.getBoolean(com.android.internal.R.styleable.Window_windowFullscreen, false)) {
            setFlags(FLAG_FULLSCREEN, FLAG_FULLSCREEN&(~getForcedWindowFlags()));
        }

        if (a.getBoolean(com.android.internal.R.styleable.Window_windowShowWallpaper, false)) {
            setFlags(FLAG_SHOW_WALLPAPER, FLAG_SHOW_WALLPAPER&(~getForcedWindowFlags()));
        }

        WindowManager.LayoutParams params = getAttributes();
        // 设置输入法模式
        if (!hasSoftInputMode()) {
            params.softInputMode = a.getInt(
                    com.android.internal.R.styleable.Window_windowSoftInputMode,
                    params.softInputMode);
        }

        if (a.getBoolean(com.android.internal.R.styleable.Window_backgroundDimEnabled,
                mIsFloating)) {
            /* All dialogs should have the window dimmed */
            if ((getForcedWindowFlags()&WindowManager.LayoutParams.FLAG_DIM_BEHIND) == 0) {
                params.flags |= WindowManager.LayoutParams.FLAG_DIM_BEHIND;
            }
            params.dimAmount = a.getFloat(
                    android.R.styleable.Window_backgroundDimAmount, 0.5f);
        }
        // 窗口动画
        if (params.windowAnimations == 0) {
            params.windowAnimations = a.getResourceId(
                    com.android.internal.R.styleable.Window_windowAnimationStyle, 0);
        }

        // The rest are only done if this window is not embedded; otherwise,
        // the values are inherited from our container.
        if (getContainer() == null) {
            if (mBackgroundDrawable == null) {
                if (mBackgroundResource == 0) {
                    mBackgroundResource = a.getResourceId(
                            com.android.internal.R.styleable.Window_windowBackground, 0);
                }
                if (mFrameResource == 0) {
                    mFrameResource = a.getResourceId(com.android.internal.R.styleable.Window_windowFrame, 0);
                }
                if (false) {
                    System.out.println("Background: "
                            + Integer.toHexString(mBackgroundResource) + " Frame: "
                            + Integer.toHexString(mFrameResource));
                }
            }
            mTextColor = a.getColor(com.android.internal.R.styleable.Window_textColor, 0xFF000000);
        }

        // Inflate the window decor. 
        // 2、根据一些属性来选择不同的顶层视图布局,例如设置了FEATURE_NO_TITLE的属性,那么就选择没有Title区域的那么布局;
        // layoutResource布局就是整个Activity的布局,其中含有title区域和content区域,content区域就是用来显示我通过
        // setContentView设置进来的内容区域,也就是我们要显示的视图。

        int layoutResource;
        int features = getLocalFeatures();
        // System.out.println("Features: 0x" + Integer.toHexString(features));
        if ((features & ((1 << FEATURE_LEFT_ICON) | (1 << FEATURE_RIGHT_ICON))) != 0) {
            if (mIsFloating) {
                layoutResource = com.android.internal.R.layout.dialog_title_icons;
            } else {
                layoutResource = com.android.internal.R.layout.screen_title_icons;
            }
            // System.out.println("Title Icons!");
        } else if ((features & ((1 << FEATURE_PROGRESS) | (1 << FEATURE_INDETERMINATE_PROGRESS))) != 0) {
            // Special case for a window with only a progress bar (and title).
            // XXX Need to have a no-title version of embedded windows.
            layoutResource = com.android.internal.R.layout.screen_progress;
            // System.out.println("Progress!");
        } else if ((features & (1 << FEATURE_CUSTOM_TITLE)) != 0) {
            // Special case for a window with a custom title.
            // If the window is floating, we need a dialog layout
            if (mIsFloating) {
                layoutResource = com.android.internal.R.layout.dialog_custom_title;
            } else {
                layoutResource = com.android.internal.R.layout.screen_custom_title;
            }
        } else if ((features & (1 << FEATURE_NO_TITLE)) == 0) {
            // If no other features and not embedded, only need a title.
            // If the window is floating, we need a dialog layout
            if (mIsFloating) {
                layoutResource = com.android.internal.R.layout.dialog_title;
            } else {
                layoutResource = com.android.internal.R.layout.screen_title;
            }
            // System.out.println("Title!");
        } else {
            // Embedded, so no decoration is needed.
            layoutResource = com.android.internal.R.layout.screen_simple;
            // System.out.println("Simple!");
        }

        mDecor.startChanging();
        // 3、加载视图
        View in = mLayoutInflater.inflate(layoutResource, null);
        // 4、将layoutResource的内容添加到mDecor中
        decor.addView(in, new ViewGroup.LayoutParams(MATCH_PARENT, MATCH_PARENT));
        // 5、获取到我们的内容显示区域,这是一个ViewGroup类型的,其实是FrameLayout
        ViewGroup contentParent = (ViewGroup)findViewById(ID_ANDROID_CONTENT);
        if (contentParent == null) {
            throw new RuntimeException("Window couldn‘t find content container view");
        }

        if ((features & (1 << FEATURE_INDETERMINATE_PROGRESS)) != 0) {
            ProgressBar progress = getCircularProgressBar(false);
            if (progress != null) {
                progress.setIndeterminate(true);
            }
        }

        // 6、设置一些背景、title等属性
        // Remaining setup -- of background and title -- that only applies
        // to top-level windows.
        if (getContainer() == null) {
            Drawable drawable = mBackgroundDrawable;
            if (mBackgroundResource != 0) {
                drawable = getContext().getResources().getDrawable(mBackgroundResource);
            }
            mDecor.setWindowBackground(drawable);
            drawable = null;
            if (mFrameResource != 0) {
                drawable = getContext().getResources().getDrawable(mFrameResource);
            }
            mDecor.setWindowFrame(drawable);

            // System.out.println("Text=" + Integer.toHexString(mTextColor) +
            // " Sel=" + Integer.toHexString(mTextSelectedColor) +
            // " Title=" + Integer.toHexString(mTitleColor));

            if (mTitleColor == 0) {
                mTitleColor = mTextColor;
            }

            if (mTitle != null) {
                setTitle(mTitle);
            }
            setTitleColor(mTitleColor);
        }

        mDecor.finishChanging();

        return contentParent;
    }
其实也就是这么几个步骤:

1、获取用户设置的一些属性与Flag;

2、根据一些属性选择不同的顶层视图布局,例如FEATURE_NO_TITLE则选择没有title的布局文件等;这里我们看一个与图1中符合的顶层布局吧,即layoutResource = com.android.internal.R.layout.screen_title的情形:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    android:orientation="vertical"
    android:fitsSystemWindows="true">
    <!-- Popout bar for action modes -->
    <ViewStub android:id="@+id/action_mode_bar_stub"
              android:inflatedId="@+id/action_mode_bar"
              android:layout="@layout/action_mode_bar"
              android:layout_width="match_parent"
              android:layout_height="wrap_content" />
    <!--  title区域-->
    <FrameLayout
        android:layout_width="match_parent" 
        android:layout_height="?android:attr/windowTitleSize"
        style="?android:attr/windowTitleBackgroundStyle">
        <TextView android:id="@android:id/title" 
            style="?android:attr/windowTitleStyle"
            android:background="@null"
            android:fadingEdge="horizontal"
            android:gravity="center_vertical"
            android:layout_width="match_parent"
            android:layout_height="match_parent" />
    </FrameLayout>
    <!--内容显示区域, 例如main_activity.xml布局就会被放到这个ViewGroup下面 -->
    <FrameLayout android:id="@android:id/content"
        android:layout_width="match_parent" 
        android:layout_height="0dip"
        android:layout_weight="1"
        android:foregroundGravity="fill_horizontal|top"
        android:foreground="?android:attr/windowContentOverlay" />
</LinearLayout>

我们可以看到有两个区域,即title区域和content区域,generateLayout函数中的

 // 5、获取到我们的内容显示区域,这是一个ViewGroup类型的,其实是FrameLayout
        ViewGroup contentParent = (ViewGroup)findViewById(ID_ANDROID_CONTENT);

获取的就是xml中id为content的FrameLayout,这个content就是我们的内容显示区域。整个布局对应的效果如下 :


这两个区域就组成了mDecor视图,我们的main_activity.xml就是放在内容视图这个区域的。

3、加载顶层布局文件,转换为View,将其添加到mDecor中;

4、获取内容容器Content Parent,即用于显示我们的内容的区域;

5、设置一些背景图和title等。

在经过这几步,我们就得到了mContentParent,这就是用来装载我们的视图的ViewGroup。再回过头来看setContentView函数:

    public void setContentView(int layoutResID) {
        if (mContentParent == null) {
            installDecor();			// 1、生成DecorView,并且根据窗口属性加载顶级视图布局、获取mContentParent、设置一些基本属性等
        } else {
            mContentParent.removeAllViews();
        }
        mLayoutInflater.inflate(layoutResID, mContentParent);// 2、将layoutResId加载到mContentParent中,这里的layoutResId就是我们的main_activity.xml
        final Callback cb = getCallback();
        if (cb != null) {
            cb.onContentChanged();
        }
    }
我们看看LayoutInflater的inflate函数吧 : 

    /**
     * Inflate a new view hierarchy from the specified xml resource. Throws
     * {@link InflateException} if there is an error.
     * 
     * @param resource ID for an XML layout resource to load (e.g.,
     *        <code>R.layout.main_page</code>)
     * @param root Optional view to be the parent of the generated hierarchy.
     * @return The root View of the inflated hierarchy. If root was supplied,
     *         this is the root View; otherwise it is the root of the inflated
     *         XML file.
     */
    public View inflate(int resource, ViewGroup root) {
        return inflate(resource, root, root != null);
    }

    /**
     * Inflate a new view hierarchy from the specified xml resource. Throws
     * {@link InflateException} if there is an error.
     * 
     * @param resource ID for an XML layout resource to load (e.g.,
     *        R.layout.main_page)
     * @param root Optional view to be the parent of the generated hierarchy (if
     *        attachToRoot is true), or else simply an object that
     *        provides a set of LayoutParams values for root of the returned
     *        hierarchy (if attachToRoot is false.)
     * @param attachToRoot Whether the inflated hierarchy should be attached to
     *        the root parameter? If false, root is only used to create the
     *        correct subclass of LayoutParams for the root view in the XML.
     * @return The root View of the inflated hierarchy. If root was supplied and
     *         attachToRoot is true, this is root; otherwise it is the root of
     *         the inflated XML file.
     */
    public View inflate(int resource, ViewGroup root, boolean attachToRoot) {
        if (DEBUG) System.out.println("INFLATING from resource: " + resource);
        XmlResourceParser parser = getContext().getResources().getLayout(resource);
        try {
            return inflate(parser, root, attachToRoot);
        } finally {
            parser.close();
        }
    }
实际上就是将layoutResId这个布局的视图附加到mContentParent中。

DecorView

移步 : DecorView 。

ViewGroup

ViewGroup从语义上来说就是视图组,它也继承自View类,它其实就是视图的容器。我们看官方的定义 : 

 * A ViewGroup is a special view that can contain other views
 * (called children.) The view group is the base class for layouts and views
 * containers. This class also defines the
 * {@link android.view.ViewGroup.LayoutParams} class which serves as the base
 * class for layouts parameters.
我们通过ViewGroup来组织、管理子视图,例如我们常见的FrameLayout、LinearLayout、RelativeLayout、ListView等都是ViewGroup类型,总之只要能包含其他View或者ViewGroup的都是ViewGroup类型。使用ViewGroup来构建视图树。



View

View就是UI界面上的一个可见的组件,任何在UI上可见的都为View的子类。我们看官方定义 :

 * This class represents the basic building block for user interface components. A View
 * occupies a rectangular area on the screen and is responsible for drawing and
 * event handling. View is the base class for <em>widgets</em>, which are
 * used to create interactive UI components (buttons, text fields, etc.). The
 * {@link android.view.ViewGroup} subclass is the base class for <em>layouts</em>, which
 * are invisible containers that hold other Views (or other ViewGroups) and define
 * their layout properties.

TextView、Button、ImageView、FrameLayout、LinearLayout、ListView等都是View的子类。

这样,ViewGroup类型的视图管理嵌套在里面的ViewGroup以及View控件组成了丰富多彩的用户界面。例如我们开篇的Hello World的视图结构是这样的 :


总结 


整个窗口由Title区域和Content区域组成,Content区域就是我们要显示内容的区域,在这个区域中mContentParent是根ViewGroup,由mContentParent组织、管理其子视图,从而构建整个视图树。当Activity启动时,就将这些内容就会显示在手机上。



Android View系统分析之从setContentView说开来(一)