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简明python教程九----异常

使用try...except语句来处理异常。我们把通常的语句放在try-块中,而把错误处理语句放在except-块中。

import sys

try:
    s = raw_input(Enter something-->)
except EOFError:
    print \nWhy did you do an EOF on me?
    sys.exit()
except:
    print\nSome error/exception occurred.

print Done

结果:

==================== RESTART: D:/python_test/pickling.py ====================
Enter something-->

Why did you do an EOF on me?
>>> 
==================== RESTART: D:/python_test/pickling.py ====================
Enter something-->
Done

把所有可能引发错误的语句放在try块中,然后在except从句/块中处理所有的错误和异常。

except从句可以专门处理单一的错误或异常,或者一组包括在圆括号内的错误/异常。

如果没有给出错误或者异常的名称,它会处理所有的错误和异常。

对于每个try从句,至少都有一个相关联的except从句。

如果某个错误或异常没有被处理,默认的python处理器就会被调用。它会终止程序的运行,并且打印一个消息。

还可以让try..catch块关联上一个else从句。当没有异常发生的时候,else从句将被执行。

 

引发异常:

可以使用raise语句引发异常,你需要指明错误/异常的名称和伴随异常触发的异常对象。你可以引发的错误和异常应该分别是一个Error或Exception类的直接或间接导出类。

class ShortInputException(Exception):
    A user-defined exception class.
    def __init__(self,length,atleast):
        Exception.__init__(self)
        self.length=length
        self.atleast=atleast

try:
    s=raw_input(Enter something-->)
    if len(s)<3:
        raise ShortInputException(len(s),3)
except EOFError:
    print \nWhy did you do an EOF on me?
except ShortInputException,x:
    print ShortInputException: The input was of length %d,\
        was expecting at least %d%(x.length,x.atleast)
else:
    print No exception was raised.

结果:

==================== RESTART: D:/python_test/pickling.py ====================
Enter something-->

Why did you do an EOF on me?
>>> 
==================== RESTART: D:/python_test/pickling.py ====================
Enter something-->ab
ShortInputException: The input was of length 2,        was expecting at least 3
>>> 
==================== RESTART: D:/python_test/pickling.py ====================
Enter something-->abc
No exception was raised.

 

try...finally

假如你在读一个文件的时候,希望在无论异常发生与否的情况下都关闭文件。我们可以使用finally块来完成。

注意,在一个try块下,你可以同时使用except从句和finally块,同时使用它们的时候,需要把一个嵌入另一个中

import time
try:
    f=file(poem.txt)
    while True:
        line = f.readline()
        if len(line)==0:
            break
        time.sleep(2)
        print line,
finally:
    f.close()
    print Cleaning up...closed the file

结果:

programming is fun
When the work is done
if you wanna make your work also fun:
use Python!
Cleaning up...closed the file

说明:在每打印一行之前用time.sleep方法暂停2秒。程序在运行过程中,按Ctrl-c中断/取消程序。

我们可以回看到这样:

programming is fun
When the work is done
Cleaning up...closed the file

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "D:/python_test/pickling.py", line 64, in <module>
    time.sleep(2)
KeyboardInterrupt

  KeyboardInterrupt异常被触发,程序退出。但在程序退出之前,finally从句仍然被执行,把文件关闭

简明python教程九----异常