一、文件描述符

# ulimit -n 100000000
bash: ulimit: open files: 无法修改 limit 值: 不允许的操作

 echo 2000000 > /proc/sys/fs/nr_open

file-max & file-nr:

The kernel allocates file handles dynamically, but as yet it
doesn‘t free them again.

The value in file-max denotes the maximum number of file-
handles that the Linux kernel will allocate. When you get lots
of error messages about running out of file handles, you might
want to increase this limit.

Historically, the three values in file-nr denoted the number of
allocated file handles, the number of allocated but unused file
handles, and the maximum number of file handles. Linux 2.6 always
reports 0 as the number of free file handles -- this is not an
error, it just means that the number of allocated file handles
exactly matches the number of used file handles.

Attempts to allocate more file descriptors than file-max are
reported with printk, look for "VFS: file-max limit <number>
reached".

nr_open:

This denotes the maximum number of file-handles a process can
allocate. Default value is 1024*1024 (1048576) which should be
enough for most machines. Actual limit depends on RLIMIT_NOFILE
resource limit.

 /proc/sys/fs/file-max
              This  file  defines  a system-wide limit on the number of open files for all processes.  (See also setrlimit(2), which can be
              used by a process to set the per-process limit, RLIMIT_NOFILE, on the number of files it may open.)  If you get lots of error
              messages about running out of file handles, try increasing this value:

              echo 100000 > /proc/sys/fs/file-max

              The kernel constant NR_OPEN imposes an upper limit on the value that may be placed in file-max.

              If  you  increase  /proc/sys/fs/file-max,  be  sure  to  increase  /proc/sys/fs/inode-max  to  3-4  times  the  new  value of
              /proc/sys/fs/file-max, or you will run out of inodes.

# cat /proc/sys/fs/file-max
100987

# grep MemTotal /proc/meminfo | awk ‘{printf("%d\n",$2/10)}‘
102479

# cat /proc/sys/fs/file-nr
6464	0	100987

echo 1000000 > /proc/sys/fs/file-max

# cat /proc/sys/fs/file-nr
6464	0	100987

# ps
  PID TTY          TIME CMD
 2401 pts/1    00:00:00 bash
 3054 pts/1    00:00:00 ps

# ps -aux | more
Warning: bad ps syntax, perhaps a bogus ‘-‘? See http://procps.sf.net/faq.html
USER       PID %CPU %MEM    VSZ   RSS TTY      STAT START   TIME COMMAND
root         1  0.0  0.1   3612  2024 ?        Ss   10:53   0:01 /sbin/init
root         2  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S    10:53   0:00 [kthreadd]
root         3  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S    10:53   0:00 [ksoftirqd/0]
root         6  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S    10:53   0:00 [migration/0]
root         7  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S    10:53   0:01 [watchdog/0]
root         8  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   10:53   0:00 [cpuset]
root         9  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   10:53   0:00 [khelper]
root        10  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S    10:53   0:00 [kdevtmpfs]
.....

# lsof | grep ‘2401‘ | wc -l
20

意思是有20个文件被打开

# ls -l /proc/2401/fd/ | wc -l
5

意思是文件描述符只有5个

再者，进程级

//open函数和close函数的使用
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>

int main(void)
{
	
//	while (1){
		int fd = open("a.txt",O_WRONLY|O_CREAT|O_TRUNC,0644);
		if(-1 == fd)
		{
			perror("open"),exit(-1);
		}


		printf ("fd = %d\n", fd);
#if 1		
		//2.关闭文件
		int res = close(fd);
		if(-1 == res)
		{
			perror("close"),exit(-1);
		}

#endif 
//	}
	return 0;
}
输出结果：
fd = 3

忽略....
fd = 1019
fd = 1020
fd = 1021
fd = 1022
fd = 1023
open: Too many open files

# ulimit -n
1024

struct _IO_FILE {
  int _flags;		/* High-order word is _IO_MAGIC; rest is flags. */
#define _IO_file_flags _flags

  /* The following pointers correspond to the C++ streambuf protocol. */
  /* Note:  Tk uses the _IO_read_ptr and _IO_read_end fields directly. */
  char* _IO_read_ptr;	/* Current read pointer */
  char* _IO_read_end;	/* End of get area. */
  char* _IO_read_base;	/* Start of putback+get area. */
  char* _IO_write_base;	/* Start of put area. */
  char* _IO_write_ptr;	/* Current put pointer. */
  char* _IO_write_end;	/* End of put area. */
  char* _IO_buf_base;	/* Start of reserve area. */
  char* _IO_buf_end;	/* End of reserve area. */
  /* The following fields are used to support backing up and undo. */
  char *_IO_save_base; /* Pointer to start of non-current get area. */
  char *_IO_backup_base;  /* Pointer to first valid character of backup area */
  char *_IO_save_end; /* Pointer to end of non-current get area. */

  struct _IO_marker *_markers;

  struct _IO_FILE *_chain;

  int _fileno;
#if 0
  int _blksize;
#else
  int _flags2;
#endif
  _IO_off_t _old_offset; /* This used to be _offset but it‘s too small.  */

#define __HAVE_COLUMN /* temporary */
  /* 1+column number of pbase(); 0 is unknown. */
  unsigned short _cur_column;
  signed char _vtable_offset;
  char _shortbuf[1];

  /*  char* _save_gptr;  char* _save_egptr; */

  _IO_lock_t *_lock;
#ifdef _IO_USE_OLD_IO_FILE
};

/* Define outside of namespace so the C++ is happy.  */
struct _IO_FILE;

__BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
/* The opaque type of streams.  This is the definition used elsewhere.  */
typedef struct _IO_FILE FILE;
__END_NAMESPACE_STD
#if defined __USE_LARGEFILE64 || defined __USE_SVID || defined __USE_POSIX     || defined __USE_BSD || defined __USE_ISOC99 || defined __USE_XOPEN     || defined __USE_POSIX2
__USING_NAMESPACE_STD(FILE)
#endif

# define __FILE_defined	1
#endif /* FILE not defined.  */
#undef	__need_FILE


#if !defined ____FILE_defined && defined __need___FILE

/* The opaque type of streams.  This is the definition used elsewhere.  */
typedef struct _IO_FILE __FILE;

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<sys/types.h>
#include<sys/stat.h>
#include<fcntl.h>
#include<unistd.h>

int main(){
        char buf[50] = {"file descriptor demo"};
        FILE *myfile;

        myfile = fopen("test","w+");
        if(!myfile){
                printf("error: openfile failed!\n");
        }
        printf("The openfile‘s descriptor is %d\n", myfile->_fileno);
        if(write(myfile->_fileno,buf,50)<0){
                perror("error: write file failed!\n");
                exit(1);
        }else{
                printf("writefile successed!\n");
        }

        exit(0);
}
输出结果：
The openfile‘s descriptor is 3
writefile successed!

查看 test
cat test 
file descriptor demoroot

#include <stdio.h>
int main( void )
{
	printf( "The file descriptor for stdin is %d\n", fileno( stdin ) );
	printf( "The file descriptor for stdout is %d\n", fileno( stdout ) );
	printf( "The file descriptor for stderr is %d\n", fileno( stderr ) );
	return 0;
}
输出结果：
The file descriptor for stdin is 0
The file descriptor for stdout is 1
The file descriptor for stderr is 2

#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
	FILE *fp;
	int fd;
	fp = fopen("/etc/passwd", "r");
	fd = fileno(fp);
	printf("fd = %d\n", fd);
	fclose(fp);
	return 0;
}
输出结果：
fd = 3

#include<stdio.h>
int main (void)
{
	FILE * fp = fdopen (1, "w+");
	fprintf (fp, "%s\n", "hello!");
	fclose (fp);
	return 0;
}
输出结果：
hello!