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谈谈python的文件处理——文件的输入与输出
简单介绍一下python里IO的几种常用方式。当然除了以下介绍的几种方式之外,还可以参考python的手册,例如我想查找raw——input函数的用法,我就可以直接使用命令:python -m pydoc raw_input(windows底下)来查看使用方法,使用完毕时候,输入“q”作为退出。下面进入正题:
一、python中的输入
1.与命令行的“博弈”——raw_input函数
#Input:age = raw_input("How old are you? ")height = raw_input("How tall are you? ")weight = raw_input("How much do you weigh? ")print "So, you‘re %r old, %r tall and %r heavy." % (age, height, weight) #Output:How old are you? 35How tall are you? 6‘2"How much do you weight? 180lbsSo, you‘re ‘35‘ old, ‘6\‘2"‘ tall and ‘180lbs‘ heavy.
注意:这里 %r 是 debug 专用,它显示的是原始表示出来的字符;也会常常见到使用%s的情况, %s 是为了显示给用户看的字符串。
2.来自参数的“阅读”——将变量传递给脚本
#Input:from sys import argvscript, first, second, third = argvprint "The script is called:", scriptprint "Your first variable is:", firstprint "Your second variable is:", secondprint "Your third variable is:", third #Output: python ex13.py cheese apples breadThe script is called: ex13.pyYour first variable is: cheeseYour second variable is: applesYour third variable is: bread
3.倾听文件的“内容”——读取文件有妙招
假设我们现在有两个文件,一个是脚本文件 ex.py ,另外一个是 ex_sample.txt,第二
个文件是供你的脚本读取的文本文件。假设第二个文件的内容:
This is stuff I typed into a file.
It is really cool stuff.
Lots and lots of fun to have in here.
我们要做的是把该文件用我们的脚本“打开(open)”,然后打印出来。然而把文件名
ex_sample.txt 写死(hardcode)在代码中不是一个好主意,这些信息应该是用户输入的才对。如果我们碰到其他文件要处理,写死的文件名就会给你带来麻烦了。我们的解决方案是使用 argv 和raw_input 来从用户获取信息,从而知道哪些文件该被处理。
#Input:from sys import argvscript, filename = argvtxt = open(filename)print "Here‘s your file %r:" % filenameprint txt.read() #Output:python ex.py ex_sample.txt Here‘s your file ‘ex_sample.txt‘:This is stuff I typed into a file.It is really cool stuff.Lots and lots of fun to have in here.
延伸:txt = open(filename) 返回的是文件的内容吗? 不是,它返回的是一个叫做“file object”的东西,你可以把它想象成一个磁带机或者 DVD 机。你可以随意访问内容的任意位置,并且去读取这些内容,不过这个 object 本身并不是它的内容。
二、读写文件
1.常用读写文件函数——韩信点兵:
• close – 关闭文件。跟你编辑器的 文件->保存.. 一个意思。 • read – 读取文件内容。你可以把结果赋给一个变量。 • readline – 读取文本文件中的一行。 • truncate – 清空文件,请小心使用该命令。 • write(stuff) – 将 stuff 写入文件。
清空文件,并重写文件
Example:
print "Opening the file..."target = open(filename, ‘w‘)print "Truncating the file. Goodbye!"target.truncate()print "Now I‘m going to ask you for three lines."line1 = raw_input("line 1: ")line2 = raw_input("line 2: ")line3 = raw_input("line 3: ")print "I‘m going to write these to the file."target.write(line1)target.write("\n")target.write(line2)target.write("\n")target.write(line3)target.write("\n")print "And finally, we close it."target.close()
2.其他文件操作——八仙过海,各显神通
文件拷贝
Example:
from sys import argvfrom os.path import existsscript, from_file, to_file = argvprint "Copying from %s to %s" % (from_file, to_file)# we could do these two on one line too, how?in_file = open(from_file)indata = in_file.read()print "The input file is %d bytes long" % len(indata)print "Does the output file exist? %r" % exists(to_file)print "Ready, hit RETURN to continue, CTRL-C to abort."raw_input()out_file = open(to_file, ‘w‘)out_file.write(indata)print "Alright, all done."out_file.close()in_file.close()
文件和函数相结合
Example:
from sys import argvscript, input_file = argvdef print_all(f):print f.read()def rewind(f):f.seek(0)def print_a_line(line_count, f):print line_count, f.readline()current_file = open(input_file)print "First let‘s print the whole file:\n"print_all(current_file)print "Now let‘s rewind, kind of like a tape."rewind(current_file)print "Let‘s print three lines:"current_line = 1print_a_line(current_line, current_file)current_line = current_line + 1print_a_line(current_line, current_file)current_line = current_line + 1print_a_line(current_line, current_file)
其中seek(0),表示找到文件开始的位置。
附加:多行输出的方法
print """
Alright, so you said %r about liking me.
You live in %r. Not sure where that is.
And you have a %r computer. Nice.
""" % (likes, lives, computer)
谈谈python的文件处理——文件的输入与输出