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LINQ to SQL语句(4)之Join

1.一对多关系(1 to Many):

 

var q =

  from c in db.Customers

  from o in c.Orders

   where c.City == "London"

  select o;

 

语句描述:Customers与Orders是一对多关系。即Orders在Customers类中以 EntitySet形式出现。所以第二个from是从c.Orders而不是db.Orders里进行筛选 。这个例子在From子句中使用外键导航选择伦敦客户的所有订单。

 

var q =

  from p in db.Products

  where p.Supplier.Country == "USA" && p.UnitsInStock == 0

  select p;

 

语句描述:这一句使用了 p.Supplier.Country条件,间接关联了Supplier表。这个例子在Where子句中使 用外键导航筛选其供应商在美国且缺货的产品。生成SQL语句为:

 

SELECT [t0].[ProductID], [t0].[ProductName], [t0]. [SupplierID],

[t0].[CategoryID],[t0].[QuantityPerUnit],[t0]. [UnitPrice],

[t0].[UnitsInStock], [t0].[UnitsOnOrder],[t0]. [ReorderLevel],

[t0].[Discontinued] FROM [dbo].[Products] AS [t0]

LEFT OUTER JOIN [dbo].[Suppliers] AS [t1] ON

[t1]. [SupplierID] = [t0].[SupplierID]

WHERE ([t1].[Country] = @p0) AND ([t0].[UnitsInStock] = @p1)

-- @p0: Input NVarChar (Size = 3; Prec = 0; Scale = 0) [USA]

-- @p1: Input Int (Size = 0; Prec = 0; Scale = 0) [0]

 

2.多对多关系(Many to Many):

 

var q =

  from e in db.Employees

  from et in e.EmployeeTerritories

  where e.City == "Seattle"

  select new

  {

    e.FirstName,

     e.LastName,

    et.Territory.TerritoryDescription

   };

 

说明:多对多关系一般会涉及三个表(如果有一个表是自关 联的,那有可能只有2个表)。这一句语句涉及Employees, EmployeeTerritories, Territories三个表。它们的关系是1:M:1。Employees 和Territories没有很明确的关系。

 

语句描述:这个例子在From子句中使 用外键导航筛选在西雅图的雇员,同时列出其所在地区。这条生成SQL语句为:

 

SELECT [t0].[FirstName], [t0].[LastName], [t2]. [TerritoryDescription]

FROM [dbo].[Employees] AS [t0] CROSS JOIN [dbo].[EmployeeTerritories]

AS [t1] INNER JOIN [dbo]. [Territories] AS [t2] ON

[t2].[TerritoryID] = [t1].[TerritoryID]

WHERE ([t0].[City] = @p0) AND ([t1].[EmployeeID] = [t0]. [EmployeeID])

-- @p0: Input NVarChar (Size = 7; Prec = 0; Scale = 0) [Seattle]

 

 

3.自联接关系:

 

var q =

  from e1 in db.Employees

  from e2 in e1.Employees

  where e1.City == e2.City

  select new {

    FirstName1 = e1.FirstName, LastName1 = e1.LastName,

    FirstName2 = e2.FirstName, LastName2 = e2.LastName,

    e1.City

   };

 

语句描述:这个例子在select 子句中使用外键导航筛选成 对的雇员,每对中一个雇员隶属于另一个雇员,且两个雇员都来自相同城市。生 成SQL语句为:

 

SELECT [t0].[FirstName] AS [FirstName1], [t0].[LastName] AS

[LastName1],[t1].[FirstName] AS [FirstName2], [t1].[LastName] AS

[LastName2],[t0].[City] FROM [dbo].[Employees] AS [t0],

[dbo].[Employees] AS [t1] WHERE ([t0].[City] = [t1]. [City]) AND

([t1].[ReportsTo] = [t0].[EmployeeID])

GroupJoin

 

像上面所说的,没有join和into,被翻译成 SelectMany,同时有join和into时,那么就被翻译为GroupJoin。在这里into的 概念是对其结果进行重新命名。

 

1.双向联接(Two way join):

 

此 示例显式联接两个表并从这两个表投影出结果:

 

var q =

   from c in db.Customers

  join o in db.Orders on c.CustomerID

  equals o.CustomerID into orders

  select new

   {

    c.ContactName,

    OrderCount = orders.Count ()

  };

 

说明:在一对多关系中,左边是1,它每条记录 为c(from c in db.Customers),右边是Many,其每条记录叫做o ( join o in db.Orders ),每对应左边的一个c,就会有一组o,那这一组o,就叫做orders, 也就是说,我们把一组o命名为orders,这就是into用途。这也就是为什么在 select语句中,orders可以调用聚合函数Count。在T-SQL中,使用其内嵌的T- SQL返回值作为字段值。如图所示:

 

 

 

生成SQL语句为:

 

SELECT [t0].[ContactName], (

  SELECT COUNT(*)

  FROM [dbo].[Orders] AS [t1]

   WHERE [t0].[CustomerID] = [t1].[CustomerID]

) AS [OrderCount]

FROM [dbo].[Customers] AS [t0]

 

2.三向联接(There way join):

 

此示例显式联接三个表并分别从每个表投影出结果:

 

var q =

  from c in db.Customers

  join o in db.Orders on c.CustomerID

  equals o.CustomerID into ords

  join e in db.Employees on c.City

  equals e.City into emps

  select new

  {

    c.ContactName,

    ords = ords.Count(),

    emps = emps.Count()

   };

 

生成SQL语句为:

 

SELECT [t0]. [ContactName], (

  SELECT COUNT(*)

  FROM [dbo].[Orders] AS [t1]

  WHERE [t0].[CustomerID] = [t1].[CustomerID]

) AS [ords], (

SELECT COUNT(*)

  FROM [dbo].[Employees] AS [t2]

  WHERE [t0].[City] = [t2].[City]

) AS [emps]

FROM [dbo].[Customers] AS [t0]

 

3.左外部联接(Left Outer Join):

 

此示例说明如何通过使用 此示例说明如何通过使用 DefaultIfEmpty() 获取左外部联接。在雇员没有订单时,DefaultIfEmpty()方 法返回null:

 

var q =

  from e in db.Employees

   join o in db.Orders on e equals o.Employee into ords

  from o in ords.DefaultIfEmpty()

  select new

  {

     e.FirstName,

    e.LastName,

    Order = o

   };

 

说明:以Employees左表,Orders右表,Orders 表中为空时, 用null值填充。Join的结果重命名ords,使用DefaultIfEmpty()函数对其再次查 询。其最后的结果中有个Order,因为from o in ords.DefaultIfEmpty() 是对 ords组再一次遍历,所以,最后结果中的Order并不是一个集合。但是,如果没 有from o in ords.DefaultIfEmpty() 这句,最后的select语句写成select new { e.FirstName, e.LastName, Order = ords }的话,那么Order就是一个集合。

 

4.投影的Let赋值(Projected let assignment):

 

说明:let语句 是重命名。let位于第一个from和select语句之间。

 

这个例子从联接投影 出最终“Let”表达式:

 

var q =

  from c in db.Customers

  join o in db.Orders on c.CustomerID

   equals o.CustomerID into ords

  let z = c.City + c.Country

  from o in ords

  select new

  {

     c.ContactName,

    o.OrderID,

    z

   };

 

5.组合键(Composite Key):

 

这个例子显示带有组合 键的联接:

 

var q =

  from o in db.Orders

  from p in db.Products

  join d in db.OrderDetails

    on new

    {

      o.OrderID,

       p.ProductID

    } equals

      new

       {

        d.OrderID,

         d.ProductID

      }

    into details

  from d in details

  select new

  {

    o.OrderID,

    p.ProductID,

    d.UnitPrice

   };

 

说明:使用三个表,并且用匿名类来说明:使用三个表,并 且用匿名类来表示它们之间的关系。它们之间的关系不能用一个键描述清楚,所 以用匿名类,来表示组合键。还有一种是两个表之间是用组合键表示关系的,不 需要使用匿名类。

 

6.可为null/不可为null的键关系 (Nullable/Nonnullable Key Relationship):

 

这个实例显示如何构造一 侧可为 null 而另一侧不可为 null 的联接:

 

var q =

   from o in db.Orders

  join e in db.Employees

    on o.EmployeeID equals

    (int?)e.EmployeeID into emps

   from e in emps

  select new

  {

     o.OrderID,

    e.FirstName

  };