select * from user where account=‘oliver‘;     #走索引
select * from user where account=‘oliver‘ and email=‘asdfaskl@163.com‘;   #走索引
select * from user where email=‘asdfaskl@163.com‘; 　　#不走索引

select * from tb where name=‘alex‘
select * from tb where email=‘alex3714@163.com‘
        
select * from tb where name=‘alex‘ or email=‘alex3714@163.com‘

select * from tb where nid=1　　　　# 先从索引表中找，再去数据表中找，非覆盖索引

select nid from tb where nid < 10 　　# 只需要从索引表中找，就能得到查询结果。 覆盖索引。

mysql> explain select * from user where email=‘oliver@163.com‘;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref  | rows   | filtered | Extra       |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+----------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | user  | NULL       | ALL  | NULL          | NULL | NULL    | NULL | 261791 |    10.00 | Using where |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+--------+----------+-------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

mysql> explain select uid from user where uid<10200;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+-------+----------+--------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type  | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref  | rows  | filtered | Extra                    |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+-------+----------+--------------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | user  | NULL       | range | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | NULL | 11622 |   100.00 | Using where; Using index |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+-------+----------+--------------------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

mysql> explain select uid from user where uid=10200;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type  | possible_keys | key     | key_len | ref   | rows | filtered | Extra       |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | user  | NULL       | const | PRIMARY       | PRIMARY | 4       | const |    1 |   100.00 | Using index |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

select * from (select nid from tb1 where nid = 1) as A;

- like ‘%xx‘
    select * from tb1 where name like ‘%cn‘;
- 使用函数
    select * from tb1 where reverse(name) = ‘wupeiqi‘;
- or
    select * from tb1 where nid = 1 or email = ‘seven@live.com‘;　　# nid有索引，email未创建索引，则不能命中索引
    特别的：当or条件中有未建立索引的列才失效，以下会走索引
            select * from tb1 where nid = 1 or name = ‘seven‘; 　　#nid和name都创建了索引，能命中索引
            select * from tb1 where nid = 1 or email = ‘seven@live.com‘ and name = ‘alex‘
- 类型不一致
    如果列是字符串类型，传入条件是必须用引号引起来，不然...
    select * from tb1 where name = 999;
- !=
    select * from tb1 where name != ‘alex‘
    特别的：如果是主键，则还是会走索引
        select * from tb1 where nid != 123
- >
    select * from tb1 where name > ‘alex‘
    特别的：如果是主键或索引是整数类型，则还是会走索引
        select * from tb1 where nid > 123
        select * from tb1 where num > 123
- order by
    select email from tb1 order by name desc;
    当没有where条件时，order by主键则走索引，有where时，order by索引字段则走索引。
    特别的：如果对主键排序，则还是走索引：
        select * from tb1 order by nid desc;
 
- 组合索引最左前缀
    如果组合索引为：(name,email)
    name and email       -- 使用索引
    name                 -- 使用索引
    email                -- 不使用索引

避免使用select *
- count(1)或count(列) 代替 count(*)
- 创建表时尽量时 char 代替 varchar
- 表的字段顺序固定长度的字段优先
- 组合索引代替多个单列索引（经常使用多个条件查询时）
- 尽量使用短索引
- 使用连接（JOIN）来代替子查询(Sub-Queries)
- 连表时注意条件类型需一致
- 索引散列值（重复少）不适合建索引，例：性别不适合

slow_query_log = OFF                            是否开启慢日志记录
long_query_time = 2                              时间限制，超过此时间，则记录
slow_query_log_file = /usr/slow.log        日志文件
log_queries_not_using_indexes = OFF     为使用索引的搜索是否记录

mysqldumpslow -s at -a  /usr/local/var/mysql/MacBook-Pro-3-slow.log

"""
--verbose    版本
--debug      调试
--help       帮助
 
-v           版本
-d           调试模式
-s ORDER     排序方式
             what to sort by (al, at, ar, c, l, r, t), ‘at‘ is default
              al: average lock time
              ar: average rows sent
              at: average query time
               c: count
               l: lock time
               r: rows sent
               t: query time
-r           反转顺序，默认文件倒序拍。reverse the sort order (largest last instead of first)
-t NUM       显示前N条just show the top n queries
-a           不要将SQL中数字转换成N，字符串转换成S。don‘t abstract all numbers to N and strings to ‘S‘
-n NUM       abstract numbers with at least n digits within names
-g PATTERN   正则匹配；grep: only consider stmts that include this string
-h HOSTNAME  mysql机器名或者IP；hostname of db server for *-slow.log filename (can be wildcard),
             default is ‘*‘, i.e. match all
-i NAME      name of server instance (if using mysql.server startup script)
-l           总时间中不减去锁定时间；don‘t subtract lock time from total time
"""