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Linux安装与基础命令
首先准备一个liunx镜像和一台安装好虚拟机的电脑。
配置好虚拟机，选在稍后安装。选择镜像文件，开启虚拟机进行安装。
配置yum源。首先插入光盘。由于是虚拟机，用的光盘镜像，
在/mnt/下面创建一个文件夹yum 。 复制所有光盘里的内容到/mnt/yum cp -rf /media/RHEL_5.9\ x86_64\ DVD/* /mnt/yum
用vim编辑器配置文件 vim /etc/yum.repo.d/rhel-debuginfo.repo
配置如下：
[rhel]
name=Red Hat Enterprise Linux
baseurl=file:///mnt/yum/Server
enabled=1
gpgcheck=0
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-redhat-release
查看yum配置情况
root@localhost ~]# yum repolist
rhel | 1.5 kB 00:00
rhel/primary | 932 kB 00:00
rhel 3335/3335
repo id repo name status
rhel Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3,335
yum配置成功。
6。查看当前主机名
[root@localhost ~]# hostname
localhost.localdomain
7。修改主机名
[root@localhost ~]# hostname weiliyang.nsd1405.com
[root@localhost ~]# hostname
weiliyang.nsd1405.com
8.查看当前ip地址
[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig eth0
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0C:29:55:29:F0
inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:fe55:29f0/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:117 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:27 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:11674 (11.4 KiB) TX bytes:5927 (5.7 KiB)
9.修改主机ip地址，临时设置为192.168.1.10
[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.10/24
[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig eth0
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0C:29:55:29:F0
inet addr:192.168.1.10 Bcast:192.168.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:fe55:29f0/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:117 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:38 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:11674 (11.4 KiB) TX bytes:8275 (8.0 KiB)
10.查看cpu信息
[root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/cpuinfo
processor : 0
vendor_id : GenuineIntel
cpu family : 6
model : 37
model name : Intel(R) Core(TM) i3 CPU M 350 @ 2.27GHz
stepping : 2
cpu MHz : 2261.002
cache size : 3072 KB
11.查看内存信息
[root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/meminfo
MemTotal: 507508 kB
MemFree: 39700 kB
Buffers: 5256 kB
Cached: 187540 kB
SwapCached: 0 kB
Active: 293652 kB
Inactive: 105868 kB
12.查看系统具体属于RedHat哪一个版本
[root@localhost ~]# lsb_release -d
Description: Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server release 5.9 (Tikang
13.查看当前系统时间
[root@localhost ~]# date
2014年 07月 06日 星期日 17:22:52 CST
14.列出/etc目录属性
drwxr-xr-x 102 root root 12288 07-06 16:43 /etc/
15.递归显示/boot下的目录和文件
[root@localhost ~]# ls -R /boot/
/boot/:
config-2.6.18-348.el5 lost+found vmlinuz-2.6.18-348.el5
grub symvers-2.6.18-348.el5.gz
initrd-2.6.18-348.el5.img System.map-2.6.18-348.el5
/boot/grub:
device.map grub.conf minix_stage1_5 stage2
e2fs_stage1_5 iso9660_stage1_5 reiserfs_stage1_5 ufs2_stage1_5
fat_stage1_5 jfs_stage1_5 splash.xpm.gz vstafs_stage1_5
ffs_stage1_5 menu.lst stage1 xfs_stage1_5
/boot/lost+found:
15.显示root下面所有文件包括隐藏文件
[root@localhost ~]# ls -a /boot/
. lost+found
.. symvers-2.6.18-348.el5.gz
config-2.6.18-348.el5 System.map-2.6.18-348.el5
grub vmlinuz-2.6.18-348.el5
initrd-2.6.18-348.el5.img .vmlinuz-2.6.18-348.el5.hmac
16.进入/tmp目录，删除所有文件和目录，创建file1.txt file2.txt file3.txt file13.txt filea.txt fileab.txt
[root@localhost tmp]# cd /tmp/
[root@localhost tmp]# rm -rf *
[root@localhost tmp]# touch file1.txt file2.txt file3.txt file13.txt filea.txt fileab.txt
[root@localhost tmp]#
[root@localhost tmp]# ls
file13.txt file1.txt file2.txt file3.txt fileab.txt filea.txt
17.显示file开头的，以.txt结尾的，中间2个字符的文件
[root@localhost tmp]# ls file??.txt
file13.txt fileab.txt
[root@localhost tmp]#
18.显示file开头的，以.txt结尾的，中间是单个数字的文件
[root@localhost tmp]# ls file[0-9].txt
file1.txt file2.txt file3.txt
19.显示file开头的，以.txt结尾的，中间部分可能是1 3 a ab的文件
[root@localhost tmp]# ls file{1,3,a,ab}.txt
file1.txt file3.txt fileab.txt filea.txt
20.查看/boot和/etc/pki分别占用多大空间
[root@localhost tmp]# du -sh /root/
385M /root/
[root@localhost tmp]# du -sh /etc/pki/
792K /etc/pki/
21.查看/etc/passwd前5行
[root@localhost tmp]# head -5 /etc/passwd
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
22.查看/etc/passwd尾5行
[root@localhost tmp]# tail -5 /etc/passwd
haldaemon:x:68:68:HAL daemon:/:/sbin/nologin
avahi-autoipd:x:100:159:avahi-autoipd:/var/lib/avahi-autoipd:/sbin/nologin
gdm:x:42:42::/var/gdm:/sbin/nologin
sabayon:x:86:86:Sabayon user:/home/sabayon:/sbin/nologin
weiliyang:x:500:500::/home/weiliyang:/bin/bash
23.查看/etc/passwd的第8-12行
[root@localhost tmp]# head -12 /etc/passwd|tail -5 /etc/passwd
haldaemon:x:68:68:HAL daemon:/:/sbin/nologin
avahi-autoipd:x:100:159:avahi-autoipd:/var/lib/avahi-autoipd:/sbin/nologin
gdm:x:42:42::/var/gdm:/sbin/nologin
sabayon:x:86:86:Sabayon user:/home/sabayon:/sbin/nologin
weiliyang:x:500:500::/home/weiliyang:/bin/bash
24.统计系统中有多少个账户
[root@localhost tmp]# cat -n /etc/passwd|wc -l
35
25.计算/etc目录下.conf配置文件的个数
[root@localhost tmp]# ls /etc/*.conf|wc -l
48
26.显示/etc/passwd中以root开头的内容
[root@localhost tmp]# grep ^root /etc/passwd
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
27.显示/etc/passwd中以bash结尾的内容
[root@localhost tmp]# grep bash$ /etc/passwd
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
weiliyang:x:500:500::/home/weiliyang:/bin/bash
28.分别使用gzip和bzip2和zip对/root/gztest.txt进行压缩和解压
gzip压缩
[root@localhost ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg Desktop gztext.txt install.log install.log.syslog lianxi
[root@localhost ~]# gzip -9 gztext.txt
[root@localhost ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg gztext.txt.gz install.log.syslog
Desktop install.log lianxi
gunzip解压
[root@localhost ~]# gunzip gztext.txt.gz
[root@localhost ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg Desktop gztext.txt install.log install.log.syslog lianxi
gzip2压缩
[root@localhost ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg Desktop gztext.txt install.log install.log.syslog lianxi
[root@localhost ~]# bzip2 gztext.txt
[root@localhost ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg gztext.txt.bz2 install.log.syslog
Desktop install.log lianxi
gzip2解压
[root@localhost ~]# bunzip2 gztext.txt.bz2
[root@localhost ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg Desktop gztext.txt install.log install.log.syslog lianxi
tar压缩
[root@localhost ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg Desktop gztext.txt install.log install.log.syslog lianxi
[root@localhost ~]# tar -zcf gztext.txt.tar.gz gztext.txt
[root@localhost ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg gztext.txt install.log lianxi
Desktop gztext.txt.tar.gz install.log.syslog
tar解压
[root@localhost ~]# tar -zxf gztext.txt.tar.gz
[root@localhost ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg gztext.txt install.log lianxi
Desktop gztext.txt.tar.gz install.log.syslog
29.把/etc/mail打包并压缩到/root/mail.tar.gz
[root@localhost ~]# tar -zcf /root/mail.tar.gz /etc/mail
[root@localhost ~]# ls /root/
anaconda-ks.cfg -D gztext.txt install.log lianxi
-d Desktop gztext.txt.tar.gz install.log.syslog mail.tar.gz
30,把/etc/mail打包并压缩到/root/mail.tar.bz2
[root@localhost ~]# tar jcf /root/mail.tar.bz2 /etc/mail
[root@localhost ~]# ls /root/
anaconda-ks.cfg -D gztext.txt install.log lianxi
-d Desktop gztext.txt.tar.gz install.log.syslog mail.tar.bz2
31.将mail.tar.gz解压到/tmp下，递归查看/tmp/etc下的内容，然后删除/tmp/etc目录
[root@localhost ~]# tar -zxf mail.tar.gz -C /tmp/
递归查看/tmp/etc
[root@localhost ~]# ls -R /tmp/
/tmp/etc:
/tmp/etc/mail:
access helpfile Makefile submit.mc
access.db local-host-names sendmail.cf trusted-users
domaintable mailertable sendmail.mc virtusertable
domaintable.db mailertable.db submit.cf virtusertable.db
[root@localhost ~]# rm -rf /tmp/etc/
[root@localhost ~]# ls -R /tmp/
/tmp/:
file13.txt file2.txt fileab.txt scim-bridge-0.3.0.lockfile-0@localhost:0.0
file1.txt file3.txt filea.txt
32.分别查看mail.tar.gz与mail.tar.bz2文件里面内容
[root@localhost ~]# file mail.tar.gz
mail.tar.gz: gzip compressed data, from Unix, last modified: Sun Jul 6 19:38:22 2014
[root@localhost ~]# file mail.tar.bz2
mail.tar.bz2: bzip2 compressed data, block size = 900k
33.
创建账户
student
stu01，宿主目录设为/opt/stu01
[root@localhost ~]# useradd -d /opt/stu01 stu01
stu02，uid为10001，账户在2015-06-30号过期，基本组设为stu01
[root@localhost ~]# useradd -u 10002 -g stu01 -e 2015-06-30 stu02
sys01，不用于登录
[root@localhost ~]# useradd -s /sbin/nologin sys01
sys02，不创建宿主目录
[root@localhost ~]# useradd -M sys02
33.查看/etc/passwd文件的第一行
[root@localhost ~]# head -1 /etc/passwd
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
34.查看/etc/shadow文件的第一行
[root@localhost ~]# head -1 /etc/shadow
root:$1$1FskXDzB$KJvDMEmf8TKu18qJvd2nO0:16247:0:99999:7:::
35.针对student操作
设置密码为123456，然后用student登录自己修改密码
[root@localhost ~]# passwd student
Changing password for user student.
New UNIX password:
BAD PASSWORD: it is too simplistic/systematic
Retype new UNIX password:
passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.
清空student的密码，查看/etc/shadow里面与student相关的内容
清空前
[root@localhost ~]# grep student /etc/shadow
student:$1$dgLGRByb$xJrSGtmn7MSWlhA6zqMbR1:16257:0:99999:7:::
清空后
[root@localhost ~]# passwd -d student
Removing password for user student.
passwd: Success
[root@localhost ~]# grep student /etc/shadow
student::16257:0:99999:7:::
36.手动创建用户的过程 （禁止useradd）
1)、/etc/passwd
/etc/shadow
/etc/group
/etc/gshadow
2)、/home/xxxx
3)、/var/spool/mail/xxxx
4)、/etc/skel/.*
5)、权限
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/passwd
yang:x:10005:10005::/homeyang:bin/bash
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/shadow
yang:!!:16258:0:99999:7:::
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/group
yang:x:10005:
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/gshadow
yang:!::
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /home/yang
[root@weiliyang weiliyang]# touch /var/spool/mail/yang
37.为虚拟机添加一块80GB、SCSI接口的硬盘
划分2个20GB的主分区，剩余作为扩展分区
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sdb
Disk /dev/sdb: 85.8 GB, 85899345920 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 10443 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Disk /dev/sdb doesn‘t contain a valid partition table
fdisk /dev/sdb
按n键添加分区
Command (m for help): n
Command action （e为交换分区，p为主分区）
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 3 （输入分区编号）
First cylinder (4867-10443, default 4867): （规划分区大小）
Using default value 4867
Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (4867-10443, default 10443): +20g
38.添加交换分区
Command (m for help): n
Command action
e extended
p primary partition (1-4)
e
Selected partition 4
First cylinder (7300-10443, default 7300):
Using default value 7300
Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (7300-10443, default 10443):
Using default value 10443
p查看分区列表
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 1 2433 19543041 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 2434 4866 19543072+ 83 Linux
/dev/sdb3 4867 10443 44797252+ 5 Extended
/dev/sdb5 4867 7299 19543041 83 Linux
/dev/sdb6 7300 8516 9775521 83 Linux
39.将第一个逻辑分区类型改为swap（id=82）
Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1-6): 5
Hex code (type L to list codes): 82
Changed system type of partition 5 to 82 (Linux swap / Solaris)
40.将第二个逻辑分区类型改为vfat（id=b或c）
Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1-6): 6
Hex code (type L to list codes): b
Changed system type of partition 6 to b (W95 FAT32)
41.按w保存退出
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
WARNING: If you have created or modified any DOS 6.x
partitions, please see the fdisk manual page for additional
information.
Syncing disks.
42.使用partprobe更新分区表【最好是重启一次】
[root@localhost ~]# partprobe
[root@localhost ~]#
43.将/dev/sdb1格式化成ext3分区
[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.ext3 /dev/sdb1
mke2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
2443200 inodes, 4885760 blocks
244288 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=4294967296
150 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
16288 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208,
4096000
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
This filesystem will be automatically checked every 39 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
44.将/dev/sdb6格式化成FAT32分区
[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.vfat /dev/sdb6
mkfs.vfat 2.11 (12 Mar 2005)
45.将/dev/sdb1挂载到/mnt/part1，在这个挂载目录新建一个file.txt文件和一个now的目录
[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/part1/
[root@localhost ~]# mount|grep sdb1
/dev/sdb1 on /mnt/part1 type ext3 (rw)
在/mnt/part1/下建立一个新的测试文件并查看
[root@localhost ~]# touch /mnt/part1/file.txt
[root@localhost ~]# ls /mnt/part1/
file.txt lost+found
46.分别卸载/dev/sdb1、/dev/sdb6
[root@localhost ~]# umount /dev/sdb1
[root@localhost ~]# umount /dev/sdb6
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