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Nginx安装学习使用具体记录
选择Nginx的长处:
Nginx 能够在大多数 Unix like OS 上编译执行。并有 Windows 移植版。 Nginx 的1.4.0稳定版已经于2013年4月24日公布。普通情况下,对于新建站点,建议使用最新稳定版作为生产版本号,已有站点的升级急迫性不高。Nginx 的源码使用 2-clause BSD-like license。
Nginx 是一个非常强大的高性能Web和反向代理服务器,它具有非常多非常优越的特性:
在高连接并发的情况下,Nginx是Apache服务器不错的替代品:Nginx在美国是做虚拟主机生意的老板们常常选择的软件平台之中的一个。
能够支持高达 50,000 个并发连接数的响应,感谢Nginx为我们选择了 epoll and kqueue作为开发模型。
1.1 执行安装
- tar -xvf nginx-1.4.2.tar.gz
- cd nginx-1.4.2
- ./configure --prefix=/usr/nginx --with-http_stub_status_module --with-debug --with-http_realip_module --with-http_ssl_module
- [root@localhost nginx-1.4.2]# make install
- ......
- test -d \‘/usr/nginx/logs\‘ || mkdir -p \‘/usr/nginx/logs\‘
- test -d \‘/usr/nginx/logs\‘ || mkdir -p \‘/usr/nginx/logs\‘
- test -d \‘/usr/nginx/html\‘ || cp -R html \‘/usr/nginx\‘
- test -d \‘/usr/nginx/logs\‘ || mkdir -p \‘/usr/nginx/logs\‘
1.2 查看进程数
进程数是与top出来的cpu数量是一样的。在/usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf配置文件中面的worker_processes參数。
worker_processes指明了nginx要开启的进程数。据官方说法,一般开一个就够了,多开几个,能够降低机器io带来的影响。据实践表明。nginx的这个參数在普通情况下开4个或8个就能够了。再往上开的话优化不太大。据还有一种说法是,nginx开启太多的进程,会影响主进程调度,所以占用的cpu会增高。
- [root@lb-net-2 ~]# ps -eaf|grep nginx
- root 2221 1382 0 18:06 pts/0 00:00:00 grep nginx
- root 16260 1 0 Jun18 ? 00:00:00 nginx: master process /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx
- nobody 16261 16260 0 Jun18 ? 00:01:26 nginx: worker process
- nobody 16262 16260 0 Jun18 ? 00:01:32 nginx: worker process
- nobody 16263 16260 0 Jun18 ? 00:01:25 nginx: worker process
- nobody 16264 16260 0 Jun18 ? 00:01:33 nginx: worker process
- nobody 16265 16260 0 Jun18 ?
00:01:32 nginx: worker process
- nobody 16266 16260 0 Jun18 ? 00:01:24 nginx: worker process
- nobody 16267 16260 0 Jun18 ?
00:01:32 nginx: worker process
- nobody 16268 16260 0 Jun18 ?
00:01:23 nginx: worker process
- nobody 16269 16260 0 Jun18 ?
00:01:32 nginx: worker process
- nobody 16270 16260 0 Jun18 ? 00:01:26 nginx: worker process
- nobody 16271 16260 0 Jun18 ?
00:01:32 nginx: worker process
- nobody 16272 16260 0 Jun18 ? 00:01:25 nginx: worker process
- nobody 16273 16260 0 Jun18 ? 00:01:26 nginx: worker process
- nobody 16274 16260 0 Jun18 ? 00:01:32 nginx: worker process
- nobody 16275 16260 0 Jun18 ? 00:01:32 nginx: worker process
- nobody 16276 16260 0 Jun18 ?
00:01:33 nginx: worker process
- nobody 16277 16260 0 Jun18 ? 00:01:24 nginx: worker process
- nobody 16278 16260 0 Jun18 ? 00:01:24 nginx: worker process
- nobody 16279 16260 0 Jun18 ? 00:01:30 nginx: worker process
- nobody 16280 16260 0 Jun18 ?
00:01:24 nginx: worker process
- nobody 16281 16260 0 Jun18 ? 00:01:32 nginx: worker process
- nobody 16282 16260 0 Jun18 ? 00:01:32 nginx: worker process
- nobody 16283 16260 0 Jun18 ?
00:01:25 nginx: worker process
- nobody 16284 16260 0 Jun18 ?
00:01:26 nginx: worker process
2 配置文件
2.1 Nginx反向代理实践
省过
2.2 Nginx Rewrite又一次定向
使用nginx做又一次定向。
nginx參考网址:http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_97688f8e0100zws5.html
语法规则: location [=|~|~*|^~] /uri/ { … }
= 开头表示精确匹配
^~ 开头表示uri以某个常规字符串开头。理解为匹配 url路径即可。
nginx不正确url做编码。因此请求为/static/20%/aa,能够被规则^~ /static/ /aa匹配到(注意是空格)。
~ 开头表示区分大写和小写的正则匹配
~* 开头表示不区分大写和小写的正则匹配
!~和!~*分别为区分大写和小写不匹配及不区分大写和小写不匹配 的正则
/ 通用匹配,不论什么请求都会匹配到。
多个location配置的情况下匹配顺序为(參考资料而来,还未实际验证。试试就知道了。不必拘泥,仅供參考):
首先匹配 =。其次匹配^~, 其次是按文件中顺序的正则匹配,最后是交给 / 通用匹配。当有匹配成功时候,停止匹配。按当前匹配规则处理请求。
样例,有例如以下匹配规则:
location = / {
#规则A
}
location = /login {
#规则B
}
location ^~ /static/ {
#规则C
}
location ~ \.(gif|jpg|png|js|css)$ {
#规则D
}
location ~* \.png$ {
#规则E
}
location !~ \.xhtml$ {
#规则F
}
location !~* \.xhtml$ {
#规则G
}
location / {
#规则H
}
那么产生的效果例如以下:
訪问根文件夹/, 比方http://localhost/ 将匹配规则A
訪问 http://localhost/login 将匹配规则B,http://localhost/register 则匹配规则H
訪问 http://localhost/static/a.html 将匹配规则C
訪问 http://localhost/a.gif, http://localhost/b.jpg 将匹配规则D和规则E。可是规则D顺序优先,规则E不起作用,而 http://localhost/static/c.png 则优先匹配到规则C
訪问 http://localhost/a.PNG 则匹配规则E,而不会匹配规则D。由于规则E不区分大写和小写。
訪问 http://localhost/a.xhtml 不会匹配规则F和规则G。http://localhost/a.XHTML不会匹配规则G,由于不区分大写和小写。规则F,规则G属于排除法,符合匹配规则可是不会匹配到。所以想想看实际应用中哪里会用到。
訪问 http://localhost/category/id/1111 则终于匹配到规则H,由于以上规则都不匹配,这个时候应该是nginx转发请求给后端应用服务器,比方FastCGI(php),tomcat(jsp)。nginx作为方向代理服务器存在。
所以实际使用中。个人认为至少有三个匹配规则定义,例如以下:
#直接匹配站点根,通过域名訪问站点首页比較频繁,使用这个会加速处理,官网如是说。
#这里是直接转发给后端应用服务器了。也能够是一个静态首页
# 第一个必选规则
location = / {
proxy_pass http://tomcat:8080/index
}
# 第二个必选规则是处理静态文件请求,这是nginx作为http服务器的强项
# 有两种配置模式,文件夹匹配或后缀匹配,任选其一或搭配使用
location ^~ /static/ {
root /webroot/static/;
}
location ~* \.(gif|jpg|jpeg|png|css|js|ico)$ {
root /webroot/res/;
}
#第三个规则就是通用规则。用来转发动态请求到后端应用服务器
#非静态文件请求就默认是动态请求。自己依据实际把握
#毕竟眼下的一些框架的流行。带.php,.jsp后缀的情况非常少了
location / {
proxy_pass http://tomcat:8080/
}
2.3 ReWrite语法
last – 基本上都用这个Flag。
break – 中止Rewirte,不在继续匹配
redirect – 返回暂时重定向的HTTP状态302
permanent – 返回永久重定向的HTTP状态301
1、以下是能够用来推断的表达式:
-f和!-f用来推断是否存在文件
-d和!-d用来推断是否存在文件夹
-e和!-e用来推断是否存在文件或文件夹
-x和!-x用来推断文件是否可执行
2、以下是能够用作推断的全局变量
例:http://localhost:88/test1/test2/test.php
$host:localhost
$server_port:88
$request_uri:http://localhost:88/test1/test2/test.php
$document_uri:/test1/test2/test.php
$document_root:D:\nginx/html
$request_filename:D:\nginx/html/test1/test2/test.php
2.4 Redirect语法
server {
listen 80;
server_name start.igrow.cn;
index index.html index.php;
root html;
if ($http_host !~ “^star\.igrow\.cn$" {
rewrite ^(.*) http://star.igrow.cn$1 redirect;
}
}
2.5 防盗链
location ~* \.(gif|jpg|swf)$ {
valid_referers none blocked start.igrow.cn sta.igrow.cn;
if ($invalid_referer) {
rewrite ^/ http://$host/logo.png;
}
}
2.6 依据文件类型设置过期时间
location ~* \.(js|css|jpg|jpeg|gif|png|swf)$ {
if (-f $request_filename) {
expires 1h;
break;
}
}
2.7 禁止訪问某个文件夹
location ~* \.(txt|doc)${
root /data/www/wwwroot/linuxtone/test;
deny all;
}
一些可用的全局变量:
$args
$content_length
$content_type
$document_root
$document_uri
$host
$http_user_agent
$http_cookie
$limit_rate
$request_body_file
$request_method
$remote_addr
$remote_port
$remote_user
$request_filename
$request_uri
$query_string
$scheme
$server_protocol
$server_addr
$server_name
$server_port
$uri
2.8 Nginx静态文件(css,js,jpg等等web静态资源)
vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
server {
listen 80;
server_name localhost;
open_file_cache max=10000 inactive=60s;
location /group1/M00 {
root /data/fastdfs/data;
ngx_fastdfs_module;
}
location /css {
root plocc_static;
include gzip.conf;
}
location /common {
root plocc_static;
include gzip.conf;
}
2.9 nginx 转发project的日志文件
去nginx.conf配置文件中面去看訪问日志,例如以下:
vim nginx.conf
location ~* ^/mobileWeb/.*$ {
include deny.conf;
proxy_pass http://mobilewebbackend;
include proxy.conf;
error_log logs/mobileweb_error.log error;
access_log logs/mobileweb_access.log main;
include gzip.conf;
}
再去logs文件夹查看日志文件。例如以下:
[root@xx logs]# ll /usr/local/nginx/logs/mobileweb*
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 10946 7月 18 10:36 /usr/local/nginx/logs/mobileweb_access.log
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1628 7月 18 10:36 /usr/local/nginx/logs/mobileweb_error.log
3 加入启动服务
- [root@localhost nginx]# cat /etc/init.d/nginx
- #!/bin/bash
- #chkconfig:2345 70 70
- #description:nginx
- BIN=/usr/nginx/sbin/nginx
- function d_start {
- $BIN || echo -n \"nginx is running\"
- }
- function d_stop {
- $BIN -s stop || echo -n \"nginx is not running\"
- }
- function d_reload {
- $BIN -s reload || echo -n \"nginx reload failed\"
- }
- case $1 in
- start)
- echo start nginx
- d_start
- ;;
- stop)
- echo stop nginx
- d_stop
- ;;
- reload)
- echo reload nginx
- d_reload
- ;;
- restart)
- echo restart nginx
- d_stop
- echo sleep 5s
- sleep 5
- d_start
- ;;
- *)
- echo \"Usage: nginx [start | stop |reload |restart]\"
- ;;
- esac
- exit 0
4 制作证书Key。
4.1.首先要生成服务器端的私钥(key文件):
openssl genrsa -des3 -out server.key 2048
Enter pass phrase for server.key:gongsilong0617
4.2.用server.key生成一个证书:
openssl req -new -key server.key -out server.csr
pass phrase: gongsilong0617
[root@localhost ssl]# openssl req -new -key server.key -out server.csr
Enter pass phrase for server.key:
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter ‘.‘, the field will be left blank.
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [GB]:cn
State or Province Name (full name) [Berkshire]:shanghai
Locality Name (eg, city) [Newbury]:shanghai
Organization Name (eg, company) [My Company Ltd]:gongsilong
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:business
Common Name (eg, your name or your server‘s hostname) []:ops
Email Address []:mch@gongsilong.com
Please enter the following ‘extra‘ attributes
to be sent with your certificate request
A challenge password []:gongsilong0617
An optional company name []:gongsilong
[root@localhost ssl]#
4.3. 对客户端也作相同的命令生成key及csr文件
openssl genrsa -des3 -out client.key 2048
pass phrase: plclient0618
[root@localhost client]# openssl req -new -key client.key -out client.csr
Enter pass phrase for client.key:
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter ‘.‘, the field will be left blank.
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [GB]:cn
State or Province Name (full name) [Berkshire]:shanghai
Locality Name (eg, city) [Newbury]:shanghai
Organization Name (eg, company) [My Company Ltd]:gongsilong
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:business
Common Name (eg, your name or your server‘s hostname) []:ops
Email Address []:mch@gongsilong.com
Please enter the following ‘extra‘ attributes
to be sent with your certificate request
A challenge password []:plclient0618
An optional company name []:gongsilong
4.4 生成的CSR证书文件必须有CA的签名才可形成证书.这里制作自己的CA 这时生成一个KEY文件ca.key 和根证书ca.crt
pass phrase: gongsilong0617
[root@localhost ssl]# openssl req -new -x509 -nodes -keyout ca.key -out ca.crt
Generating a 1024 bit RSA private key
.......++++++
................++++++
writing new private key to ‘ca.key‘
Enter PEM pass phrase:
Verifying - Enter PEM pass phrase:
-----
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter ‘.‘, the field will be left blank.
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [GB]:cn
State or Province Name (full name) [Berkshire]:shanghai
Locality Name (eg, city) [Newbury]:
writing new private key to ‘ca.key‘Organization Name (eg, company) [My Company Ltd]:
[root@localhost ssl]# openssl req -new -x509 -keyout ca.key -out ca.crt
Generating a 1024 bit RSA private key
..............++++++
..................................................++++++
writing new private key to ‘ca.key‘
Enter PEM pass phrase:
Verifying - Enter PEM pass phrase:
-----
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter ‘.‘, the field will be left blank.
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [GB]:cn
State or Province Name (full name) [Berkshire]:shanghai
Locality Name (eg, city) [Newbury]:shanghai
Organization Name (eg, company) [My Company Ltd]:gongsilong
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:business
Common Name (eg, your name or your server‘s hostname) []:ops
Email Address []:mch@gongsilong.com
[root@localhost ssl]#
[root@localhost ssl]# mch@gongsilong.com
-bash: mch@gongsilong.com: command not found
[root@localhost ssl]#
签署证书准备工作:
[root@mail ssl]# vim /etc/pki/tls/openssl.cnf
#dir = ../../CA //改动例如以下
dir = /etc/pki/plocc/CA
touch /etc/pki/plocc/CA/{index.txt,serial}
[root@localhost ssl]# ll /etc/pki/plocc/CA/
总计 0
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 06-18 10:47 index.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 06-18 10:47 serial
[root@localhost ssl]# echo 01 > /etc/pki/plocc/CA/serial
[root@localhost ssl]# mkdir /etc/pki/plocc/CA/newcerts
4.5 用生成的CA的证书(ca.crt)为刚才生成的server.csr,client.csr文件签名
pass phrase:gongsilong0617
openssl ca -in server.csr -out server.crt -cert ca.crt -keyfile ca.key
[root@localhost ssl]# openssl ca -in server.csr -out server.crt -cert ca.crt -keyfile ca.key
Using configuration from /etc/pki/tls/openssl.cnf
Enter pass phrase for ca.key:
Check that the request matches the signature
Signature ok
Certificate Details:
Serial Number: 1 (0x1)
Validity
Not Before: Jun 18 04:04:09 2014 GMT
Not After : Jun 18 04:04:09 2015 GMT
Subject:
countryName = cn
stateOrProvinceName = shanghai
organizationName = baolong
organizationalUnitName = business
commonName = ops
emailAddress = mch@gongsilong.com
X509v3 extensions:
X509v3 Basic Constraints:
CA:FALSE
Netscape Comment:
OpenSSL Generated Certificate
X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
52:6A:D9:56:CB:2B:DA:E3:9A:18:CC:FE:4D:A1:8C:21:86:55:D5:11
X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:
keyid:4E:F5:29:7F:6B:AD:11:EF:FC:44:CC:76:1D:B0:B9:F7:4B:9D:CB:93
Certificate is to be certified until Jun 18 04:04:09 2015 GMT (365 days)
Sign the certificate?
[y/n]:y
1 out of 1 certificate requests certified, commit? [y/n]y
Write out database with 1 new entries
Data Base Updated
[root@localhost ssl]#
[root@localhost ssl]# openssl ca -in client.csr -out client.crt -cert ca.crt -keyfile ca.key
Using configuration from /etc/pki/tls/openssl.cnf
Enter pass phrase for ca.key:
Check that the request matches the signature
Signature ok
Certificate Details:
Serial Number: 2 (0x2)
Validity
Not Before: Jun 18 04:10:40 2014 GMT
Not After : Jun 18 04:10:40 2015 GMT
Subject:
countryName = cn
stateOrProvinceName = shanghai
organizationName = baolong
organizationalUnitName = business
commonName = ops
emailAddress = mch@gongsilong.com
X509v3 extensions:
X509v3 Basic Constraints:
CA:FALSE
Netscape Comment:
OpenSSL Generated Certificate
X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
E2:64:97:DC:A6:2B:85:53:5F:6C:5C:8D:1F:EB:59:C8:2C:66:C5:10
X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:
keyid:4E:F5:29:7F:6B:AD:11:EF:FC:44:CC:76:1D:B0:B9:F7:4B:9D:CB:93
Certificate is to be certified until Jun 18 04:10:40 2015 GMT (365 days)
Sign the certificate? [y/n]:y
1 out of 1 certificate requests certified, commit? [y/n]y
Write out database with 1 new entries
Data Base Updated
[root@localhost ssl]#
[PS]:附带功能:
另外,这个certificate是BASE64形式的,要转成PKCS12才干装到IE,/NETSCAPE上.转换例如以下:
双击安装即可
openssl pkcs12 -export -clcerts -in client.crt -inkey client.key -out client.p12
这个是ISO 须要的证书格式
openssl x509 -in client.crt -out client.cer
这个是android 须要的证书格式。
[root@mail ssl]# openssl pkcs12 -export -in client.crt -inkey client.key -out client.pfx
Enter pass phrase for client.key: //客户端私钥password
Enter Export Password: //pfx文件导入要求的password
Verifying - Enter Export Password:
[root@localhost conf]# service nginx stop
stop nginx
Enter PEM pass phrase:
phrase is too short, needs to be at least 4 chars
Enter PEM pass phrase:
phrase is too short, needs to be at least 4 chars
Enter PEM pass phrase:
nginx启动SSL默认不输入password
假设nginx配置了SSL,在每次启动nginx的时候都会须要你手动输入证书的password,假设不想输入,能够
cp server.key server.key.orig
openssl rsa -in server.key.orig -out server.key
这样启动nginx的时候就不须要输入password了。
[root@localhost ssl]# cp server.key server.key.orig
[root@localhost ssl]# openssl rsa -in server.key.orig -out server.key
Enter pass phrase for server.key.orig:
unable to load Private Key
20487:error:06065064:digital envelope routines:EVP_DecryptFinal_ex:bad decrypt:evp_enc.c:325:
20487:error:0906A065:PEM routines:PEM_do_header:bad decrypt:pem_lib.c:425:
[root@localhost ssl]#
这里奇怪,一開始通只是,可是过了15分钟后,在执行一遍,输入password,又通过了,例如以下所看到的:
[root@localhost ssl]# openssl rsa -in server.key.orig -out server.key
Enter pass phrase for server.key.orig:
writing RSA key
[root@localhost ssl]#
当然也能够保留password。改用expect的方式,这个能够參考expect自己主动登录SSH的方法。下次有时间再整理贴上来
5 静态文件地址映射 nginx
location = userWeb/userCenter/findConsultList.htm {
rewrite ^.*$ http://xx.gongsilong.com/xx/xx/findConsultList.htm;
}
# add by tim begin ...
location ~* ^/svn/(.*) {
rewrite ^.*$ https://192.123.11.12/$1;
}
# add by tim end ..
来源地址:http://blog.itpub.net/26230597/abstract/1/
Nginx安装学习使用具体记录