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strtok()函数
strtok()这个函数大家都应该碰到过,但好像总有些问题, 这里着重讲下它
首先看下MSDN上的解释:
char *strtok( char *strToken, const char *strDelimit );
Parameters
strToken
String containing token or tokens.
strDelimit
Set of delimiter characters.
Return Value
Returns a pointer to the next token found in strToken. They return NULL when no more tokens are found. Each call modifies strToken by substituting a NULL character for each delimiter that is encountered.
Remarks
The strtok function finds the next token in strToken. The set of characters in strDelimitspecifies possible delimiters of the token to be found in strToken on the current call.
Security Note These functions incur a potential threat brought about by a buffer overrun problem. Buffer overrun problems are a frequent method of system attack, resulting in an unwarranted elevation of privilege. For more information, see Avoiding Buffer Overruns.
On the first call to strtok, the function skips leading delimiters and returns a pointer to the first token in strToken, terminating the token with a null character. More tokens can be broken out of the remainder of strToken by a series of calls to strtok. Each call tostrtok modifies strToken by inserting a null character after the token returned by that call. To read the next token from strToken, call strtok with a NULL value for the strTokenargument. The NULL strToken argument causes strtok to search for the next token in the modified strToken. The strDelimit argument can take any value from one call to the next so that the set of delimiters may vary.
Note Each function uses a static variable for parsing the string into tokens. If multiple or simultaneous calls are made to the same function, a high potential for data corruption and inaccurate results exists. Therefore, do not attempt to call the same function simultaneously for different strings and be aware of calling one of these functions from within a loop where another routine may be called that uses the same function. However, calling this function simultaneously from multiple threads does not have undesirable effects.
很晕吧？ 呵呵。。。
简单的说，就是函数返回第一个分隔符分隔的子串后，将第一参数设置为NULL，函数将返回剩下的子串。
下面我们来看一个例子：
1 int main() 2 3 { 4 5 char test1[] = "feng,ke,wei"; 6 7 char *test2 = "feng,ke,wei"; 8 9 char *p; 10 11 p = strtok(test1, ",");12 13 while(p) 14 15 { 16 17 printf("%s\n", p); 18 19 p = strtok(NULL, ","); 20 21 } 22 23 return 0;24 25 }26 27 运行结果:28 29 feng30 31 ke32 33 wei
说明：
函数strtok将字符串分解为一系列标记(token),标记就是一系列用分隔符(delimiting chracter，通常是空格或标点符号)分开的字符。注意，此的标记是由delim分割符分割的字符串喔。
例如，在一行文本中，每个单词可以作为标记，空格是分隔符。
需要多次调用strtok才能将字符串分解为标记(假设字符串中包含多个标记)。第一次调用strtok包含两个参数，即要标记化的字符串和包含用来分隔标记的字符的字符串(即分隔符)：下列语句： tokenPtr = Strtok(string, " ")
将tokenPtr赋给string中第一个标记的指针。strtok的第二个参数””表示string中的标记用空格分开。
函数strtok搜索string中不是分隔符(空格)的第一个字符，这是第一个标记的开头。然后函数寻找字符串中的下一个分隔符，将其换成null(， w，)字符,这是当前标记的终点。注意标记的开始于结束。
函数strtok保存string中标记后面的下一个字符的指针，并返回当前标记的指针。
后面再调用strtok时，第一个参数为NULL，继续将string标记化。NULL参数表示调用strtok继续从string中上次调用 strtok时保存的位置开始标记化。
如果调用strtok时已经没有标记，则strtok返回NULL。注意strtok修改输入字符串，因此，如果调用strtok之后还要在程序中使用这个字符串，则应复制这个字 符串。
但如果用p = strtok(test2, ",")则会出现内存错误,这是为什么呢?是不是跟它里面那个静态变量有关呢? 我们来看看它的原码:
1 /*** 2 3 *strtok.c - tokenize a string with given delimiters 4 5 * 6 7 * Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. 8 9 * 10 11 *Purpose: 12 13 * defines strtok() - breaks string into series of token 14 15 * via repeated calls. 16 17 * 18 19 *******************************************************************************/ 20 21 #include 22 23 #include 24 25 #ifdef _MT 26 27 #include 28 29 #endif /* _MT */ 30 31 /*** 32 33 *char *strtok(string, control) - tokenize string with delimiter in control 34 35 * 36 37 *Purpose: 38 39 * strtok considers the string to consist of a sequence of zero or more 40 41 * text tokens separated by spans of one or more control chars. the first 42 43 * call, with string specified, returns a pointer to the first char of the 44 45 * first token, and will write a null char into string immediately 46 47 * following the returned token. subsequent calls with zero for the first 48 49 * argument (string) will work thru the string until no tokens remain. the 50 51 * control string may be different from call to call. when no tokens remain 52 53 * in string a NULL pointer is returned. remember the control chars with a 54 55 * bit map, one bit per ascii char. the null char is always a control char. 56 57 * //这里已经说得很详细了!!比MSDN都好! 58 59 *Entry: 60 61 * char *string - string to tokenize, or NULL to get next token 62 63 * char *control - string of characters to use as delimiters 64 65 * 66 67 *Exit: 68 69 * returns pointer to first token in string, or if string 70 71 * was NULL, to next token 72 73 * returns NULL when no more tokens remain. 74 75 * 76 77 *Uses: 78 79 * 80 81 *Exceptions: 82 83 * 84 85 *******************************************************************************/ 86 87 char * __cdecl strtok ( 88 89 char * string, 90 91 const char * control 92 93 ) 94 95 { 96 97 unsigned char *str; 98 99 const unsigned char *ctrl = control;100 101 unsigned char map[32];102 103 int count;104 105 #ifdef _MT106 107 _ptiddata ptd = _getptd();108 109 #else /* _MT */110 111 static char *nextoken; //保存剩余子串的静态变量 112 113 #endif /* _MT */114 115 /* Clear control map */116 117 for (count = 0; count < 32; count++)118 119 map[count] = 0;120 121 /* Set bits in delimiter table */122 123 do {124 125 map[*ctrl >> 3] |= (1 << (*ctrl & 7));126 127 } while (*ctrl++);128 129 /* Initialize str. If string is NULL, set str to the saved130 131 * pointer (i.e., continue breaking tokens out of the string132 133 * from the last strtok call) */134 135 if (string)136 137 str = string; //第一次调用函数所用到的原串 138 139 else140 141 #ifdef _MT142 143 str = ptd->_token;144 145 #else /* _MT */146 147 str = nextoken; //将函数第一参数设置为NULL时调用的余串148 149 #endif /* _MT */150 151 /* Find beginning of token (skip over leading delimiters). Note that152 * there is no token iff this loop sets str to point to the terminal153 * null (*str == ‘\0‘) */154 while ( (map[*str >> 3] & (1 << (*str & 7))) && *str )155 str++;156 string = str; //此时的string返回余串的执行结果 157 /* Find the end of the token. If it is not the end of the string,158 * put a null there. */159 //这里就是处理的核心了, 找到分隔符,并将其设置为‘\0‘,当然‘\0‘也将保存在返回的串中160 for ( ; *str ; str++ )161 if ( map[*str >> 3] & (1 << (*str & 7)) ) {162 *str++ = ‘\0‘; //这里就相当于修改了串的内容 ①163 break;164 }165 /* Update nextoken (or the corresponding field in the per-thread data166 * structure */167 #ifdef _MT168 ptd->_token = str;169 #else /* _MT */170 nextoken = str; //将余串保存在静态变量中,以便下次调用171 #endif /* _MT */172 /* Determine if a token has been found. */173 if ( string == str )174 return NULL;175 else176 return string;177 }
原来, 该函数修改了原串.
所以,当使用char *test2 = "feng,ke,wei"作为第一个参数传入时,在位置①处, 由于test2指向的内容保存在文字常量区,该区的内容是不能修改的,所以会出现内存错误. 而char test1[] = "feng,ke,wei" 中的test1指向的内容是保存在栈区的,所以可以修改.
看到这里 大家应该会对文字常量区有个更加理性的认识吧.....
strtok()函数