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子查询与连接

1.子查询是指在另一个查询语句中的SELECT子句。

例句:

SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE column1 = (SELECT column1 FROM t2);

其中,SELECT * FROM t1 ...称为Outer Query[外查询](或者Outer Statement),

SELECT column1 FROM t2 称为Sub Query[子查询]。

所以,我们说子查询是嵌套在外查询内部。而事实上它有可能在子查询内部再嵌套子查询。

子查询必须出现在圆括号之间。

子查询可以包含多个关键字或条件:

如DISTINCT、GROUP BY、ORDER BY、LIMIT、等。

子查询的外层查询可以是:SELECT ,INSERT,UPDATE,SET或DO.

行级子查询

SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE (col1,col2) = (SELECT col3, col4 FROM t2 WHERE id = 10);

SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE ROW(col1,col2) = (SELECT col3, col4 FROM t2 WHERE id = 10);

行级子查询的返回结果最多为一行。子查询可以返回标量、一行、一列或子查询。

优化子查询

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 -- 创建数据表:

root@127.0.0.1 t2>CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS tdb_goods(    -> goods_id    SMALLINT UNSIGNED PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,    -> goods_name  VARCHAR(150) NOT NULL,    -> goods_cate  VARCHAR(40)  NOT NULL,    -> brand_name  VARCHAR(40)  NOT NULL,    -> goods_price DECIMAL(15,3) UNSIGNED NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,    -> is_show     BOOLEAN NOT NULL DEFAULT 1,    -> is_salesoff     BOOLEAN NOT NULL DEFAULT 1    -> );Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.20 sec)

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写入数据:

root@127.0.0.1 t2>INSERT tdb_goods (goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_salesoff) VALUES(R510VC 15.6英寸笔记本,笔记本,华硕,3399,DEFAULT,DEFAULT);ERROR 1366 (HY000): Incorrect string value: \xB4\xE7\xB1\xCA\xBC\xC7... for column goods_name at row 1root@127.0.0.1 t2>SET tdb_goods GBK;ERROR 1193 (HY000): Unknown system variable tdb_goodsroot@127.0.0.1 t2>SET NAMES GBK;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)root@127.0.0.1 t2>INSERT tdb_goods (goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_salesoff) VALUES(R510VC 15.6英寸笔记本,笔记本,华硕,3399,DEFAULT,DEFAULT);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.15 sec)root@127.0.0.1 t2>INSERT tdb_goods (goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_salesoff) VALUES(Y400N 14.0英寸笔记本电脑,笔记本,联想,4899,DEFAULT,DEFAULT);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.14 sec)root@127.0.0.1 t2>INSERT tdb_goods (goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_salesoff) VALUES(G150TH 15.6英寸游戏本,游戏本,雷神,8499,DEFAULT,DEFAULT);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.14 sec)root@127.0.0.1 t2>INSERT tdb_goods (goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_saleoff) VALUES(X550CC 15.6英寸笔记本,笔记本,华硕,2799,DEFAULT,DEFAULT);ERROR 1054 (42S22): Unknown column is_saleoff in field listroot@127.0.0.1 t2> INSERT tdb_goods (goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_salesoff) VALUES(X550CC 15.6英寸笔记本,笔记本,华硕,2799,DEFAULT,DEFAULT);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.14 sec)root@127.0.0.1 t2>INSERT tdb_goods (goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_salesoff) VALUES(X240(20ALA0EYCD) 12.5英寸超极本,超级本,联想,4999,DEFAULT,DEFAULT);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.13 sec)root@127.0.0.1 t2>INSERT tdb_goods (goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_salesoff) VALUES(U330P 13.3英寸超极本,超级本,联想,4299,DEFAULT,DEFAULT);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.13 sec)root@127.0.0.1 t2>INSERT tdb_goods (goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_salesoff) VALUES(SVP13226SCB 13.3英寸触控超极本,超级本,索尼,7999,DEFAULT,DEFAULT);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.13 sec)root@127.0.0.1 t2>INSERT tdb_goods (goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_salesoff) VALUES(iPad mini MD531CH/A 7.9英寸平板电脑,平板电脑,苹果,1998,DEFAULT,DEFAULT);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.13 sec)root@127.0.0.1 t2>INSERT tdb_goods (goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_salesoff) VALUES(iPad Air MD788CH/A 9.7英寸平板电脑 (16G WiFi版),平板电脑,苹果,3388,DEFAULT,DEFAULT);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.16 sec)root@127.0.0.1 t2>INSERT tdb_goods (goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_salesoff) VALUES( iPad mini ME279CH/A 配备 Retina 显示屏 7.9英寸平板电脑 (16G WiFi版),平板电脑,苹果,2788,DEFAULT,DEFAULT);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.14 sec)root@127.0.0.1 t2>INSERT tdb_goods (goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_salesoff) VALUES(IdeaCentre C340 20英寸一体电脑 ,台式机,联想,3499,DEFAULT,DEFAULT);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.14 sec)root@127.0.0.1 t2>INSERT tdb_goods (goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_salesoff) VALUES(Vostro 3800-R1206 台式电脑,台式机,戴尔,2899,DEFAULT,DEFAULT);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.16 sec)root@127.0.0.1 t2>INSERT tdb_goods (goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_salesoff) VALUES(iMac ME086CH/A 21.5英寸一体电脑,台式机,苹果,9188,DEFAULT,DEFAULT);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.13 sec)root@127.0.0.1 t2>INSERT tdb_goods (goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_salesoff) VALUES(AT7-7414LP 台式电脑 (i5-3450四核 4G 500G 2G独显 DVD 键鼠 Linux ),台式机,宏碁,3699,DEFAULT,DEFAULT);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.14 sec)root@127.0.0.1 t2>INSERT tdb_goods (goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_salesoff) VALUES(Z220SFF F4F06PA工作站,服务器/工作站,惠普,4288,DEFAULT,DEFAULT);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.13 sec)root@127.0.0.1 t2>INSERT tdb_goods (goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_salesoff) VALUES(PowerEdge T110 II服务器,服务器/工作站,戴尔,5388,DEFAULT,DEFAULT);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.13 sec)root@127.0.0.1 t2>INSERT tdb_goods (goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_salesoff) VALUES(Mac Pro MD878CH/A 专业级台式电脑,服务器/工作站,苹果,28888,DEFAULT,DEFAULT);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.14 sec)root@127.0.0.1 t2>INSERT tdb_goods (goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_salesoff) VALUES( HMZ-T3W  头戴显示设备,笔记本配件,索尼,6999,DEFAULT,DEFAULT);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.13 sec)root@127.0.0.1 t2>INSERT tdb_goods (goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_salesoff) VALUES(商务双肩背包,笔记本配件,索尼,99,DEFAULT,DEFAULT);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.14 sec)root@127.0.0.1 t2>INSERT tdb_goods (goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_salesoff) VALUES(X3250 M4机架式服务器 2583i14,服务器/工作站,IBM,6888,DEFAULT,DEFAULT);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.16 sec)root@127.0.0.1 t2>INSERT tdb_goods (goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_salesoff) VALUES( HMZ-T3W  头戴显示设备,笔记本配件,索尼,6999,DEFAULT,DEFAULT);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.14 sec)root@127.0.0.1 t2>INSERT tdb_goods (goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_salesoff) VALUES(商务双肩背包,笔记本配件,索尼,99,DEFAULT,DEFAULT);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.13 sec)

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由比较运算符引发的子查询:

-- 求所有电脑产品的平均价格,并且保留两位小数,AVG,MAX,MIN、COUNT、SUM为聚合函数   SELECT ROUND(AVG(goods_price),2) AS avg_price FROM tdb_goods;-- 查询所有价格大于平均价格的商品,并且按价格降序排序   SELECT goods_id,goods_name,goods_price FROM tdb_goods WHERE goods_price > 5845.10 ORDER BY goods_price DESC;  -- 使用子查询来实现  SELECT goods_id,goods_name,goods_price FROM tdb_goods   WHERE goods_price > (SELECT ROUND(AVG(goods_price),2) AS avg_price FROM tdb_goods)   ORDER BY goods_price DESC;-- 查询类型为“超记本”的商品价格    SELECT goods_price FROM tdb_goods WHERE goods_cate = 超级本;-- 查询价格大于或等于"超级本"价格的商品,并且按价格降序排列    SELECT goods_id,goods_name,goods_price FROM tdb_goods    WHERE goods_price = ANY(SELECT goods_price FROM tdb_goods WHERE goods_cate = 超级本)   ORDER BY goods_price DESC;   -- = ANY 或 = SOME 等价于 IN   SELECT goods_id,goods_name,goods_price FROM tdb_goods    WHERE goods_price IN (SELECT goods_price FROM tdb_goods WHERE goods_cate = 超级本)   ORDER BY goods_price DESC; 

ANY 和 SOME 两个修饰符是等价的,它们两个修饰符提示之返回一个值:

注意:1. 子查询只能返回一行记录,不然会报错。2. 子查询还可以包含子查询。关键字 ANY SOME ALL>、>= 最小值 最小值 最大值<、<= 最大值 最大值 最小值= 任意值 任意值<>、!= 任意值
=ANY 等价于 IN!=ALL或<>ANY等价于NOT IN使用[NOT]EXIST引发的子查询 (不常用)
使用[NOT]EXIST引发的子查询 (不常用)如果子查询返回了任何的结果,我们就返回true,否则的话我们就返回了false。
 

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使用INSERT.....SELECT插入记录:

root@127.0.0.1 t2>CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS tdb_goods_cates(    -> cate_id SMALLINT UNSIGNED PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,    -> cate_name VARCHAR(40) NOT NULL);Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.20 sec)

将分组结果写入到tdb_goods_cates数据表

INSERT [INTO] tbl_name [(col_name,...)] SELECT ...
root@127.0.0.1 t2>INSERT tdb_goods_cates (cate_name) SELECT goods_cate FROM tdb_goods GROUP BY goods_cate;Query OK, 7 rows affected (0.14 sec)Records: 7  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0root@127.0.0.1 t2>SELECT * FROM tdb_goods_cates;+---------+---------------+| cate_id | cate_name     |+---------+---------------+|       1 | 台式机            ||       2 | 平板电脑             ||       3 | 服务器/工作站            ||       4 | 游戏本             ||       5 | 笔记本            ||       6 | 笔记本配件            ||       7 | 超级本              |+---------+---------------+7 rows in set (0.00 sec

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多表更新

UPDATE table_references SET col_name1={expr1 DEFAULT} [,col_name2={expr2 DEFAULT}]... [WHERE where_condition]
技术分享
技术分享
通过tdb_goods_cates数据表来更新tdb_goods表
root@127.0.0.1 t2>UPDATE tdb_goods INNER JOIN tdb_goods_cates ON goods_cate = cate_name    -> SET goods_cate = cate_id ;Query OK, 22 rows affected (0.14 sec)Rows matched: 22  Changed: 22  Warnings: 0root@127.0.0.1 t2>SELECT * FROM tdb_goods\G;*************************** 1. row ***************************   goods_id: 1 goods_name: R510VC 15.6英寸笔记本 goods_cate: 5 brand_name: 华硕goods_price: 3399.000    is_show: 1is_salesoff: 1

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多表更新一步到位:

建表、查询、写入三合一:CREATE TABLE tdb_goods_brands (brand_id SMALLINT UNSIGNED PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,brand_name VARCHAR(40) NOT NULL) SELECT brand_name FROM tdb_goods GROUP BY brand_name;
root@127.0.0.1 t2>CREATE TABLE tdb_goods_brands (    -> brand_id SMALLINT UNSIGNED PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,    -> brand_name VARCHAR(40) NOT NULL    -> ) SELECT brand_name FROM tdb_goods GROUP BY brand_name;Query OK, 9 rows affected (0.22 sec)Records: 9  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0root@127.0.0.1 t2>SELECT * FROM tdb_goods_brands;+----------+------------+| brand_id | brand_name |+----------+------------+|        1 | IBM        ||        2 | 华硕          ||        3 | 宏碁         ||        4 | 惠普           ||        5 | 戴尔           ||        6 | 索尼           ||        7 | 联想           ||        8 | 苹果          ||        9 | 雷神           |+----------+------------+9 rows in set (0.00 sec)

我们还可以使用UPDATE来进行关联:

root@127.0.0.1 t2>UPDATE tdb_goods INNER JOIN tdb_goods_brands ON tdb_goods.brand_name = tdb_goods_brands.brand_name    -> SET tdb_goods.brand_name = tdb_goods_brands.brand_id;Query OK, 22 rows affected (0.15 sec)Rows matched: 22  Changed: 22  Warnings: 0
root@127.0.0.1 t2>SELECT * FROM tdb_goods\G;*************************** 1. row ***************************   goods_id: 1 goods_name: R510VC 15.6英寸笔记本 goods_cate: 5 brand_name: 2goods_price: 3399.000    is_show: 1is_salesoff: 1
通过ALTER TABLE语句修改数据表结构ALTER TABLE tdb_goods CHANGE goods_cate cate_id SMALLINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL,CHANGE brand_name brand_id SMALLINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL;Ps1:外键,不一定是物理的外键,逻辑的外键也行,当然,物理外键更能保证数据的完整性和一致性。Ps2:注意:数字类型的字段占用的空间更小,查询的效率也更高。
root@127.0.0.1 t2>ALTER TABLE tdb_goods    -> CHANGE goods_cate cate_id SMALLINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL,    -> CHANGE brand_name brand_id SMALLINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL;Query OK, 22 rows affected (0.38 sec)Records: 22  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0root@127.0.0.1 t2>SHOW COLUMNS FROM tdb_goods;+-------------+------------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+| Field       | Type                   | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |+-------------+------------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+| goods_id    | smallint(5) unsigned   | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment || goods_name  | varchar(150)           | NO   |     | NULL    |                || cate_id     | smallint(5) unsigned   | NO   |     | NULL    |                || brand_id    | smallint(5) unsigned   | NO   |     | NULL    |                || goods_price | decimal(15,3) unsigned | NO   |     | 0.000   |                || is_show     | tinyint(1)             | NO   |     | 1       |                || is_salesoff | tinyint(1)             | NO   |     | 1       |                |+-------------+------------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+7 rows in set (0.01 sec)
-- 分别在tdb_goods_cates和tdb_goods_brands表插入记录   INSERT tdb_goods_cates(cate_name) VALUES(路由器),(交换机),(网卡);   INSERT tdb_goods_brands(brand_name) VALUES(海尔),(清华同方),(神舟);-- 在tdb_goods数据表写入任意记录   INSERT tdb_goods(goods_name,cate_id,brand_id,goods_price) VALUES( LaserJet Pro P1606dn 黑白激光打印机,12,4,1849);
root@127.0.0.1 t2>INSERT tdb_goods_cates(cate_name) VALUES(路由器),(交换机),(网卡);Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.14 sec)Records: 3  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0root@127.0.0.1 t2>root@127.0.0.1 t2>   INSERT tdb_goods_brands(brand_name) VALUES(海尔),(清华同方),(神舟);Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.18 sec)Records: 3  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0root@127.0.0.1 t2>INSERT tdb_goods(goods_name,cate_id,brand_id,goods_price) VALUES( LaserJet Pro P1606dn 黑白激光打印机,12,4,1849);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.14 sec)//这里面会出现一个小错误,那就是我们的tdb_goods_cates中并不存在12这个数字,但是由于我们并没有使用外键,所以我们就不会报错。

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链接的语法结构

1.连接MySQL在SELECT语句、多表更新、多表删除语句中支持JOIN操作。语法结构table reference A{[INNERCROSS] JOIN {LEFTRIGHT} [OUTER] JOIN}table_reference BON condition_expr2.数据表参照table_referencetbl_name [[AS] alias] table_subquery [AS] alias数据表可以使用tbl_name AS alias_name 或 tbl_name alias_name赋予别名。table_subquery可以作为子查询使用在FROM子句中,这样的子查询必须为其赋予别名。

 

 
 

子查询与连接