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子查询与连接
1.子查询是指在另一个查询语句中的SELECT子句。
例句:
SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE column1 = (SELECT column1 FROM t2);
其中,SELECT * FROM t1 ...称为Outer Query[外查询](或者Outer Statement),
SELECT column1 FROM t2 称为Sub Query[子查询]。
所以,我们说子查询是嵌套在外查询内部。而事实上它有可能在子查询内部再嵌套子查询。
子查询必须出现在圆括号之间。
子查询可以包含多个关键字或条件:
如DISTINCT、GROUP BY、ORDER BY、LIMIT、等。
子查询的外层查询可以是:SELECT ,INSERT,UPDATE,SET或DO.
行级子查询
SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE (col1,col2) = (SELECT col3, col4 FROM t2 WHERE id = 10);
SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE ROW(col1,col2) = (SELECT col3, col4 FROM t2 WHERE id = 10);
行级子查询的返回结果最多为一行。子查询可以返回标量、一行、一列或子查询。
优化子查询
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-- 创建数据表:
root@127.0.0.1 t2>CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS tdb_goods( -> goods_id SMALLINT UNSIGNED PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT, -> goods_name VARCHAR(150) NOT NULL, -> goods_cate VARCHAR(40) NOT NULL, -> brand_name VARCHAR(40) NOT NULL, -> goods_price DECIMAL(15,3) UNSIGNED NOT NULL DEFAULT 0, -> is_show BOOLEAN NOT NULL DEFAULT 1, -> is_salesoff BOOLEAN NOT NULL DEFAULT 1 -> );Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.20 sec)
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写入数据:
root@127.0.0.1 t2>INSERT tdb_goods (goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_salesoff) VALUES(‘R510VC 15.6英寸笔记本‘,‘笔记本‘,‘华硕‘,‘3399‘,DEFAULT,DEFAULT);ERROR 1366 (HY000): Incorrect string value: ‘\xB4\xE7\xB1\xCA\xBC\xC7...‘ for column ‘goods_name‘ at row 1root@127.0.0.1 t2>SET tdb_goods GBK;ERROR 1193 (HY000): Unknown system variable ‘tdb_goods‘root@127.0.0.1 t2>SET NAMES GBK;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)root@127.0.0.1 t2>INSERT tdb_goods (goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_salesoff) VALUES(‘R510VC 15.6英寸笔记本‘,‘笔记本‘,‘华硕‘,‘3399‘,DEFAULT,DEFAULT);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.15 sec)root@127.0.0.1 t2>INSERT tdb_goods (goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_salesoff) VALUES(‘Y400N 14.0英寸笔记本电脑‘,‘笔记本‘,‘联想‘,‘4899‘,DEFAULT,DEFAULT);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.14 sec)root@127.0.0.1 t2>INSERT tdb_goods (goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_salesoff) VALUES(‘G150TH 15.6英寸游戏本‘,‘游戏本‘,‘雷神‘,‘8499‘,DEFAULT,DEFAULT);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.14 sec)root@127.0.0.1 t2>INSERT tdb_goods (goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_saleoff) VALUES(‘X550CC 15.6英寸笔记本‘,‘笔记本‘,‘华硕‘,‘2799‘,DEFAULT,DEFAULT);ERROR 1054 (42S22): Unknown column ‘is_saleoff‘ in ‘field list‘root@127.0.0.1 t2> INSERT tdb_goods (goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_salesoff) VALUES(‘X550CC 15.6英寸笔记本‘,‘笔记本‘,‘华硕‘,‘2799‘,DEFAULT,DEFAULT);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.14 sec)root@127.0.0.1 t2>INSERT tdb_goods (goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_salesoff) VALUES(‘X240(20ALA0EYCD) 12.5英寸超极本‘,‘超级本‘,‘联想‘,‘4999‘,DEFAULT,DEFAULT);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.13 sec)root@127.0.0.1 t2>INSERT tdb_goods (goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_salesoff) VALUES(‘U330P 13.3英寸超极本‘,‘超级本‘,‘联想‘,‘4299‘,DEFAULT,DEFAULT);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.13 sec)root@127.0.0.1 t2>INSERT tdb_goods (goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_salesoff) VALUES(‘SVP13226SCB 13.3英寸触控超极本‘,‘超级本‘,‘索尼‘,‘7999‘,DEFAULT,DEFAULT);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.13 sec)root@127.0.0.1 t2>INSERT tdb_goods (goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_salesoff) VALUES(‘iPad mini MD531CH/A 7.9英寸平板电脑‘,‘平板电脑‘,‘苹果‘,‘1998‘,DEFAULT,DEFAULT);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.13 sec)root@127.0.0.1 t2>INSERT tdb_goods (goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_salesoff) VALUES(‘iPad Air MD788CH/A 9.7英寸平板电脑 (16G WiFi版)‘,‘平板电脑‘,‘苹果‘,‘3388‘,DEFAULT,DEFAULT);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.16 sec)root@127.0.0.1 t2>INSERT tdb_goods (goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_salesoff) VALUES(‘ iPad mini ME279CH/A 配备 Retina 显示屏 7.9英寸平板电脑 (16G WiFi版)‘,‘平板电脑‘,‘苹果‘,‘2788‘,DEFAULT,DEFAULT);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.14 sec)root@127.0.0.1 t2>INSERT tdb_goods (goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_salesoff) VALUES(‘IdeaCentre C340 20英寸一体电脑 ‘,‘台式机‘,‘联想‘,‘3499‘,DEFAULT,DEFAULT);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.14 sec)root@127.0.0.1 t2>INSERT tdb_goods (goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_salesoff) VALUES(‘Vostro 3800-R1206 台式电脑‘,‘台式机‘,‘戴尔‘,‘2899‘,DEFAULT,DEFAULT);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.16 sec)root@127.0.0.1 t2>INSERT tdb_goods (goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_salesoff) VALUES(‘iMac ME086CH/A 21.5英寸一体电脑‘,‘台式机‘,‘苹果‘,‘9188‘,DEFAULT,DEFAULT);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.13 sec)root@127.0.0.1 t2>INSERT tdb_goods (goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_salesoff) VALUES(‘AT7-7414LP 台式电脑 (i5-3450四核 4G 500G 2G独显 DVD 键鼠 Linux )‘,‘台式机‘,‘宏碁‘,‘3699‘,DEFAULT,DEFAULT);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.14 sec)root@127.0.0.1 t2>INSERT tdb_goods (goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_salesoff) VALUES(‘Z220SFF F4F06PA工作站‘,‘服务器/工作站‘,‘惠普‘,‘4288‘,DEFAULT,DEFAULT);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.13 sec)root@127.0.0.1 t2>INSERT tdb_goods (goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_salesoff) VALUES(‘PowerEdge T110 II服务器‘,‘服务器/工作站‘,‘戴尔‘,‘5388‘,DEFAULT,DEFAULT);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.13 sec)root@127.0.0.1 t2>INSERT tdb_goods (goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_salesoff) VALUES(‘Mac Pro MD878CH/A 专业级台式电脑‘,‘服务器/工作站‘,‘苹果‘,‘28888‘,DEFAULT,DEFAULT);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.14 sec)root@127.0.0.1 t2>INSERT tdb_goods (goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_salesoff) VALUES(‘ HMZ-T3W 头戴显示设备‘,‘笔记本配件‘,‘索尼‘,‘6999‘,DEFAULT,DEFAULT);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.13 sec)root@127.0.0.1 t2>INSERT tdb_goods (goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_salesoff) VALUES(‘商务双肩背包‘,‘笔记本配件‘,‘索尼‘,‘99‘,DEFAULT,DEFAULT);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.14 sec)root@127.0.0.1 t2>INSERT tdb_goods (goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_salesoff) VALUES(‘X3250 M4机架式服务器 2583i14‘,‘服务器/工作站‘,‘IBM‘,‘6888‘,DEFAULT,DEFAULT);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.16 sec)root@127.0.0.1 t2>INSERT tdb_goods (goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_salesoff) VALUES(‘ HMZ-T3W 头戴显示设备‘,‘笔记本配件‘,‘索尼‘,‘6999‘,DEFAULT,DEFAULT);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.14 sec)root@127.0.0.1 t2>INSERT tdb_goods (goods_name,goods_cate,brand_name,goods_price,is_show,is_salesoff) VALUES(‘商务双肩背包‘,‘笔记本配件‘,‘索尼‘,‘99‘,DEFAULT,DEFAULT);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.13 sec)
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由比较运算符引发的子查询:
-- 求所有电脑产品的平均价格,并且保留两位小数,AVG,MAX,MIN、COUNT、SUM为聚合函数 SELECT ROUND(AVG(goods_price),2) AS avg_price FROM tdb_goods;-- 查询所有价格大于平均价格的商品,并且按价格降序排序 SELECT goods_id,goods_name,goods_price FROM tdb_goods WHERE goods_price > 5845.10 ORDER BY goods_price DESC; -- 使用子查询来实现 SELECT goods_id,goods_name,goods_price FROM tdb_goods WHERE goods_price > (SELECT ROUND(AVG(goods_price),2) AS avg_price FROM tdb_goods) ORDER BY goods_price DESC;-- 查询类型为“超记本”的商品价格 SELECT goods_price FROM tdb_goods WHERE goods_cate = ‘超级本‘;-- 查询价格大于或等于"超级本"价格的商品,并且按价格降序排列 SELECT goods_id,goods_name,goods_price FROM tdb_goods WHERE goods_price = ANY(SELECT goods_price FROM tdb_goods WHERE goods_cate = ‘超级本‘) ORDER BY goods_price DESC; -- = ANY 或 = SOME 等价于 IN SELECT goods_id,goods_name,goods_price FROM tdb_goods WHERE goods_price IN (SELECT goods_price FROM tdb_goods WHERE goods_cate = ‘超级本‘) ORDER BY goods_price DESC;
ANY 和 SOME 两个修饰符是等价的,它们两个修饰符提示之返回一个值:
注意:1. 子查询只能返回一行记录,不然会报错。2. 子查询还可以包含子查询。关键字 ANY SOME ALL>、>= 最小值 最小值 最大值<、<= 最大值 最大值 最小值= 任意值 任意值<>、!= 任意值
=ANY 等价于 IN!=ALL或<>ANY等价于NOT IN使用[NOT]EXIST引发的子查询 (不常用)
使用[NOT]EXIST引发的子查询 (不常用)如果子查询返回了任何的结果,我们就返回true,否则的话我们就返回了false。
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使用INSERT.....SELECT插入记录:
root@127.0.0.1 t2>CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS tdb_goods_cates( -> cate_id SMALLINT UNSIGNED PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT, -> cate_name VARCHAR(40) NOT NULL);Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.20 sec)
将分组结果写入到tdb_goods_cates数据表
INSERT [INTO] tbl_name [(col_name,...)] SELECT ...
root@127.0.0.1 t2>INSERT tdb_goods_cates (cate_name) SELECT goods_cate FROM tdb_goods GROUP BY goods_cate;Query OK, 7 rows affected (0.14 sec)Records: 7 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0root@127.0.0.1 t2>SELECT * FROM tdb_goods_cates;+---------+---------------+| cate_id | cate_name |+---------+---------------+| 1 | 台式机 || 2 | 平板电脑 || 3 | 服务器/工作站 || 4 | 游戏本 || 5 | 笔记本 || 6 | 笔记本配件 || 7 | 超级本 |+---------+---------------+7 rows in set (0.00 sec
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多表更新:
UPDATE table_references SET col_name1={expr1 DEFAULT} [,col_name2={expr2 DEFAULT}]... [WHERE where_condition]
通过tdb_goods_cates数据表来更新tdb_goods表
root@127.0.0.1 t2>UPDATE tdb_goods INNER JOIN tdb_goods_cates ON goods_cate = cate_name -> SET goods_cate = cate_id ;Query OK, 22 rows affected (0.14 sec)Rows matched: 22 Changed: 22 Warnings: 0root@127.0.0.1 t2>SELECT * FROM tdb_goods\G;*************************** 1. row *************************** goods_id: 1 goods_name: R510VC 15.6英寸笔记本 goods_cate: 5 brand_name: 华硕goods_price: 3399.000 is_show: 1is_salesoff: 1
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多表更新一步到位:
建表、查询、写入三合一:CREATE TABLE tdb_goods_brands (brand_id SMALLINT UNSIGNED PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,brand_name VARCHAR(40) NOT NULL) SELECT brand_name FROM tdb_goods GROUP BY brand_name;
root@127.0.0.1 t2>CREATE TABLE tdb_goods_brands ( -> brand_id SMALLINT UNSIGNED PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT, -> brand_name VARCHAR(40) NOT NULL -> ) SELECT brand_name FROM tdb_goods GROUP BY brand_name;Query OK, 9 rows affected (0.22 sec)Records: 9 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0root@127.0.0.1 t2>SELECT * FROM tdb_goods_brands;+----------+------------+| brand_id | brand_name |+----------+------------+| 1 | IBM || 2 | 华硕 || 3 | 宏碁 || 4 | 惠普 || 5 | 戴尔 || 6 | 索尼 || 7 | 联想 || 8 | 苹果 || 9 | 雷神 |+----------+------------+9 rows in set (0.00 sec)
我们还可以使用UPDATE来进行关联:
root@127.0.0.1 t2>UPDATE tdb_goods INNER JOIN tdb_goods_brands ON tdb_goods.brand_name = tdb_goods_brands.brand_name -> SET tdb_goods.brand_name = tdb_goods_brands.brand_id;Query OK, 22 rows affected (0.15 sec)Rows matched: 22 Changed: 22 Warnings: 0
root@127.0.0.1 t2>SELECT * FROM tdb_goods\G;*************************** 1. row *************************** goods_id: 1 goods_name: R510VC 15.6英寸笔记本 goods_cate: 5 brand_name: 2goods_price: 3399.000 is_show: 1is_salesoff: 1
通过ALTER TABLE语句修改数据表结构ALTER TABLE tdb_goods CHANGE goods_cate cate_id SMALLINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL,CHANGE brand_name brand_id SMALLINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL;Ps1:外键,不一定是物理的外键,逻辑的外键也行,当然,物理外键更能保证数据的完整性和一致性。Ps2:注意:数字类型的字段占用的空间更小,查询的效率也更高。
root@127.0.0.1 t2>ALTER TABLE tdb_goods -> CHANGE goods_cate cate_id SMALLINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL, -> CHANGE brand_name brand_id SMALLINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL;Query OK, 22 rows affected (0.38 sec)Records: 22 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0root@127.0.0.1 t2>SHOW COLUMNS FROM tdb_goods;+-------------+------------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+-------------+------------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+| goods_id | smallint(5) unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment || goods_name | varchar(150) | NO | | NULL | || cate_id | smallint(5) unsigned | NO | | NULL | || brand_id | smallint(5) unsigned | NO | | NULL | || goods_price | decimal(15,3) unsigned | NO | | 0.000 | || is_show | tinyint(1) | NO | | 1 | || is_salesoff | tinyint(1) | NO | | 1 | |+-------------+------------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+7 rows in set (0.01 sec)
-- 分别在tdb_goods_cates和tdb_goods_brands表插入记录 INSERT tdb_goods_cates(cate_name) VALUES(‘路由器‘),(‘交换机‘),(‘网卡‘); INSERT tdb_goods_brands(brand_name) VALUES(‘海尔‘),(‘清华同方‘),(‘神舟‘);-- 在tdb_goods数据表写入任意记录 INSERT tdb_goods(goods_name,cate_id,brand_id,goods_price) VALUES(‘ LaserJet Pro P1606dn 黑白激光打印机‘,‘12‘,‘4‘,‘1849‘);
root@127.0.0.1 t2>INSERT tdb_goods_cates(cate_name) VALUES(‘路由器‘),(‘交换机‘),(‘网卡‘);Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.14 sec)Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0root@127.0.0.1 t2>root@127.0.0.1 t2> INSERT tdb_goods_brands(brand_name) VALUES(‘海尔‘),(‘清华同方‘),(‘神舟‘);Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.18 sec)Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0root@127.0.0.1 t2>INSERT tdb_goods(goods_name,cate_id,brand_id,goods_price) VALUES(‘ LaserJet Pro P1606dn 黑白激光打印机‘,‘12‘,‘4‘,‘1849‘);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.14 sec)//这里面会出现一个小错误,那就是我们的tdb_goods_cates中并不存在12这个数字,但是由于我们并没有使用外键,所以我们就不会报错。
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链接的语法结构:
1.连接MySQL在SELECT语句、多表更新、多表删除语句中支持JOIN操作。语法结构table reference A{[INNERCROSS] JOIN {LEFTRIGHT} [OUTER] JOIN}table_reference BON condition_expr2.数据表参照table_referencetbl_name [[AS] alias] table_subquery [AS] alias数据表可以使用tbl_name AS alias_name 或 tbl_name alias_name赋予别名。table_subquery可以作为子查询使用在FROM子句中,这样的子查询必须为其赋予别名。
子查询与连接