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ASP.NET MVC 4 (八) URL链接和Ajax帮助函数

使用帮助函数创建链接

MVC提供一些帮助函数创建链接,这些函数根据路径映射表自动调整生成的URL:

说明示例输出结果
应用程序相对URLUrl.Content("~/Content/Site.css") /Content/Site.css
到控制器action的链接Html.ActionLink("My Link", "Index", "Home")<a href="http://www.mamicode.com/">My Link</a> 
Action的URLUrl.Action("GetPeople", "People")/People/GetPeople 
使用路径映射的URLUrl.RouteUrl(new {controller = "People", action="GetPeople"}) /People/GetPeople 
使用路径映射的链接

Html.RouteLink("My Link", new {controller = "People", action="GetPeople"})

<a href="http://www.mamicode.com/People/GetPeople">My Link</a>
命名路径映射的链接

Html.RouteLink("My Link", "FormRoute", new {controller = "People", action="GetPeople"})

<a href="http://www.mamicode.com/app/forms/People/GetPeople">My Link</a> 

使用MVC Unobtrusive Ajax

MVC内建基于jQuery的unobtrusive Ajax的支持,之所以称之为unobtrusive Ajax是因为不像常规Ajax那样大量使用XML。要使用unobtrusive Ajax,首先需要在web.config的 configuration/appSettings一节开启UnobtrusiveJavaScriptEnabled支持:

... <configuration> <!-- other elements omitted for brevity --> <appSettings> <add key="webpages:Version" value="http://www.mamicode.com/2.0.0.0" /> <add key="webpages:Enabled" value="http://www.mamicode.com/false" /> <add key="PreserveLoginUrl" value="http://www.mamicode.com/true" /> <add key="ClientValidationEnabled" value="http://www.mamicode.com/true" /> <add key="UnobtrusiveJavaScriptEnabled" value="http://www.mamicode.com/true" /> </appSettings> <!-- other elements omitted for brevity --> </configuration> ... 

同时我们需要引用相关的javascript文件,可以把对这些脚本文件的引用放到布局文件_layout.cshtml中:

<!DOCTYPE html><html><head>    <meta charset="utf-8" />    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width" />    <title>@ViewBag.Title</title>    <link href="http://www.mamicode.com/~/Content/Site.css" rel="stylesheet"/>    <script src="http://www.mamicode.com/~/Scripts/jquery-1.7.1.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script>    <script src="http://www.mamicode.com/~/Scripts/jquery.unobtrusive-ajax.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script></head><body>    @RenderBody()</body></html>

jquery-1.7.1.min.js为jQuery的核心库,jquery.unobtrusive-ajax.min.js则提供Ajax功能(基于jquery库),文件名中的.min表示几乎不可能调试的缩减版本,可以在开发时使用非.min版本,发布时再采用.min版本。

使用Unobtrusive Ajax表单

下面以实例演示如何使用Ajax表单,从控制器开始:

using System;using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Linq;using System.Web;using System.Web.Mvc;using HelperMethods.Models;namespace HelperMethods.Controllers{    public class PeopleController : Controller    {        private Person[] personData = http://www.mamicode.com/{ "Adam", LastName = "Freeman", Role = Role.Admin}, new Person {FirstName = "Steven", LastName = "Sanderson", Role = Role.Admin}, new Person {FirstName = "Jacqui", LastName = "Griffyth", Role = Role.User}, new Person {FirstName = "John", LastName = "Smith", Role = Role.User}, new Person {FirstName = "Anne", LastName = "Jones", Role = Role.Guest} };        public ActionResult Index()        {            return View();        }        public PartialViewResult GetPeopleData(string selectedRole = "All")        {            IEnumerable<Person> data = http://www.mamicode.com/personData;"All")            {                Role selected = (Role)Enum.Parse(typeof(Role), selectedRole);                data = http://www.mamicode.com/personData.Where(p => p.Role == selected);"All")        {            return View((object)selectedRole);        }    }}

GetPeopleData()方法根据选择的角色过滤Person列表,返回一个分部视图,对应的GetPeopleData.cshtml:

@using HelperMethods.Models@model IEnumerable<Person>@foreach (Person p in Model) {    <tr>        <td>@p.FirstName</td>        <td>@p.LastName</td>        <td>@p.Role</td>    </tr>                }

在Getpeople视图中我们调用GetPeopleData()同时创建一个Ajax form: 

@using HelperMethods.Models@model string@{    ViewBag.Title = "GetPeople";    AjaxOptions ajaxOpts = new AjaxOptions    {        UpdateTargetId = "tableBody"    };}<h2>Get People</h2><table>    <thead><tr><th>First</th><th>Last</th><th>Role</th></tr></thead>    <tbody id="tableBody">        @Html.Action("GetPeopleData", new { selectedRole = Model })    </tbody></table>@using (Ajax.BeginForm("GetPeopleData", ajaxOpts)){    <div>        @Html.DropDownList("selectedRole", new SelectList(new[] { "All" }.Concat(Enum.GetNames(typeof(Role)))))        <button type="submit">Submit</button>    </div>} 

Ajax.BeginForm()创建一个Ajax form,使用AjaxOptions对象作为参数,生成的HTML结果:

... <form action="/People/GetPeopleData" data-ajax="true" data-ajax-mode="replace" data-ajax-update="#tableBody"id="form0" method="post"> ... 

浏览器请求GetPeople页面时jquery.unobtrusive-ajax.js扫描data-ajax=true的单元,以此确认这是一个ajax的表单,点击提交时不刷新整个页面,而是用从/people/getpeopledata返回的结果替换tablebody的内容。

Ajax options

AjaxOptions控制向服务器异步请求时的方式,包含这些属性:

属性说明
Confirm在开始异步请求时向用户显示一条消息以确认
HttpMethod设置请求的HTTP方法,必须是get或者post
InsertionMode如何嵌入服务器结果返回的HTML,可以是InsertAfter、InsertBefore、Replace(默认)
LoadingElementId指定Ajax请求时要显示的Loading单元元素ID
LoadingElementDurationLoading元素动画显示的时长
UpdateTargetId请求返回结果要插入的元素ID
UrlAjax表单提交的URL

上面的GetPeople视图Ajax form提交的URL是/People/GetPeopleData,如果用户禁止了java脚本,提交form返回的结果会只是GetPeopleData分部视图,我们可以直接在ajaxOptions指定ajax请求的URL来解决: 

@using HelperMethods.Models@model string@{    ViewBag.Title = "GetPeople";    AjaxOptions ajaxOpts = new AjaxOptions    {        UpdateTargetId = "tableBody",        Url = Url.Action("GetPeopleData"),        LoadingElementId = "loading",        LoadingElementDuration = 1000,        Confirm = "Do you wish to request new data?"    };}<h2>Get People</h2><div id="loading" class="load" style="display:none">    <p>Loading Data...</p></div><table>    <thead><tr><th>First</th><th>Last</th><th>Role</th></tr></thead>    <tbody id="tableBody">        @Html.Action("GetPeopleData", new { selectedRole = Model })    </tbody></table>@using (Ajax.BeginForm(ajaxOpts)){    <div>        @Html.DropDownList("selectedRole", new SelectList(new[] { "All" }.Concat(Enum.GetNames(typeof(Role)))))        <button type="submit">Submit</button>    </div>}

生成的表单HTML:

... <form action="/People/GetPeople"data-ajax="true" data-ajax-mode="replace" data-ajax-update="#tableBody" data-ajax-url="/People/GetPeopleData"id="form0" method="post"> ... 

这样表单提交的URL依然是/People/GetPeople,即使禁止了java脚本返回的仍然是GetPeople页面,ajax请求的URL通过data-ajax-url指定为/People/GetPeopleData。我们还设置 AjaxOptions.LoadingElementId为Loading,这是一个diplay:none风格的DIV元素,它只在AJAX异步请求时显示一秒钟(LoadingElementDuration = 1000)。AjaxOptions.Confirm= "Do you wish to request new data?" ,在每次Ajax请求时都会弹出网页Message对话框询问(对话框消息为这里设定的"Do you wish to request new data?")。

Ajax链接

上面的例子中我们使用表单提交数据,如果是使用链接做ajax异步请求可以这样操作:

...<div> @foreach (string role in Enum.GetNames(typeof(Role))) {   <div class="ajaxLink">   @Ajax.ActionLink(role, "GetPeopleData",     new {selectedRole = role},     new AjaxOptions {UpdateTargetId = "tableBody"})   </div> } </div> ...

这里对role枚举中每个元素生成一个链接,生成的链接元素类似:

... <a data-ajax="true" data-ajax-mode="replace" data-ajax-update="#tableBody" href="http://www.mamicode.com/People/GetPeopleData?selectedRole=Guest">Guest</a> ... 

点击某个链接时ajax返回的HTML数据会用于替换tableBody元素,和使用表单提交ajax请求效果一样。同样如果禁用了java脚本,返回的结果会只是getpeopledata分部视图,我们可以这样改进:

<div> @foreach (string role in Enum.GetNames(typeof(Role))) {   <div class="ajaxLink">   @Ajax.ActionLink(role, "GetPeople",     new {selectedRole = role},     new AjaxOptions { UpdateTargetId = "tableBody", Url = Url.Action("GetPeopleData", new {selectedRole = role})     })   </div> } </div> 

链接请求的地址是GetPeople,Ajax请求的URL则仅是GetPeopleData,请求的HTML结果作用于tablebody。

Ajax回调

AjaxOptions类暴露一组属性允许我们指定一个java脚本函数,在ajax请求周期中调用这些脚本函数:

属性jQuery事件说明
OnBeginbeforeSend在Ajax请求发送前调用
OnCompletecomplete请求成功时调用
OnFailureerror请求失败时调用
OnSuccesssuccess无论请求成功与否都在请求完成时调用

结合回调函数我们可以对上面的例子进一步修改,首先修改控制器的GetPeopleData方法:

        public ActionResult GetPeopleData(string selectedRole = "All")        {            IEnumerable<Person> data = http://www.mamicode.com/personData;"All")            {                Role selected = (Role)Enum.Parse(typeof(Role), selectedRole);                data = http://www.mamicode.com/personData.Where(p => p.Role == selected);>IsAjaxRequest())            {                var formattedData = http://www.mamicode.com/data.Select(p => new>

我们使用Request.IsAjaxRequest判断请求是否来自于ajax,它的依据是浏览器在ajax请求时在头中会包含X-Requested-With=XMLHttpRequest。如果请求来自于ajax,控制器方法返回的是Json(data, JsonRequestBehavior.AllowGet)创建的JsonResult对象,默认JSON数据只在POST请求中发送,这里在第二个参数中指定JsonRequestBehavior.AllowGet允许在GET请求中使用JSON数据。MVC框架负责对formattedData做json封装,封装的格式由MVC尝试使用最适宜的方法确定,这里返回的JSON数据类似:

... {"PersonId":0,"FirstName":"Adam","LastName":"Freeman", "BirthDate":"\/Date(62135596800000)\/","HomeAddress":null,"IsApproved":false,"Role":0} ... 

视图中我们在AjaxOptions的OnSucess回调函数中处理返回的JSON数据:

@using HelperMethods.Models@model string@{     ViewBag.Title = "GetPeople";    AjaxOptions ajaxOpts = new AjaxOptions    {        //UpdateTargetId = "tableBody",        Url = Url.Action("GetPeopleData"),        LoadingElementId = "loading",        LoadingElementDuration = 1000,        OnSuccess = "processData"     };}<script type="text/javascript">    function processData(data) {        var target = $("#tableBody");        target.empty();        for (var i = 0; i < data.length; i++) {            var person = data[i];            target.append("<tr><td>" + person.FirstName + "</td><td>"            + person.LastName + "</td><td>" + person.Role + "</td></tr>");        }    }</script><h2>Get People</h2><div id="loading" class="load" style="display: none">    <p>Loading Data...</p></div><table>    <thead>        <tr>            <th>First</th>            <th>Last</th>            <th>Role</th>        </tr>    </thead>    <tbody id="tableBody">        @Html.Action("GetPeopleData", new { selectedRole = Model })    </tbody></table>@using (Ajax.BeginForm(ajaxOpts)){     <div>        @Html.DropDownList("selectedRole", new SelectList(new[] { "All" }.Concat(Enum.GetNames(typeof(Role)))))        <button type="submit">Submit</button>    </div> }<div>    @foreach (string role in Enum.GetNames(typeof(Role)))    {         <div class="ajaxLink">            @Ajax.ActionLink(role, "GetPeople",new { selectedRole = role },new AjaxOptions{    Url = Url.Action("GetPeopleData", new { selectedRole = role }),    OnSuccess = "processData"})        </div>     }</div>

脚本函数processData在AjaxOptions的OnSuccess回调时调用,它负责处理请求返回的JSON数据,从中分拆出各个Person对象,根据这些数据直接改写tableBody标签的内容,因此我们不再需要在AjaxOptions通过UpdateTargetId指定要替换内容的元素。

 

以上为对《Apress Pro ASP.NET MVC 4》第四版相关内容的总结,不详之处参见原版 http://www.apress.com/9781430242369。 

ASP.NET MVC 4 (八) URL链接和Ajax帮助函数