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mouthwash side effects

2024-11-21 09:43:02   202人阅读

Wrong Choice of Product Could Have Negative Side Effects

Brush. Floss. Rinse mouth with mouthwash. From a young age, people are taught to follow this procedure to maximize the benefits of proper oral hygiene, but could mouth rinse actually cause more problems than good? According to the April 2007 issue of AGD Impact, the monthly newsmagazine of the AGD, the improper selection of a mouth rinse may cause side effects worse than the condition being treated.

 

 

"It all depends on each individual‘s oral health concerns," explains Barbara Rich, DDS, FAGD, AGD spokesperson. "If someone has a lot of inflammation which is causing bleeding gums, then the side effect of staining caused by some prescription mouthwashes may be worth it to improve their health. Staining can be polished off at the regularsemiannual visit to the dentist."

 

Dr. Rich further explains, however, that if minty-fresh taste is the only reason for a person using mouth rinses, but they have dry mouth or get ulcers from strong alcohol content in the mouthwash, it may not be worth using it.

 

 There are two categories of mouth rinses: cosmetic (over-the-counter) and prescription. Both products are meant to help remove oral debris before or after brushing. These products provide a pleasant taste in the mouth and temporary relief from bad breath while diminishing bacteria in the mouth. Therapeutic rinses are prescribed by a dentist and contain active ingredients that protect against some oral diseases.

 

What are the pros and cons of using mouthwashes? "The pros are improved health of gums, germ killing effects, fresh taste, and cavity prevention," says Dr. Rich. "The cons include altered taste, tooth staining, drying of oral tissues in the mouth, burning sensation, and ulcers."

 

When selecting a mouthrinse, Dr. Rich advises patients to choose one that is based on their individual needs. "If they have a dry mouth, but want a nice taste, they should look for a non-alcohol mouthwash so their tissues stay moist," she says. "If they often have cavities, they should use a fluoride rinse." It is best to consult with a general dentist about the best mouth rinse to meet the needs of your mouth.

 

What are the proper steps when using mouth rinses?

   

  • Before using a mouth rinse, brush and floss teeth.
  • Measure the proper amount of rinse recommended on the container or by a dentist.
  • Close lips and, keeping teeth slightly apart, swish liquid around the mouth.
  • Thirty seconds is the suggested rinsing time.
  • Finally, spit liquid from mouth thoroughly.

  • Do not rinse, eat, or smoke for thirty minutes after using a mouthwash. Doing so will diminish the effects of the mouthwash.

Updated: August 2007


Mouthwashes 

Mouthwash is a liquid solution that is swished around inside the mouth to cover the teeth, gums and tongue, and then is spit out. Some types of mouthwashes help to temporarily mask bad breath (halitosis) as well as rinse the area of debris and bacteria. Others are intended to coat the teeth with fluoride to strengthen them and help prevent decay. Mouthwash may be available in over-the-counter or prescription forms.

Mouthwash is intended to be a supplement to (not a replacement for) good oral hygiene practices, such as daily brushing and flossing. It is typically used after brushing and flossing and is not diluted.

When mouthwash is used, patients should follow the directions provided by their dentist or on the product packaging. Mouthwash should be swished around vigorously so that it rinses the front and sides of the mouth equally. In some cases, patients may be directed to gargle. This involves raising the chin and saying “ahhh” while holding liquid in the mouth and keeping the throat closed. This type of rinsing is especially effective at reaching the back of the tongue, where bacteria may accumulate.

In most cases, patients are urged to swish for about 30 seconds before spitting out the mouthwash. Typically, patients should avoid eating, drinking or rinsing the mouth for up to several hours after using mouthwash, depending on the type used.

Active ingredients in mouthwash can vary, and each provides a different function. Some common ingredient types include:

  • Antimicrobials (e.g., cetylpyridinium chloride, chlorhexidine, sanguinarine,phenolic compounds). These ingredients help reduce the amount of bacteria in the mouth.
  • Deodorizing and oxidizing agents (e.g., sodium bicarbonate and chlorine dioxide, respectively). These help to mask and neutralize bad odors.
  • Oxygenating agents (e.g., hydrogen peroxide). Helps to kill anaerobic germs (those that live without oxygen) by adding oxygen to the area.
  • Fluoride. Strengthens teeth and prevents tooth decay.
  • Astringents (e.g., citric acid, zinc chloride). These provide a pleasant taste and shrink oral tissues.
  • Pain-relieving agents (e.g., anodynes). These provide pain relief.
  • Buffering agents. These ingredients may relieve soft-tissue pain, reduce acidity and dissolve build-up of film on the lining of the mouth.
  • Antitartar (e.g., zinc citrate) agents. Reduce tartar build-up in the mouth.

Inactive ingredients in mouthwashes include those that dilute and sustain the active ingredients (e.g., water, alcohol), as well as those that add flavor or color. Most commercial mouthwashes contain a significant amount of alcohol as an inactive ingredient.

When selecting over-the-counter dental care products such as mouthwash, patients are advised to look for the American Dental Association Seal of Acceptance. This indicates a product is safe and effective.

 

Types and differences of mouthwash

 

Mouthwashes may be classified as cosmetic, therapeutic or a combination of the two.

Cosmetic mouthwashes (sometimes called antiseptics) are available over the counter. They are typically made up of phenol-related essential oil compounds that contain active ingredients such as thymol, methyl salicylate, menthol and eucalyptol. Many contain a significant amount of alcohol, although some are available without alcohol.

Most cosmetic mouthwashes perform the following functions:

  • Temporarily mask bad breath (halitosis)
  • Rinse away oral debris
  • Temporarily reduce bacterial levels in the mouth
  • Provide a pleasant, refreshing taste

Manufacturers often claim these types of mouthwashes are an effective way to promote oral health, but dental experts disagree about their effectiveness in reducing dental plaque. An antiseptic mouthwash may kill germs, but does so temporarily because bacteria can develop quickly in the mouth. In fact, some experts believe that rinsing the mouth with water may be as effective as using a cosmetic mouthwash.

Some recent studies have contended that an oral rinse can be as effective as flossing in reducing plaque. However, the American Dental Association (ADA) states that these claims have not been adequately substantiated. Flossing continues to be an important method of removing debris that becomes stuck between teeth and may be difficult to rinse away. Even if these mouthwashes do reduce plaque, they should be used in addition to, not in place of, proper brushing and flossing.

In addition, cosmetic mouthwashes mask rather than eliminate bad breath. The odor-masking properties of these mouthwashes last for up to three hours. Patients with persistent bad breath are advised to contact their dentist or physician. Chronic halitosis may indicate a dental condition (e.g., oral infections, dry mouth) or medical condition (e.g., diabetes, respiratory tract infection) that needs treatment.

Therapeutic mouthwashes offer most of the benefits of cosmetic rinses, but contain an added active ingredient that helps prevent or treat certain oral health conditions. These types of rinses are regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and voluntarily approved by the ADA. They usually fall into one of two categories:

  • Antiplaque/antigingivitis rinse. This type of therapeutic mouthwash has been shown to control bacterial plaque and to reduce and inhibit gingivitis. Many of these rinses contain chlorhexidine gluconate and are available by prescription only. They may have an unpleasant taste or may leave a bitter aftertaste in the mouth. These solutions usually include alcohol, although they may be available without alcohol. They are recommended for short-term use only (e.g., six months or less).
  • Anticavity fluoride rinse. These rinses include fluoride, which helps strengthen teeth and prevent decay. They are available over-the-counter and by prescription (for a higher-concentration level of fluoride). People at high risk of tooth decay, as well as patients with orthodontic appliances, may be advised to regularly use these types of rinses in addition to their daily oral hygiene regimen.

In lieu of commercial mouthwashes, a simple saltwater mouth rinse can be made at home. This involves mixing 1/2 teaspoon salt in 8 ounces of water. It is less irritating than alcohol-based rinses and can be used to cleanse oral tissue.

Conditions treated/prevented with mouthwash

 

Patients should consult their dentist about whether they should use mouthwash, and what type may be appropriate for them. Certain oral health conditions may preclude use of mouthwashes. For example, overuse of antiseptic mouthwashes in patients with thrush may upset the normal balance of microorganisms in the mouth.

In most cases, mouthwashes are not recommended for use in children age 12 and younger. Children may swallow the mouthwash rather than spit it out, which can be harmful, especially if the mouthwash contains fluoride or alcohol.

There are instances where a dentist may suggest using mouthwash as part of a daily oral health routine, especially for patients with a high risk of tooth decay, periodontal (gum) disease and gum inflammation.

Mouthwash also may be recommended for patients who undergo oral surgery or treatment for periodontal disease (e.g., scaling, root planing). For example, patients may be urged to temporarily use mouthwash to prevent bacteria build-up on the teeth instead of brushing and flossing after such procedures. This gives the gums a chance to heal from irritation that may have occurred as part of these treatments.

In addition, mouthwash may be recommended for patients with the following conditions:

  • Dry mouth (xerostomia). A lack of saliva can increase the risk of tooth decay. Regular daily use of mouthwash can help keep the oral cavity clean and moist. Some rinses can encourage saliva production. Dry mouth may have a variety of causes, including certain medical conditions (e.g., Sjögren’s syndrome), treatments (e.g., radiation to the head or neck) or as a side effect of many different types of medications.
  • Inability to perform regular oral hygiene. Mouthwash can help maintain oral hygiene in people with physical impairments or medical conditions that prevent them from adequately brushing or flossing their teeth.
  • Braces, dental appliances. Mouthwashes may help clean areas of the mouth that are difficult to reach with brushing or flossing.
  • Canker sores. Painful open lesions inside the mouth. A dentist may recommend or prescribe certain types of mouthwash to cleanse the area and help reduce the pain and irritation of canker sores.

  • Immune system deficiency. People with immune system problems are at greater risk of oral infections and inflammation. Mouthwash can provide added protection against these problems.

    Side effects and concerns with mouthwash

     

    While mouthwashes are generally safe, some can cause side effects in patients who use them. Many over-the-counter mouthwashes contain high levels of alcohol that may range from 18 percent to 26 percent. This is a higher concentration of alcohol than is contained in some alcoholic beverages, such as beer or wine. Habitual use of these rinses can create a burning sensation in the cheeks, teeth and gums.

    The alcohol in mouthwash may also contribute to dry mouth, which can increase a patient’s risk of tooth decay. Concerns have been raised about the risk of oral cancer due to alcohol contained in mouthwashes. However, there is currently no clear evidence that supports this.

    Overuse of certain types of mouthwash (e.g., antiseptic mouthwashes) can upset the natural balance of bacteria in the mouth, and lead to bacterial overgrowth and conditions such as black hairy tongue.

    Over-the-counter and prescription mouthwash can have a variety of side effects. Generally, these are more likely to occur with prescription strength rinses, but may also occur with over-the-counter mouthwash. Side effects include:

    • Staining of teeth and/or dental restorations
    • Taste disorder (dysgeusia)
    • Build-up of tartar on the teeth
    • Mouth and tongue irritation or numbness
    • Mucosal erosions
    • Retention of sodium
    • Swollen glands on the side of the face or neck
    • Sensitivity of tooth roots
    • Mouth ulcers

    Patients should inform their dentist about any side effects they continue to experience as the result of using a mouthwash. A dentist may be able to recommend alternative treatments, based on a patient’s dental needs.

    There have been some concerns that the oils in mouthwashes may damage dental restorations, such as braces, dentures or tooth fillings. However, studies have shown that these oral rinses are gentle on restorations and do not cause damage.

    Swallowing too much mouthwash can have serious side effects that require emergency medical treatment. Most commercial mouthwash contains alcohol, which may be lethal when consumed in large quantities by children. Many rinses also contain sodium fluoride, which can lead to fluoride toxicity when taken excessively or swallowed. Symptoms of mouthwash overdose include:

    • Breathing problems, such as deep breathing (which may be rapid), rapid shallow breathing, slowed breathing or cessation of breathing.
    • Gastrointestinal problems, such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, and nausea and vomiting.
    • Nervous system problems, such as coma, dizziness or drowsiness.
    • Bluish skin (lips and fingernails).
    • Collapse.
    • Convulsions.
    • Decreased blood pressure (hypotension).
    • Decreased urination.
    • Excessive sweating.
    • Excessive thirst.
    • Listing from side to side or inability to walk normally.
    • Slurred speech.

mouthwash side effects


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