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Centos7系统配置上的变化（一）

2024-11-22 02:48:39   202人阅读

原文 Centos7系统配置上的变化（一）

安装后，一开始有点儿无力吐槽的感觉，变化这么大？

一、Runlevel 首先一条，原来一直用的CentOS-6.5-x86_64-minimal.iso光盘镜像（400M左右无图形系统小巧便捷），而7目前最小的镜像是CentOS-7.0-1406-x86_64-livecd.iso（700M左右），默认安装后是启动图形界面，按原来的习惯要改成启动命令行，结果发现：

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01.[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/inittab
02.# inittab is no longer used when using systemd.
03.#
04.# ADDING CONFIGURATION HERE WILL HAVE NO EFFECT ON YOUR SYSTEM.
05.#
06.# Ctrl-Alt-Delete is handled by /etc/systemd/system/ctrl-alt-del.target
07.#
08.# systemd uses ‘targets‘ instead of runlevels. By default, there are two main targets:
09.#
10.# multi-user.target: analogous to runlevel 3
11.# graphical.target: analogous to runlevel 5
12.#
13.# To set a default target, run:
14.#
15.# ln -sf /lib/systemd/system/<target name>.target /etc/systemd/system/default.target
16.#

好吧，systemd一统天下了（它管的东西很多很多，学Centos7首先要搞定systemd）。

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1.[root@localhost ~]# ls -Xl /etc/systemd/system/*.target
2.lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 36 7月 8 23:12 /etc/systemd/system/default.target -> /lib/systemd/system/graphical.target

我们来看看从前的runlevel都变成什么样了？

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01.[root@localhost ~]# ls -Xl /lib/systemd/system
02.[root@localhost ~]# ls -Xl /lib/systemd/system/runlevel*.target
03.lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 15 7月 5 00:45 /lib/systemd/system/runlevel0.target -> poweroff.target
04.lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 13 7月 5 00:45 /lib/systemd/system/runlevel1.target -> rescue.target
05.lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 17 7月 5 00:45 /lib/systemd/system/runlevel2.target -> multi-user.target
06.lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 17 7月 5 00:45 /lib/systemd/system/runlevel3.target -> multi-user.target
07.lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 17 7月 5 00:45 /lib/systemd/system/runlevel4.target -> multi-user.target
08.lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 16 7月 5 00:45 /lib/systemd/system/runlevel5.target -> graphical.target
09.lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 13 7月 5 00:45 /lib/systemd/system/runlevel6.target -> reboot.target

修改默认启动runlevel为 multi-user （貌似runlevel2 3 4 没区别了）

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1.[root@localhost ~]# ln -sf /lib/systemd/system/multi-user.target /etc/systemd/system/default.target
2.[root@localhost ~]# ll -X /etc/systemd/system/*.target
3.lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 37 7月 10 09:42 /etc/systemd/system/default.target -> /lib/systemd/system/multi-user.target

试试init 6 还好用不。

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1.[root@localhost ~]# init 6
2.Connection to 192.168.150.180 closed by remote host.
3.Connection to 192.168.150.180 closed.

成，好用。:)

因为我从桌面版Linux 连接Centos7系统提示变成了中文，所以需要把Centos7 的root用户语言改一下，回到原汁原味。

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1.[root@localhost ~]# cp .bashrc .bashrc-back
2.[root@localhost ~]# echo ‘export LANG="en_Us.UTF-8"‘ >> /root/.bashrc

二、Services

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01.[root@localhost ~]# chkconfig
02. 
03.Note: This output shows SysV services only and does not include native
04.systemd services. SysV configuration data might be overridden by native
05.systemd configuration.
06. 
07.If you want to list systemd services use ‘systemctl list-unit-files‘.
08.To see services enabled on particular target use
09.‘systemctl list-dependencies [target]‘.
10. 
11.iprdump            0:off    1:off    2:on    3:on    4:on    5:on    6:off
12.iprinit            0:off    1:off    2:on    3:on    4:on    5:on    6:off
13.iprupdate          0:off    1:off    2:on    3:on    4:on    5:on    6:off
14.livesys            0:off    1:off    2:off    3:on    4:on    5:on    6:off
15.livesys-late       0:off    1:off    2:off    3:on    4:on    5:on    6:off
16.netconsole         0:off    1:off    2:off    3:off    4:off    5:off    6:off
17.network            0:off    1:off    2:off    3:off    4:off    5:off    6:off
18.rhnsd              0:off    1:off    2:on    3:on    4:on    5:on    6:off
19.vboxadd            0:off    1:off    2:on    3:on    4:on    5:on    6:off
20.vboxadd-service    0:off    1:off    2:on    3:on    4:on    5:on    6:off
21.vboxadd-x11        0:off    1:off    2:off    3:on    4:off    5:on    6:off

SysV已经快退居二线了，想配置服务得用systemctl，先看看默认启动的服务吧。（如果不用grep过滤一下，输出结果有260多行）

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01.[root@localhost ~]# systemctl list-unit-files|grep enabled
02.tmp.mount                                   enabled
03.accounts-daemon.service                     enabled
04.atd.service                                 enabled
05.auditd.service                              enabled
06.avahi-daemon.service                        enabled
07.bluetooth.service                           enabled
08.chronyd.service                             enabled
09.crond.service                               enabled
10.dbus-org.bluez.service                      enabled
11.dbus-org.fedoraproject.FirewallD1.service   enabled
12.dbus-org.freedesktop.Avahi.service          enabled
13.dbus-org.freedesktop.NetworkManager.service enabled
14.dbus-org.freedesktop.nm-dispatcher.service  enabled
15.display-manager.service                     enabled
16.dmraid-activation.service                   enabled
17.firewalld.service                           enabled
18.gdm.service                                 enabled
19.getty@.service                              enabled
20.irqbalance.service                          enabled
21.iscsi.service                               enabled
22.kdump.service                               enabled
23.libstoragemgmt.service                      enabled
24.lvm2-monitor.service                        enabled
25.mdmonitor.service                           enabled
26.microcode.service                           enabled
27.multipathd.service                          enabled
28.NetworkManager-dispatcher.service           enabled
29.NetworkManager.service                      enabled
30.packagekit-offline-update.service           enabled
31.postfix.service                             enabled
32.rngd.service                                enabled
33.rsyslog.service                             enabled
34.rtkit-daemon.service                        enabled
35.smartd.service                              enabled
36.spice-vdagentd.service                      enabled
37.sysstat.service                             enabled
38.systemd-readahead-collect.service           enabled
39.systemd-readahead-drop.service              enabled
40.systemd-readahead-replay.service            enabled
41.tuned.service                               enabled
42.avahi-daemon.socket                         enabled
43.dm-event.socket                             enabled
44.iscsid.socket                               enabled
45.iscsiuio.socket                             enabled
46.lvm2-lvmetad.socket                         enabled
47.default.target                              enabled
48.multi-user.target                           enabled
49.remote-fs.target                            enabled

默认居然没有启动sshd，晕！看看监听端口：

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1.[root@localhost ~]# netstat -lntp
2.Active Internet connections (only servers)
3.Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address           Foreign Address         State       PID/Program name   
4.tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:25            0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      2090/master

果然没有22，试试老办法：

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1.[root@localhost ~]# chkconfig sshd on
2.Note: Forwarding request to ‘systemctl enable sshd.service‘.
3.ln -s ‘/usr/lib/systemd/system/sshd.service‘ ‘/etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/sshd.service‘

能用，但是指令被转发到 systemctl enable sshd.service ，以后控制服务就用这个指令了。试试：

禁用sshd：

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1.[root@localhost ~]# systemctl disable sshd.service
2.rm ‘/etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/sshd.service‘

启用sshd:

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1.[root@localhost ~]# systemctl enable sshd.service
2.ln -s ‘/usr/lib/systemd/system/sshd.service‘ ‘/etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/sshd.service‘

看看：

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01.[root@localhost ~]# systemctl list-unit-files|grep sshd.service
02.anaconda-sshd.service                       static 
03.sshd.service                                enabled
04. 
05.[root@localhost ~]# netstat -lntp
06.Active Internet connections (only servers)
07.Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address           Foreign Address         State       PID/Program name   
08.tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:25            0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN     2090/master        
09.tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:22              0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN     2758/sshd          
10.tcp6       0      0 :::22                   :::*                    LISTEN      2758/sshd

其实启用和禁用服务就是在当前“runlevel”的配置文件目录（/etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/）里，

建立/usr/lib/systemd/system 里面对应服务配置文件的软链接；禁用服务就是删除此软链接。 有兴趣就自己看看 /usr/lib/systemd/system 里的文件，语法跟旧版/etc/init.d/ 里的服务脚本完全不同，也不能再用 /etc/init.d/sshd restart 之类的指令启动服务器了。

先试试旧方法启动服务：

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1.[root@localhost ~]# service sshd start
2.Redirecting to /bin/systemctl start  sshd.service

用新方法折腾一下：

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1.[root@localhost ~]# systemctl start sshd.service
2.[root@localhost ~]# systemctl stop sshd.service
3.[root@localhost ~]# systemctl restart sshd.service
4.[root@localhost ~]#

如果没有错误，就不会输出任何信息，这个，，，，得习惯一下。

三、网络 setup工具还是保留了，但有区别，没有了网络配置，多了RHN（Centos到底是跟RedHat一家子了） [root@localhost ~]# setup

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好吧，我们看看网络配置。

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01.[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/resolv.conf
02.# Generated by NetworkManager
03.nameserver 192.168.150.254
04. 
05.[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/sysconfig/network
06.# Created by anaconda
07. 
08.[root@localhost ~]# ll /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-*
09.-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 298 Jul  9 00:13 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-Auto_Ethernet
10.-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 288 Jul  8 23:12 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-enp0s3
11.-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 254 Apr  2 23:30 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-lo
12. 
13.[root@localhost ~]# ifconfig
14.enp0s3: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
15.inet 192.168.150.180  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 192.168.150.255
16.inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe9a:a688  prefixlen 64  scopeid 0x20<link>
17.ether 08:00:27:9a:a6:88  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
18.RX packets 39317  bytes 2487945 (2.3 MiB)
19.RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
20.TX packets 2216  bytes 740115 (722.7 KiB)
21.TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0
22. 
23.lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING>  mtu 65536
24.inet 127.0.0.1  netmask 255.0.0.0
25.inet6 ::1  prefixlen 128  scopeid 0x10<host>
26.loop  txqueuelen 0  (Local Loopback)
27.RX packets 6  bytes 504 (504.0 B)
28.RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
29.TX packets 6  bytes 504 (504.0 B)
30.TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0
31. 
32.[root@localhost ~]#

先改改主机名：

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1.[root@localhost ~]# echo "hostname cenots7.localdomain" >>/etc/sysconfig/network
2.[root@localhost ~]# reboot
3.Connection to 192.168.150.180 closed by remote host.
4.Connection to 192.168.150.180 closed.
5.xw@Opt9010:~$ ssh root@192.168.150.180
6.root@192.168.150.180‘s pass<a href=http://www.mamicode.com/"http://www.it165.net/edu/ebg/" target="_blank"class="keylink">word</a>:
7.Last login: Thu Jul 10 10:01:09 2014
8.[root@cenots7 ~]#

看看网卡配置文件：

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01.[root@cenots7 ~]# cd /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/
02. 
03.[root@cenots7 network-scripts]# cat ifcfg-Auto_Ethernet
04.HWADDR=08:00:27:9A:A6:88
05.TYPE=Ethernet
06.BOOTPROTO=dhcp
07.DEFROUTE=yes
08.PEERDNS=yes
09.PEERROUTES=yes
10.IPV4_FAILURE_FATAL=no
11.IPV6INIT=yes
12.IPV6_AUTOCONF=yes
13.IPV6_DEFROUTE=yes
14.IPV6_PEERDNS=yes
15.IPV6_PEERROUTES=yes
16.IPV6_FAILURE_FATAL=no
17.NAME="Auto Ethernet"
18.UUID=76304098-8f46-4185-8337-bb7f0d90423e
19.ONBOOT=yes
20. 
21.[root@cenots7 network-scripts]# cat ifcfg-enp0s3
22.HWADDR=08:00:27:9A:A6:88
23.TYPE=Ethernet
24.BOOTPROTO=dhcp
25.DEFROUTE=yes
26.PEERDNS=yes
27.PEERROUTES=yes
28.IPV4_FAILURE_FATAL=no
29.IPV6INIT=yes
30.IPV6_AUTOCONF=yes
31.IPV6_DEFROUTE=yes
32.IPV6_PEERDNS=yes
33.IPV6_PEERROUTES=yes
34.IPV6_FAILURE_FATAL=no
35.NAME=enp0s3
36.UUID=66a635c2-9600-437b-8cfb-57e9569f68da
37.ONBOOT=no

看看两个文件有啥不同：

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01.[root@cenots7 network-scripts]# diff ifcfg-Auto_Ethernet ifcfg-enp0s3
02.14,16c14,16
03.< NAME="Auto Ethernet"
04.< UUID=76304098-8f46-4185-8337-bb7f0d90423e
05.< ONBOOT=yes
06.---
07.> NAME=enp0s3
08.> UUID=66a635c2-9600-437b-8cfb-57e9569f68da
09.> ONBOOT=no

两个文件MAC地址一样，ifcfg-Auto_Ethernet ONBOOT=yes，但是ifconfig结果显示的是enp0s3，有点儿费解了。

再看看我复制KVM虚拟机时经常要改的网卡MAC地址：

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01.root@cenots7 network-scripts]# ll /etc/udev/rules.d/
02.total 8
03.-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 134 Jul  9 00:47 60-vboxadd.rules
04.-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 352 Jul  4 00:38 98-kexec.rules
05. 
06.[root@cenots7 network-scripts]# cat /etc/udev/rules.d/98-kexec.rules
07.SUBSYSTEM=="cpu", ACTION=="online", PROGRAM="/bin/systemctl try-restart kdump.service"
08.SUBSYSTEM=="cpu", ACTION=="offline", PROGRAM="/bin/systemctl try-restart kdump.service"
09.SUBSYSTEM=="memory", ACTION=="add", PROGRAM="/bin/systemctl try-restart kdump.service"
10.SUBSYSTEM=="memory", ACTION=="remove", PROGRAM="/bin/systemctl try-restart kdump.service"
11. 
12.[root@cenots7 network-scripts]# cat /etc/udev/rules.d/60-vboxadd.rules
13.KERNEL=="vboxguest", NAME="vboxguest", OWNER="vboxadd", MODE="0660"
14.KERNEL=="vboxuser", NAME="vboxuser", OWNER="vboxadd", MODE="0666"

70-persistent-net.rules呢？

网卡MAC只在网卡配置文件里有，一旦变了我只需要改网卡配置文件？

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1.[root@cenots7 network-scripts]# grep -r "08:00:27:9A:A6:88" /etc/
2./etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-enp0s3:HWADDR=08:00:27:9A:A6:88
3./etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-Auto_Ethernet:HWADDR=08:00:27:9A:A6:88

改一下网卡MAC 0800279AA688 -> 0800278C3746

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改MAC后网卡不认了，测试结果是只需要改网卡配置文件的MAC，而且两个配置文件都要改才行。我顺便把DHCP改成了固定IP。

view sourceprint?
01.[root@cenots7 ~]# cat /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-Auto_Ethernet
02.HWADDR=08:00:27:8C:37:46
03.# HWADDR=08:00:27:9A:A6:88
04.TYPE=Ethernet
05.BOOTPROTO=static
06.IPADDR=192.168.150.180
07.NETMASK=255.255.255.0
08.GATEWAY=192.168.150.254
09.DEFROUTE=yes
10.PEERDNS=yes
11.PEERROUTES=yes
12.IPV4_FAILURE_FATAL=no
13.IPV6INIT=no
14.IPV6_AUTOCONF=no
15.IPV6_DEFROUTE=no
16.IPV6_PEERDNS=no
17.IPV6_PEERROUTES=no
18.IPV6_FAILURE_FATAL=no
19.NAME="Auto Ethernet"
20.UUID=76304098-8f46-4185-8337-bb7f0d90423e
21.ONBOOT=yes
22. 
23.


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