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MySQL5.6 新特性之GTID【转】

转自

MySQL5.6 新特性之GTID - jyzhou - 博客园
http://www.cnblogs.com/zhoujinyi/p/4717951.html

背景:

      MySQL5.6在5.5的基础上增加了一些改进,本文章先对其中一个一个比较大的改进"GTID"进行说明。

概念:

      GTID即全局事务ID(global transaction identifier),GTID实际上是由UUID+TID组成的。其中UUID是一个MySQL实例的唯一标识。TID代表了该实例上已经提交的事务数量,并且随着事务提交单调递增,所以GTID能够保证每个MySQL实例事务的执行(不会重复执行同一个事务,并且会补全没有执行的事务)。下面是一个GTID的具体形式:

4e659069-3cd8-11e5-9a49-001c4270714e:1-77

更具体的说明见官方说明。

GTID意义:

      引入GTID的意义是什么?

      1)因为清楚了GTID的格式,所以通过UUID可以知道这个事务在哪个实例上提交的。

      2)通过GTID可以极方便的进行复制结构上的故障转移,新主设置。很好的解决了下面这个图(图来自高性能MySQL第10章)的问题。

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上面图的意思是:Server1(Master)崩溃,根据从上show slave status获得Master_log_File/Read_Master_Log_Pos的值,Server2(Slave)已经跟上了主,Server3(Slave)没有跟上主。这时要是把Server2提升为主,Server3变成Server2的从。这时在Server3上执行change的时候需要做一些计算,这里就不做说明了,具体的说明见高性能MySQL第10章,相对来说是比较麻烦的。

这个问题在5.6的GTID出现后,就显得非常的简单。由于同一事务的GTID在所有节点上的值一致,那么根据Server3当前停止点的GTID就能定位到Server2上的GTID。甚至由于MASTER_AUTO_POSITION功能的出现,我们都不需要知道GTID的具体值,直接使用CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST=‘xxx‘, MASTER_AUTO_POSITION命令就可以直接完成failover的工作。

原理:

      从服务器连接到主服务器之后,把自己执行过的GTID(Executed_Gtid_Set)<SQL线程> 、获取到的GTID(Retrieved_Gtid_Set)<IO线程>发给主服务器,主服务器把从服务器缺少的GTID及对应的transactions发过去补全即可。当主服务器挂掉的时候,找出同步最成功的那台从服务器,直接把它提升为主即可。如果硬要指定某一台不是最新的从服务器提升为主, 先change到同步最成功的那台从服务器, 等把GTID全部补全了,就可以把它提升为主了。

测试:

1)复制环境的搭建:具体的复制搭建的步骤可以在网上搜索

因为支持GTID,所以5.6多了几个参数:

 
mysql> show variables like ‘%gtid%‘;+---------------------------------+-----------+| Variable_name                   | Value     |+---------------------------------+-----------+| binlog_gtid_simple_recovery     | OFF       || enforce_gtid_consistency        | OFF       || gtid_deployment_step            | OFF       || gtid_executed                   |           || gtid_mode                       | OFF       || gtid_next                       | AUTOMATIC || gtid_owned                      |           || gtid_purged                     |           || simplified_binlog_gtid_recovery | OFF       |+---------------------------------+-----------+
 

主从环境的搭建和5.5没有什么区别,唯一需要注意的是:开启GTID需要启用这三个参数:

#GTIDgtid_mode = onenforce_gtid_consistency = 1log_slave_updates   = 1

任意一个参数不开启则都会报错:

2015-08-09 02:33:57 6512 [ERROR] --gtid-mode=ON or UPGRADE_STEP_1 or UPGRADE_STEP_2 requires --log-bin and --log-slave-updates2015-08-09 02:33:57 6512 [ERROR] Aborting2015-08-09 02:39:58 9860 [ERROR] --gtid-mode=ON or UPGRADE_STEP_1 requires --enforce-gtid-consistency2015-08-09 02:39:58 9860 [ERROR] Aborting

具体的方法可以参考官方文档。

三个实例开启之后(3306、3307、3308),执行change的时候也要注意:

各个实例的uuid:

 
3306:mysql> select @@server_uuid;+--------------------------------------+| @@server_uuid                        |+--------------------------------------+| 4e659069-3cd8-11e5-9a49-001c4270714e |+--------------------------------------+3307:mysql> select @@server_uuid;+--------------------------------------+| @@server_uuid                        |+--------------------------------------+| 041d0e65-3cde-11e5-9a6e-001c4270714e |+--------------------------------------+3308:mysql> select @@server_uuid;+--------------------------------------+| @@server_uuid                        |+--------------------------------------+| 081ccacf-3ce4-11e5-9a95-001c4270714e |+--------------------------------------+
 

使用5.6之前的主从change:

mysql> change master to master_host=‘127.0.0.1‘,master_user=‘rep‘,master_password=‘rep‘,master_log_file=‘mysql-bin3306.000001‘,master_log_pos=151,/*master_auto_position=1*/;

报错:

ERROR 1776 (HY000): Parameters MASTER_LOG_FILE, MASTER_LOG_POS, RELAY_LOG_FILE and RELAY_LOG_POS cannot be set when MASTER_AUTO_POSITION is active.

当使用 MASTER_AUTO_POSITION 参数的时候,MASTER_LOG_FILE,MASTER_LOG_POS参数不能使用。

使用5.6之后的主从change:

mysql> change master to master_host=‘127.0.0.1‘,master_user=‘rep‘,master_password=‘rep‘,master_port=3306,master_auto_position=1;

在执行上面的命令的时候会报错2个warnings,主要的原因是复制账号安全的问题,相关的信息可以看这里。

从总体上看来,由于要支持GTID,所以不需要手工确定主服务器的MASTER_LOG_FILE及MASTER_LOG_POS。要是不需要GTID则需要指定FILE和POS。在2个从上执行上面命令,到此主从环境搭建完成。GTID的主从完成之后可以通过show processlist查看:

 
mysql> show processlist\G;*************************** 1. row ***************************           Id: 38         User: rep         Host: localhost:52321           db: NULL      Command: Binlog Dump GTID   #通过GTID复制         Time: 48        State: Master has sent all binlog to slave; waiting for binlog to be updated         Info: NULL    Rows_sent: 0Rows_examined: 0
 

2)测试复制的故障转移

server1(3306)挂了,服务器起不来了。需要把其中的一个从设置为主,另一个设置为其的从库:

server2(3307):

              Master_Log_File: mysql-bin3306.000002          Read_Master_Log_Pos: 4156773          Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 4156773

server3(3308):

              Master_Log_File: mysql-bin3306.000001          Read_Master_Log_Pos: 83795320          Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 83795320

相比之下server2完成的事务要比server3更接近或则等于server1,现在需要把server3设置为server2的从库。

在MySQL5.6之前,这里的计算会很麻烦,要计算之前主库的log_pos和当前要设置成主库的log_pos,很有可能出错。所以出现了一些高可用性的工具如MHA,MMM等解决问题。

在MySQL5.6之后,很简单的解决了这个难题。因为同一事务的GTID在所有节点上的值一致,那么根据server3当前停止点的GTID就能定位到server2上的GTID,所以直接在server3上执行change即可:

 
mysql> stop slave;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

#千万不要执行 reset master,否则会从最先的GTID上开始执行。mysql> change master to master_host=‘127.0.0.1‘,master_user=‘rep‘,master_password=‘rep‘,master_port=3307,master_auto_position=1; #指定到另一个比较接近主的从上。Query OK, 0 rows affected, 2 warnings (0.02 sec)mysql> start slave; #成功的切换到新主Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
 

主从结构已经变更,server2是Master,server3是Slave。因为不需要计算pos的值,所以通过GTID很简单的解决了这个问题。

3)跳过复制错误:gtid_next、gtid_purged

 从服务器跳过一个错误的事务:

 
mysql> show slave status\G;*************************** 1. row ***************************               Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event                  Master_Host: 127.0.0.1                  Master_User: rep                  Master_Port: 3306                Connect_Retry: 60              Master_Log_File: mysql-bin3306.000001          Read_Master_Log_Pos: 38260944               Relay_Log_File: mysqld-relay-bin3307.000002                Relay_Log_Pos: 369        Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin3306.000001             Slave_IO_Running: Yes            Slave_SQL_Running: No              Replicate_Do_DB:           Replicate_Ignore_DB:            Replicate_Do_Table:        Replicate_Ignore_Table:       Replicate_Wild_Do_Table:   Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table:                    Last_Errno: 1008                   Last_Error: Error ‘Can‘t drop database ‘mablevi‘; database doesn‘t exist‘ on query. Default database: ‘mablevi‘. Query: ‘drop database mablevi‘                 Skip_Counter: 0          Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 151              Relay_Log_Space: 38261371              Until_Condition: None               Until_Log_File:                 Until_Log_Pos: 0           Master_SSL_Allowed: No           Master_SSL_CA_File:            Master_SSL_CA_Path:               Master_SSL_Cert:             Master_SSL_Cipher:                Master_SSL_Key:         Seconds_Behind_Master: NULLMaster_SSL_Verify_Server_Cert: No                Last_IO_Errno: 0                Last_IO_Error:                Last_SQL_Errno: 1008               Last_SQL_Error: Error ‘Can‘t drop database ‘mablevi‘; database doesn‘t exist‘ on query. Default database: ‘mablevi‘. Query: ‘drop database mablevi‘  Replicate_Ignore_Server_Ids:              Master_Server_Id: 1                  Master_UUID: 4e659069-3cd8-11e5-9a49-001c4270714e             Master_Info_File: mysql.slave_master_info                    SQL_Delay: 0  #通过在change的时候指定,如:change master to master_delay=600,延迟10分钟同步。          SQL_Remaining_Delay: NULL      Slave_SQL_Running_State:            Master_Retry_Count: 86400                  Master_Bind:       Last_IO_Error_Timestamp:      Last_SQL_Error_Timestamp: 150810 23:38:39               Master_SSL_Crl:            Master_SSL_Crlpath:            Retrieved_Gtid_Set: 4e659069-3cd8-11e5-9a49-001c4270714e:1-48            Executed_Gtid_Set:                 Auto_Position: 1
 

在MySQL5.6之前,只需要执行:

mysql> set global sql_slave_skip_counter=1; 

跳过一个错误的事务,就可以继续进行复制了。但在MySQL5.6之后则不行:

mysql> set global sql_slave_skip_counter=1;ERROR 1858 (HY000): sql_slave_skip_counter can not be set when the server is running with @@GLOBAL.GTID_MODE = ON. Instead, for each transaction that you want to skip, generate an empty transaction with the same GTID as the transaction

分析:因为是通过GTID来进行复制的,也需要跳过这个事务从而继续复制,这个事务可以到主上的binlog里面查看:因为不知道找哪个GTID上出错,所以也不知道如何跳过哪个GTID。但在show slave status里的信息里可以找到在执行Master里的POS:151

Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 151

的时候报错,所以通过mysqlbinlog找到了GTID:

# at 151#150810 22:57:45 server id 1  end_log_pos 199 CRC32 0x5e14d88f     GTID [commit=yes]SET @@SESSION.GTID_NEXT= ‘4e659069-3cd8-11e5-9a49-001c4270714e:1‘/*!*/;

找到这个GTID之后执行:必须按照下面顺序执行

 
mysql> stop slave;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)mysql> set session gtid_next=‘4e659069-3cd8-11e5-9a49-001c4270714e:1‘;  #在session里设置gtid_next,即跳过这个GTIDQuery OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)mysql> begin;      #开启一个事务Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)mysql> commit;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)mysql> SET SESSION GTID_NEXT = AUTOMATIC;   #把gtid_next设置回来Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)mysql> start slave;  #开启复制Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
 

查看复制状态:

 
mysql> show slave status\G;*************************** 1. row ***************************               Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event                  Master_Host: 127.0.0.1                  Master_User: rep                  Master_Port: 3306                Connect_Retry: 60              Master_Log_File: mysql-bin3306.000001          Read_Master_Log_Pos: 38260944               Relay_Log_File: mysqld-relay-bin3307.000003                Relay_Log_Pos: 716        Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin3306.000001             Slave_IO_Running: Yes            Slave_SQL_Running: Yes              Replicate_Do_DB:           Replicate_Ignore_DB:            Replicate_Do_Table:        Replicate_Ignore_Table:       Replicate_Wild_Do_Table:   Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table:                    Last_Errno: 0                   Last_Error:                  Skip_Counter: 0          Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 38260944              Relay_Log_Space: 38261936              Until_Condition: None               Until_Log_File:                 Until_Log_Pos: 0           Master_SSL_Allowed: No           Master_SSL_CA_File:            Master_SSL_CA_Path:               Master_SSL_Cert:             Master_SSL_Cipher:                Master_SSL_Key:         Seconds_Behind_Master: 0Master_SSL_Verify_Server_Cert: No                Last_IO_Errno: 0                Last_IO_Error:                Last_SQL_Errno: 0               Last_SQL_Error:   Replicate_Ignore_Server_Ids:              Master_Server_Id: 1                  Master_UUID: 4e659069-3cd8-11e5-9a49-001c4270714e             Master_Info_File: mysql.slave_master_info                    SQL_Delay: 0  #延迟同步          SQL_Remaining_Delay: NULL      Slave_SQL_Running_State: Slave has read all relay log; waiting for the slave I/O thread to update it           Master_Retry_Count: 86400                  Master_Bind:       Last_IO_Error_Timestamp:      Last_SQL_Error_Timestamp:                Master_SSL_Crl:            Master_SSL_Crlpath:            Retrieved_Gtid_Set: 4e659069-3cd8-11e5-9a49-001c4270714e:1-48            Executed_Gtid_Set: 4e659069-3cd8-11e5-9a49-001c4270714e:1-48                Auto_Position: 1
 

在此成功跳过了错误,同步继续。可以通过这个办法来处理复制失败的问题,这里还有个例子,有兴趣的可以看一下(从服务器中跳过一条语句/事务):

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mysql > stop slave;Query OK, 0 ROWS affected (0.05 sec)mysql > CHANGE master TO MASTER_DELAY=600;Query OK, 0 ROWS affected (0.27 sec)mysql > START slave;Query OK, 0 ROWS affected, 1 warning (0.06 sec)master 原本是正常的, 然后意外地执行了 truncate table:mysql > INSERT INTO t SET title=‘c‘;Query OK, 1 ROW affected (0.03 sec)mysql > INSERT INTO t SET title=‘d‘;Query OK, 1 ROW affected (0.05 sec)mysql > SHOW master STATUS \G*************************** 1. ROW ***************************             File: black-bin.000001         POSITION: 2817     Binlog_Do_DB:  Binlog_Ignore_DB: Executed_Gtid_Set: 0c005b76-d3c7-11e2-a27d-274c063b18c4:1-101 ROW IN SET (0.00 sec)mysql > TRUNCATE TABLE t;Query OK, 0 ROWS affected (0.15 sec)mysql > SHOW master STATUS \G*************************** 1. ROW ***************************             File: black-bin.000001         POSITION: 2948     Binlog_Do_DB:  Binlog_Ignore_DB: Executed_Gtid_Set: 0c005b76-d3c7-11e2-a27d-274c063b18c4:1-111 ROW IN SET (0.00 sec)slave有延迟, 虽然已经获取到了gtid及对应的events, 但是并未执行:mysql > SHOW slave STATUS \G*************************** 1. ROW ***************************               Slave_IO_State: Waiting FOR master TO send event..............                    SQL_Delay: 600          SQL_Remaining_Delay: 565      Slave_SQL_Running_State: Waiting until MASTER_DELAY seconds after master executed event           Master_Retry_Count: 86400                  Master_Bind:       Last_IO_Error_Timestamp:      Last_SQL_Error_Timestamp:                Master_SSL_Crl:            Master_SSL_Crlpath:            Retrieved_Gtid_Set: 0c005b76-d3c7-11e2-a27d-274c063b18c4:9-11            Executed_Gtid_Set: 0c005b76-d3c7-11e2-a27d-274c063b18c4:1-8                Auto_Position: 11 ROW IN SET (0.00 sec)要想办法在slave中跳过 GTID:0c005b76-d3c7-11e2-a27d-274c063b18c4:11, 也就是那条truncate table语句 。办法就是设置GTID_NEXT,然后提交一个空的事务。mysql > stop slave;Query OK, 0 ROWS affected (0.03 sec)mysql > SET session gtid_next=‘0c005b76-d3c7-11e2-a27d-274c063b18c4:11‘;Query OK, 0 ROWS affected (0.00 sec)mysql > BEGIN; commit;Query OK, 0 ROWS affected (0.00 sec)Query OK, 0 ROWS affected (0.01 sec)mysql >SET SESSION GTID_NEXT = AUTOMATIC;Query OK, 0 ROWS affected (0.00 sec)mysql > START slave;Query OK, 0 ROWS affected, 1 warning (0.07 sec)查看复制状态mysql > SHOW slave STATUS \G*************************** 1. ROW ***************************               Slave_IO_State: Waiting FOR master TO send event..............            Retrieved_Gtid_Set: 0c005b76-d3c7-11e2-a27d-274c063b18c4:9-11            Executed_Gtid_Set: 0c005b76-d3c7-11e2-a27d-274c063b18c4:1-11                Auto_Position: 11 ROW IN SET (0.00 sec)mysql > SELECT * FROM t;+----+-------+| id | title |+----+-------+|  1 | a     ||  2 | b     ||  3 | c     ||  4 | d     |+----+-------+4 ROWS IN SET (0.00 sec)成功跳过 truncate table, 当然此时主从的数据已经不一致了。

注意:通过GTID的复制都是没有指定MASTER_LOG_FILE和MASTER_LOG_POS的,所以通过GTID复制都是从最先开始的事务开始,除非在自己的binlog里面有执行过之前的记录,才会继续后面的执行。

 要是事务日志被purge,再进行change:

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mysql> show master logs;   +----------------------+-----------+| Log_name             | File_size |+----------------------+-----------+| mysql-bin3306.000001 |  38260944 |+----------------------+-----------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)mysql> flush logs;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)mysql> show tables;+---------------+| Tables_in_mmm |+---------------+| patent_family || t1            || t2            |+---------------+3 rows in set (0.01 sec)mysql> create table t3(id int)engine = tokudb;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)mysql> insert into t3 values(3),(4);Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.05 sec)Records: 2  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0mysql> flush logs;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)mysql> create table ttt(id int)engine = tokudb;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)mysql> insert into ttt values(1),(2),(3),(4),(5);Query OK, 5 rows affected (0.03 sec)Records: 5  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0mysql> show master logs;+----------------------+-----------+| Log_name             | File_size |+----------------------+-----------+| mysql-bin3306.000001 |  38260995 || mysql-bin3306.000002 |       656 || mysql-bin3306.000003 |       619 |+----------------------+-----------+3 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> purge binary logs to ‘mysql-bin3306.000003‘;  #日志被purgeQuery OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)mysql> show master logs;   #日志被purge之后等下的binlog +----------------------+-----------+| Log_name             | File_size |+----------------------+-----------+| mysql-bin3306.000003 |       619 |+----------------------+--------3308登陆之后执行:mysql> change master to master_host=‘127.0.0.1‘,master_user=‘rep‘,master_password=‘rep‘,master_port=3306,master_auto_position=1;Query OK, 0 rows affected, 2 warnings (0.04 sec)mysql> start slave;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)mysql> show slave status\G;*************************** 1. row ***************************               Slave_IO_State:                   Master_Host: 127.0.0.1                  Master_User: rep                  Master_Port: 3306                Connect_Retry: 60              Master_Log_File:           Read_Master_Log_Pos: 4               Relay_Log_File: mysqld-relay-bin3308.000001                Relay_Log_Pos: 4        Relay_Master_Log_File:              Slave_IO_Running: No            Slave_SQL_Running: Yes              Replicate_Do_DB:           Replicate_Ignore_DB:            Replicate_Do_Table:        Replicate_Ignore_Table:       Replicate_Wild_Do_Table:   Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table:                    Last_Errno: 0                   Last_Error:                  Skip_Counter: 0          Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 0              Relay_Log_Space: 151              Until_Condition: None               Until_Log_File:                 Until_Log_Pos: 0           Master_SSL_Allowed: No           Master_SSL_CA_File:            Master_SSL_CA_Path:               Master_SSL_Cert:             Master_SSL_Cipher:                Master_SSL_Key:         Seconds_Behind_Master: 0Master_SSL_Verify_Server_Cert: No                Last_IO_Errno: 1236                Last_IO_Error: Got fatal error 1236 from master when reading data from binary log: ‘The slave is connecting using CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_AUTO_POSITION = 1, but the master has purged binary logs containing GTIDs that the slave requires.‘               Last_SQL_Errno: 0               Last_SQL_Error:   Replicate_Ignore_Server_Ids:              Master_Server_Id: 1                  Master_UUID: 4e659069-3cd8-11e5-9a49-001c4270714e             Master_Info_File: /var/lib/mysql3/master.info                    SQL_Delay: 0          SQL_Remaining_Delay: NULL      Slave_SQL_Running_State: Slave has read all relay log; waiting for the slave I/O thread to update it           Master_Retry_Count: 86400                  Master_Bind:       Last_IO_Error_Timestamp: 150811 00:02:50     Last_SQL_Error_Timestamp:                Master_SSL_Crl:            Master_SSL_Crlpath:            Retrieved_Gtid_Set:             Executed_Gtid_Set:                 Auto_Position: 1

报错:

                Last_IO_Errno: 1236                Last_IO_Error: Got fatal error 1236 from master when reading data from binary log: ‘The slave is connecting using CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_AUTO_POSITION = 1, but the master has purged binary logs containing GTIDs that the slave requires.‘

这里需要解决的是:Slave如何跳过purge的部分,而不是在最先开始的事务执行。

 
在主上执行,查看被purge的GTID:mysql> show global variables like ‘gtid_purged‘;+---------------+-------------------------------------------+| Variable_name | Value                                     |+---------------+-------------------------------------------+| gtid_purged   | 4e659069-3cd8-11e5-9a49-001c4270714e:1-50 |+---------------+-------------------------------------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)在从上执行,跳过这个GTID:mysql> stop slave;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)mysql> set global gtid_purged = ‘4e659069-3cd8-11e5-9a49-001c4270714e:1-50‘;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)mysql> reset master;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)mysql> start slave;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)要是出现:ERROR 1840 (HY000): @@GLOBAL.GTID_PURGED can only be set when @@GLOBAL.GTID_EXECUTED is empty.则需要执行:reset master;
 

到这从的同步就正常了。 

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mysql> show slave status\G;*************************** 1. row ***************************               Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event                  Master_Host: 127.0.0.1                  Master_User: rep                  Master_Port: 3306                Connect_Retry: 60              Master_Log_File: mysql-bin3306.000003          Read_Master_Log_Pos: 619               Relay_Log_File: mysqld-relay-bin3308.000002                Relay_Log_Pos: 797        Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin3306.000003             Slave_IO_Running: Yes            Slave_SQL_Running: Yes              Replicate_Do_DB:           Replicate_Ignore_DB:            Replicate_Do_Table:        Replicate_Ignore_Table:       Replicate_Wild_Do_Table:   Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table:                    Last_Errno: 0                   Last_Error:                  Skip_Counter: 0          Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 619              Relay_Log_Space: 1006              Until_Condition: None               Until_Log_File:                 Until_Log_Pos: 0           Master_SSL_Allowed: No           Master_SSL_CA_File:            Master_SSL_CA_Path:               Master_SSL_Cert:             Master_SSL_Cipher:                Master_SSL_Key:         Seconds_Behind_Master: 0Master_SSL_Verify_Server_Cert: No                Last_IO_Errno: 0                Last_IO_Error:                Last_SQL_Errno: 0               Last_SQL_Error:   Replicate_Ignore_Server_Ids:              Master_Server_Id: 1                  Master_UUID: 4e659069-3cd8-11e5-9a49-001c4270714e             Master_Info_File: /var/lib/mysql3/master.info                    SQL_Delay: 0          SQL_Remaining_Delay: NULL      Slave_SQL_Running_State: Slave has read all relay log; waiting for the slave I/O thread to update it           Master_Retry_Count: 86400                  Master_Bind:       Last_IO_Error_Timestamp:      Last_SQL_Error_Timestamp:                Master_SSL_Crl:            Master_SSL_Crlpath:            Retrieved_Gtid_Set: 4e659069-3cd8-11e5-9a49-001c4270714e:51-52            Executed_Gtid_Set: 4e659069-3cd8-11e5-9a49-001c4270714e:1-52                Auto_Position: 11 row in set (0.00 sec)mysql> use mmmDatabase changedmysql> show tables;+---------------+| Tables_in_mmm |+---------------+| ttt           |+---------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)

③ 通过另一个从库恢复从库数据

比如一台从库误操作,数据丢失了,可以通过另一个从库来进行恢复:

 
slave2(3308):mysql> use mmmDatabase changedmysql> show tables;+---------------+| Tables_in_mmm |+---------------+| patent_family || t             || tt            |+---------------+3 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> truncate table tt;  #误操作,把记录删除了Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)mysql> show slave status\G;*************************** 1. row ***************************               Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event                  Master_Host: 127.0.0.1                  Master_User: rep                  Master_Port: 3306                Connect_Retry: 60              Master_Log_File: mysql-bin3306.000001          Read_Master_Log_Pos: 38260553               Relay_Log_File: mysqld-relay-bin3308.000002                Relay_Log_Pos: 38260771        Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin3306.000001             Slave_IO_Running: Yes            Slave_SQL_Running: Yes              Replicate_Do_DB:           Replicate_Ignore_DB:            Replicate_Do_Table:        Replicate_Ignore_Table:       Replicate_Wild_Do_Table:   Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table:                    Last_Errno: 0                   Last_Error:                  Skip_Counter: 0          Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 38260553              Relay_Log_Space: 38260980              Until_Condition: None               Until_Log_File:                 Until_Log_Pos: 0           Master_SSL_Allowed: No           Master_SSL_CA_File:            Master_SSL_CA_Path:               Master_SSL_Cert:             Master_SSL_Cipher:                Master_SSL_Key:         Seconds_Behind_Master: 0Master_SSL_Verify_Server_Cert: No                Last_IO_Errno: 0                Last_IO_Error:                Last_SQL_Errno: 0               Last_SQL_Error:   Replicate_Ignore_Server_Ids:              Master_Server_Id: 1                  Master_UUID: 4e659069-3cd8-11e5-9a49-001c4270714e             Master_Info_File: /var/lib/mysql3/master.info                    SQL_Delay: 0  #延迟同步          SQL_Remaining_Delay: NULL      Slave_SQL_Running_State: Slave has read all relay log; waiting for the slave I/O thread to update it           Master_Retry_Count: 86400                  Master_Bind:       Last_IO_Error_Timestamp:      Last_SQL_Error_Timestamp:                Master_SSL_Crl:            Master_SSL_Crlpath:            Retrieved_Gtid_Set: 4e659069-3cd8-11e5-9a49-001c4270714e:1-46            Executed_Gtid_Set: 081ccacf-3ce4-11e5-9a95-001c4270714e:1,  #多出了一个GTID(本身实例执行的事务)4e659069-3cd8-11e5-9a49-001c4270714e:1-46                Auto_Position: 1数据被误删除之后,最好停止复制:stop slave;恢复数据从slave1(3307)上备份数据,并还原到slave2(3308)中。备份:mysqldump  -uzjy -p123456 -h127.0.0.1 -P3307 --default-character-set=utf8 --set-gtid-purged=ON -B mmm > mmm1.sql在还原到slave2的时候需要在slave2上执行:reset master; 不然会报错:ERROR 1840 (HY000) at line 24: @@GLOBAL.GTID_PURGED can only be set when @@GLOBAL.GTID_EXECUTED is empty.还原:root@zjy:~# mysql -uzjy -p123456 -h127.0.0.1 -P3308 --default-character-set=utf8 < mmm.sql 开启同步:mysql> start slave;Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.03 sec)这时候你会发现误删除的数据已经被还原,并且复制也正常。因为根据GTID的原理,通过slave1的备份直接可以和Master进行同步。
 

这里备份注意的一点是:在备份开启GTID的实例里,需要指定 --set-gtid-purged参数,否则会报warning:

Warning: A partial dump from a server that has GTIDs will by default include the GTIDs of all transactions, even those that changed suppressed parts of the database. If you don‘t want to restore GTIDs, pass --set-gtid-purged=OFF. To make a complete dump, pass --all-databases --triggers --routines --events

备份文件里面会出现:

SET @@GLOBAL.GTID_PURGED=‘4e659069-3cd8-11e5-9a49-001c4270714e:1-483‘;

还原的时候会要求先在实例上reset master,不然会报错:

Warning: Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.ERROR 1840 (HY000) at line 24: @@GLOBAL.GTID_PURGED can only be set when @@GLOBAL.GTID_EXECUTED is empty.

指定--set-gtid-purged=ON参数,出现GTID_PURGED,直接还原的时候执行,从库不需要其他操作就可以直接change到主。关于GTID更多的信息可以到官方文档里查看。 

总结:

      GTID就是全局事务ID(global transaction identifier ),最初由google实现,官方MySQL在5.6才加入该功能。要是主从结构只有一台Master和一台Slave对于GTID来说就没有优势了,而对于2台主以上的结构优势异常明显,可以在数据不丢失的情况下切换新主。
      使用GTID需要注意的是:在构建主从复制之前,在一台将成为主的实例上进行一些操作(如数据清理等),通过GTID复制,这些在主从成立之前的操作也会被复制到从服务器上,引起复制失败。即:通过GTID复制都是从最先开始的事务日志开始,即使这些操作在复制之前执行。比如在server1上执行一些drop、delete的清理操作,接着在server2上执行change的操作,会使得server2也进行server1的清理操作。

 

参考文章:

http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/replication-gtids.html

http://www.cnblogs.com/cenalulu/p/4309009.html

http://mysqllover.com/?p=594

http://forum.z27315.com/topic/22781-mysql56%E4%B8%BB%E4%BB%8E%E5%A4%8D%E5%88%B6/

www.zhaokunyao.com/archives/4131

 

MySQL5.6 新特性之GTID【转】