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Linux系统的文件目录结构

2024-11-26 09:25:39   202人阅读

<span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">Linux</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">下的文件系统为树形结构，入口为</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">/</span> 树形结构下的文件目录： 无论哪个版本的<span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">Linux</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">系统，都有这些目录，这些目录应该是标准的。各个</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">Linux</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">发行版本会存在一些小小的差异，但总体来说，还是大体差不多。</span>
<span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;"></span><span style="font-size:14px;color:#C90016;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;"><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;"><strong>1. /</strong></span></span> 文件系统的入口，<span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; background-image: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0); background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat;">最高一级目录</span>；

</span><span style="font-size:14px;color:#C90016;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;"><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;"><strong>2. /bin</strong></span></span> <span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; background-image: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0); background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat;">基础系统所需要的命令位于此目录</span>，是最小系统所需要的命令，如：</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">ls, cp, mkdir</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">等。
这个目录中的文件都是可执行的，一般的用户都可以使用。 </span>
<span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;"></span><span style="font-size:14px;color:#C90016;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;"><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;"><strong>3. /boot</strong></span></span> 包含<span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; background-image: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0); background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat;">Linux</span></span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; background-image: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0); background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat;">内核及系统引导程序所需要的文件</span>，比如 </span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">vmlinuz initrd.img </span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">文件都位于这个目录中。在一般情况下，</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; background-image: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0); background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat;">GRUB</span></span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; background-image: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0); background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat;">或<span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">LILO</span></span><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; background-image: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0); background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat;">系统引导管理器</span>也位于这个目录；</span>
<span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;"></span><span style="font-size:14px;color:#C90016;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;"><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;"><strong>4. /dev</strong></span></span> <span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; background-image: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0); background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat;">设备文件存储目录</span>，比如声卡、磁盘</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">... ...</span> 这是一个非常有趣的目录，是<span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">Linux</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">文件系统的一个闪亮的特性 </span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">- </span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; background-image: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0); background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat;">所有对象都是文件或目录</span>。仔细观察这个目录你会发现</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">hda1, hda2</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">等</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">, </span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">它们代表系统主硬盘的不同分区。
</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">/dev/cdrom</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">和</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">/dev/fd0</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">代表你的</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">CDROM</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">驱动器和</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">floppy</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">驱动器。看上去可能有些奇怪，但比较文件和硬件的特性这却是十分合理的。它们都可以读出和写入。例如</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">/dev/dsp</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">，这个文件代表你的扬声器。那么写入这个文件的数据都回传送到喇叭。试一试 </span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">'cat /etc/lilo.conf > /dev/dsp' </span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">你会听到一些声音。这是你的 </span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">lilo.conf </span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">文件的声音！同样，向 </span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">/dev/ttyS0 ( COM 1 ) </span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">读出或写入数据你可以和接到上面的设备进行通讯。</span>
<span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;"></span><span style="font-size:14px;color:#C90016;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;"><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;"><strong>5. /etc</strong></span></span> <span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; background-image: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0); background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat;">存放系统程序或者一般工具的配置文件</span>。
如安装了</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">apache2</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">之后，配置文件在</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">/etc/apache2/</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">目录下。
</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">/etc/init.d </span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">这个目录是用来存放系统或服务器以</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">System V</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">模式启动的脚本，这在以</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">System V</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">模式启动或初始化的系统中常见。
如</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; background-image: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-color: rgb(125, 166, 71); background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat;">apache2</span></span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; background-image: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-color: rgb(125, 166, 71); background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat;">的<span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">/etc/init.d apache2 start|stop|restart</span></span></span> <span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; background-image: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-color: rgb(125, 166, 71); background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat;">MySQL</span></span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; background-image: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-color: rgb(125, 166, 71); background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat;">为<span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">/etc/init.d mysql start|stop|restart</span></span></span> 
<span style="font-size:14px;color:#C90016;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;"><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;"><strong>6. /home</strong></span></span> <span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; background-image: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0); background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat;">普通用户默认存放目录</span></span> <span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">Linux </span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">是多用户环境，所以每一个用户都有一个只有自己可以访问的目录（当然管理员也可以访问）。它们以 </span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">/home/username </span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">的方式存在。这个目录也保存一些应用对于这个用户的配置，比如 </span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">IRC, X </span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">等。</span>
<span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;"></span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;"><span style="color:#C90016;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal;"><strong>7. /lib</strong></span> </span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; background-image: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0); background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat;">库文件存放目录</span><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; background-image: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0); background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat;">这里包含了系统程序所需要的所有共享库文件</span>，类似于 </span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">Windows </span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">的共享库</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">DLL </span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">文件。 </span>
<span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;"></span><span style="font-size:14px;color:#C90016;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;"><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;"><strong>8. /lost+found</strong></span></span> 在<span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">ext2</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">或</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">ext3</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">文件系统中，<span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; background-image: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0); background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat;">当系统意外崩溃或机器意外关机，而产生一些文件碎片放在这里</span>。当系统启动的过程中</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">fsck</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">工具会检查这里，并修复已经损坏的文件系统。 有时系统发生问题，有很多的文件被移到这个目录中，可能会用手工的方式来修复，或移到文件到原来的位置上。
</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">Linux </span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">应该正确的关机。但有时你的系统也可能崩溃掉或突然断电使系统意外关机。那么启动的时候 </span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">fsck</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">将会进行长时间的文件系统检查。</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">Fsck </span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">会检测并试图恢复所发现的不正确的文件。被恢复的文件会放置在这个目录中。所恢复的文件也许并不完整或并不合理，但毕竟提供了一些恢复数据的机会。 </span>
<span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;"></span><span style="font-size:14px;color:#C90016;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;"><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;"><strong>9. /media </strong></span></span>即插即用型<span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; background-image: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0); background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat;">存储设备的挂载点</span>自动在这个目录下创建，比如</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">USB</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">盘系统自动挂载后，会在这个目录下产生一个目录 ；</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">CDROM/DVD</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">自动挂载后，也会在这个目录中创建一个目录，类似</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">cdrom </span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">的目录。这个只有在最新的发行套件上才有</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">.</span>
 <span style="font-size:14px;color:#C90016;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;"><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;"><strong>10. /mnt</strong></span></span> <span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">/mnt </span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">这个目录一般是用于存放挂载储存设备的挂载目录的，比如有</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">cdrom </span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">等目录。有时我们可以把让系统开机自动挂载文件系统，把挂载点放在这里也是可以的。比如光驱可以挂载到</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">/mnt/cdrom </span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">。

这是一个普通的加载目录，在这里你可以加载你的文件系统或设备。
加载是使一个文件系统对于系统可用的过程。
在加载后你的文件可以在加载目录下访问。
这个目录通常包含加载目录或用于加载软驱和光驱的子目录。
如果需要，你也可以在这里建立其它的加载目录。
对于加载目录的位置并没有强制性的要求，你可以在系统的任意位置建立加载目录。
建立 </span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">/mnt </span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">只是为了使系统更工整的惯例。 </span>
<span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;"></span><span style="font-size:14px;color:#C90016;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;"><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;"><strong>11. /opt </strong></span></span>表示的是可选择的意思，<span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; background-image: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0); background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat;">有些软件包也会被安装在这里，也就是自定义软件包</span>，比如在</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">Fedora Core 5.0</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">中，</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">OpenOffice</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">就是安装在这里。<span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; background-image: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0); background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat;">有些我们自己编译的软件包，就可以安装在这个目录中</span>；通过源码包安装的软件，可以通过 </span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">./configure --prefix=/opt/</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">，将软件安装到</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">opt</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">目录。

这个目录包含所有默认系统安装之外的软件和添加的包。</span>
<span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;"></span><span style="font-size:14px;color:#C90016;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;"><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;"><strong>12. /proc</strong></span></span> 操作系统运行时，进程（正在运行中的程序）信息及内核信息（比如<span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">cpu</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">、硬盘分区、内存信息等）存放在这里。</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">/proc</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">目录是伪装的文件系统</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">proc</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">的挂载目录，</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">proc</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">并不是真正的文件系统。
这是系统中极为特殊的一个目录，实际上任何分区上都不存在这个目录。它实际是个实时的、驻留在内存中的文件系统。</span>
<span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;"></span><span style="font-size:14px;color:#C90016;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;"><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;"><strong>13. /root </strong></span></span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">Linux</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">超级权限用户</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">root</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">的家目录；</span>
<span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;"></span><span style="font-size:14px;color:#C90016;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;"><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;"><strong>14. /sbin </strong></span></span>大多是涉及<span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; background-image: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0); background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat;">系统管理的命令的存放，是超级权限用户<span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">root</span></span><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; background-image: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0); background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat;">的可执行命令存放地</span>，普通用户无权限执行这个目录下的命令；
这个目录和
</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">/usr/sbin; </span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">/usr/X11R6/sbin</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">或</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">/usr/local/sbin</span> 目录是相似的； 我们记住就行了，凡是目录<span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">sbin</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">中包含的都是</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">root</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">权限才能执行的。</span>
<span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;"></span><span style="font-size:14px;color:#C90016;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;"><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;"><strong>15. /tmp</strong></span></span> 临时文件目录，有时用户运行程序的时候，会产生临时文件。 <span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">/tmp</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">就用来存放临时文件的。</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">/var/tmp</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">目录和这个目录相似。
许多程序在这里建立</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">lock</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">文件和存储临时数据。有些系统会在启动或关机时清空此目录。 </span>
<span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;"></span><span style="font-size:14px;color:#C90016;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;"><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;"><strong>16. /usr</strong></span></span> 这个是<span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; background-image: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0); background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat;">系统存放程序的目录</span>，比如命令、帮助文件等。
这个目录下有很多的文件和目录。
当我们安装<span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; background-image: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0); background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat;">一个<span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">Linux</span></span><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; background-image: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0); background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat;">发行版官方提供的软件包时，大多安装在这里</span>。
如果有涉及服务器配置文件的，会把配置文件安装在</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">/etc</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">目录中。

</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">/usr</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">目录下包括：
涉及字体目录</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">/usr/share/fonts </span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">，
帮助目录 </span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">/usr/share/man</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">或</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">/usr/share/doc</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">，
普通用户可执行文件目录</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">/usr/bin </span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">或</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">/usr/local/bin </span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">或</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">/usr/X11R6/bin </span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">，
超级权限用户</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">root</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">的可执行命令存放目录，比如 </span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">/usr/sbin </span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">或</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">/usr/X11R6/sbin</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">或</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">/usr/local/sbin </span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">等；
还有程序的头文件存放目录</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">/usr/include</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">。

</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">/usr/bin </span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">这个目录是可执行程序的目录，普通用户就有权限执行； 当我们从系统自带的软件包安装一个程序时，他的可执行文件大多会放在这个目录。
</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">/usr/sbin </span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">这个目录也是可执行程序的目录，但大多存放涉及系统管理的命令。只有</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">root</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">权限才能执行；相似目录是</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">/sbin </span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">或</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">/usr/local/sbin</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">或</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">/usr/X11R6/sbin</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">等； 
</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">/usr/local </span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">这个目录一般是用来存放用户自编译安装软件的存放目录；一般是通过源码包安装的软件，如果没有特别指定安装目录的话，一般是安装在这个目录中。这个目录下面有子目录。
</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">/usr/lib </span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">和</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">/lib </span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">目录相似，是库文件的存储目录；
</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">/usr/share </span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">系统共用的东西存放地，比如 </span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">/usr/share/fonts </span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">是字体目录，是用户都共用的吧。
</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">/usr/share/doc</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">和</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">/usr/share/man</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">帮助文件，也是共用的吧； 
</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">/usr/src </span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">是内核源码存放的目录，比如下面有内核源码目录，比如 </span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">linux </span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">、</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">linux-2.xxx.xx </span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">目录等。有的系统也会把源码软件包安装在这里。比如</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">Fedora/Redhat</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">，当我们安装</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">file.src.rpm</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">的时候，这些软件包会安装在 </span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">/usr/src/redhat</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">相应的目录中。请参考： 《</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">file.src.rpm </span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">使用方法的简单介绍》 。另外</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">Fedhat 4.0 5.0</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">，他的内核源码包的目录位于</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">/usr/src/kernels</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">目录下的某个目录中（只有安装后才会生成相应目录）； </span>
<span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;"></span><span style="font-size:14px;color:#C90016;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;"><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;"><strong>17. /var</strong></span></span> <span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; background-image: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0); background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat;">这个目录的内容是经常变动的</span>，看名字就知道，我们可以理解为</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">vary</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">的缩写，</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">/var</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">下有</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">/var/log </span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">这是用来存放系统日志的目录。
</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">/var/www</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">目录是定义</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">Apache</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">服务器站点存放目录；</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">/var/lib </span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">用来存放一些库文件，比如</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">MySQL</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">的，以及</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">MySQL</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">数据库的的存放地；
</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">/var/log </span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">系统日志存放，分析日志要看这个目录的东西；
</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">/var/spool </span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">打印机、邮件、代理服务器等假脱机目录；</span>
<span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;"></span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 30px; font-size: 15pt;"><strong>Windows</strong></span></span><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 30px; font-size: 15pt;"><strong>和</strong></span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 30px; font-size: 15pt;"><strong>Linux</strong></span></span><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 30px; font-size: 15pt;"><strong>文件系统的区别</strong></span>
 <span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">Linux</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">文件系统与</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">Windows</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">文件系统有很大的差别。
</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">Linux</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">文件系统作为开端，只有一个单独的顶级目录结构。所有一切都从 </span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">'</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">根</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">' </span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">开始，用 </span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">'/' </span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">代表</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">, </span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">并且延伸到子目录。</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">DOS/Windows</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">有不同的分区，同时目录都存于分区上。</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">linux</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">则通过 </span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">'</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">加载</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">' </span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">的方式把所有分区都放置在 </span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">'</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">根</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">' </span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">下制定的目录里。
</span><span style="font-size:14px;color:#C90016;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; background-image: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0); background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat;"><strong>一句话总结：</strong><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;"><strong>Windows</strong></span></span></span><span style="font-size:14px;color:#C90016;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; background-image: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0); background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat;"><strong>下，目录结构属于分区；</strong><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;"><strong>Linux</strong></span></span></span><span style="font-size:14px;color:#C90016;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; background-image: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0); background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat;"><strong>下，分区 </strong><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;"><strong>'</strong></span></span></span><span style="font-size:14px;color:#C90016;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; background-image: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0); background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat;"><strong>加载</strong><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;"><strong>' </strong></span></span></span><span style="font-size:14px;color:#C90016;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; background-image: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 0); background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat;"><strong>于目录结构。</strong></span></span> <span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;"><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; background-image: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-color: rgb(153, 204, 255); background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat;">在<span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">Windows</span></span><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; background-image: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-color: rgb(153, 204, 255); background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat;">下<span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">, </span></span><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; background-image: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-color: rgb(153, 204, 255); background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat;">启动时检测不同的分区并被赋予一个分区字母</span>。<span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; background-image: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-color: rgb(230, 230, 76); background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat;">在<span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">Linux</span></span><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; background-image: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-color: rgb(230, 230, 76); background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat;">下除非你加载一个分区或设备<span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">,</span></span><span style="word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; background-image: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-color: rgb(230, 230, 76); background-position: 0% 50%; background-repeat: repeat repeat;">否则系统不会知道那个分区的存在</span>。这看上去也许不是访问分区或设备的最方便的方式，但是这种方式提供了伟大的机动性。
这种构建的方式被称为统一的文件系统，超越了</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">Windows</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">所使用的方式。举个使用 </span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">/usr </span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">的例子。这个目录包含了大多数的系统可执行文件。在</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">Linux</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">文件系统下，你可以选择把它加载为其他分区甚至网络上的其他计算机。系统不会感知其中的不同，因为它表现出的只是本地目录结构下众多的目录中的一个而已。你是否有妄图在</span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">Windows</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">下移动可执行文件和数据，而得到的是不得不去修改注册表或干脆蓝屏？你可曾奢望过移动 </span><span style="font-family:Nimbus Mono L, Courier New, monospace;font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 24px;">C:</span><span style="font-size:14px;word-wrap: normal; word-break: normal; line-height: 19px;">到其他分区上？</span>
<a target=_blank name="zoom7" style="line-height: 24px; background-color: rgb(220, 236, 204); font-family: simsun; text-decoration: underline; color: rgb(89, 145, 0);"></a><span style="line-height: 24px; font-family: simsun; "><strong>存储设备进行格式化（即建立文件系统）</strong></span>

1。关于文件系统

对存储设备分区还是不够的，我们还要对新增分区进行格式化；一个分区只有建立了某种 文件系统后，这个分区才能使用；建立文件系统过程，就是用相应格式化工具格式化分区的过程，这个过程和我们在Windows中格式化某个分区为NTFS分 区类似；没有什么高深的内容，只是所用的工具不一样罢了；

Linux操作系统中，几乎支持目前主流的文件系统，比如NTFS（只读）、FAT（可读可写）、ext2、ext3、reiserfs、hfs (MAC 操作系统的文件系统）、swap 交换分区... ... 还有一些咱们不熟悉的操作系统的文件系统等；

在Linux中，我们常用的文件系统无非是上面例出的这些；如果您新增了一个硬盘，可能想格 式化成 Linux的文件系统，最佳选择是 reiserfs 或ext3；目前ext2已被 ext3取代；我们不推荐用ext2文件系统，ext2的使用风险比较大；速度最快的文件系统，当属reiserfs；reiserfs 还有很多优点，比如更安全；ext3是Redhat认为最好的文件系统。

相对来说reiserfs还是比ext3要优秀。



文件系统概念

1。*nix系统中：一切皆文件；

2。文件

a. )文件的成分: 无论文件是一个程序、一个文档、一个数据库，或者是一个目录，操作系统都会赋予它如下所示的同样的结构：
◆索引节点 又称I节点，在文件系统结构中，包含有关相应文件的信息的一个记录，这些信息包括文件权限、文件主、文件大小、存放位置、建立日期等。
◆数据 文件的实际内容，它可以是空的，也可以非常大，并且有自己的结构。

b.) Linux系统区分文件名的大小写

以圆点“.”开头的文件名是隐含文件(dot files)，默认方式下使用ls命令并不能把它们在屏幕上显示出来。同样，在默认情况下，Shell通配符并不匹配这类文件名。

c.) 文件名通配符

星号（*）: 与0个或多个任意的字符相匹配

问号（?）: 问号只与一个任意的字符匹配，可以使用多个问号

方括号([ ]) : 与问号相似，只与一个字符匹配。它们的区别在于，问号与任意一个字符匹配，而方括号只与括号中列出的字符之一匹配。例如letter [123]只与文件letter1、letter2或letter3匹配，但不与文件 letter12匹配。可以用短横线代表一个范围内的字符，而不用将它们一一列出。例如，letter[1-3]是letter[123]的简写形式。但 是，要注意范围内的字符都按升序排列，即[A-Z]是有效的，而[Z-A]是无效的。方括号中可以列出多个范围，如[A-Za-z]可以和任意大写或小写 的字符相匹配。方括号中如果以惊叹号“!”开始，表示不与惊叹号后的字符匹配。


文件类型

Linux操作系统支持普通文件、目录文件、特别文件及符号链接文件等文件类型。


1. 普通文件

 普通文件也称作常规文件，包含各种长度的字节串。核心对这些数据没有进行结构化，只是作为有序的字节序列把它提交给应用程序。应用程序自己组织和解释这些数据，通常把它们归并为下述类型之一：
    ◆文本文件，由ASCII字符构成。例如，信件、报告和称作脚本（Script）的命令文本文件，后者由shell解释执行。
    ◆数据文件，由来自应用程序的数字型和文本型数据构成。例如，电子表格、数据库，以及字处理文档。
    ◆可执行的二进制程序，由机器指令和数据构成。例如，上面所说的系统提供的命令。

    使用file命令可以确定指定文件的类型。该命令可以将任意多个文件名当做参数，其一般使用格式是：file 文件名 [文件名...]

2. 目录

目录是一类特殊的文件，利用它可以构成文件系统的分层树型结构。如同普通文件那样，目录文件也包含数据；但目录文件与普通文件的差别是，核心对这些数据加以结构化，它是由成对的“I节点号/文件名”构成的列表。
    ◆I节点号是检索I节点表的下标，I节点中存放有文件的状态信息。
    ◆文件名是给一个文件分配的文本形式的字符串，用来标识该文件。在一个指定的目录中，任何两项都不能有同样的名字。

    每个目录的第一项都表示目录本身，并以“.”作为它的文件名。每个目录的第二项的名字是“..”，表示该目录的父目录。

    应注意：以“.”开头的文件名表示隐含文件，使用带-a选项的ls命令可以列出它们。

    当把文件添加到一个目录中的时候，该目录的大小会增长，以便容纳新文件名。当删除文件时，目录的尺寸并不减少，而是核心对该目录项做上特殊标记，以便下次添加一个文件时重新使用它。ls命令不会列出这些未被使用的项。

Linux系统的目录结构

Linux文件系统采用带链接的树形目录结构，即只有一个根目录（通常用“/”表示），其中含有下级子目录或文件的信息；子目录中又可含有更下级的子目录或者文件的信息。这样一层一层地延伸下去，构成一棵倒置的树，如图1所示。

技术分享 
图1 Linux树型目录结构

在目录树中，根节点和中间节点（用圆圈表示）都必须是目录，而普通文件和特别文件只能作为“叶子”出现。当然，目录也可以作为叶子。

（1）用户主目录
    当注册进入系统时，主目录就是当前工作目录。主目录往往位于/home目录之下，并且与注册名相同，例如，/home/mengqc。通常主目录包含子目录、数据文件，以及用于注册环境的配置文件。

  1. 绝对路径和相对路径

什么情况下使用绝对路径名，什 么情况下使用相对路径名，取决于哪种方式涉及到的目录更少。路径短，不仅键盘输入少，而且节省系统搜索路径的时间，提高执行效率。例如，当前的工作目录是 /etc/conf/cf.d，如果需要访问系统口令文件/etc/passwd，那么使用绝对路径名是/etc/passwd，使用相对路径名是.. /../passwd。绝对路径名/etc/passwd涉及的目录有2个，而相对路径名../../passwd涉及的目录却是3个。此时，使用绝对路 径名更有效。

    但是，如果当前工作目录是/home/mengqc/lib，要访问在 func目录之下的file1文件，那么使用绝对路径名是/home/mengqc/lib/func/file1，使用相对路径名是 func/file1。绝对路径名/home/mengqc/lib/func/file1涉及的目录有5个，而相对路径名涉及的目录只有2个。此时，使 用相对路径名更有效。

    如果不清楚当前工作目录与其它目录之间的关系，那么最好使用绝对路径名。


3. 设备文件
    在Linux系统中，所有设备都作为一类特别文件对待，用户像使用普通文件那样对设备进行操作，从而实现设备无关性。但是，设备文件除了存放在文件I节点中的信息外，它们不包含任何数据。系统利用它们来标识各个设备驱动器，核心使用它们与硬件设备通信。

    有两类特别设备文件，它们对应不同类型的设备驱动器：
    ◆字符设备 最常用的设备类型，允许I/O传送任意大小的数据，取决于设备本身的容量。使用这种接口的设备包括终端、打印机及鼠标。
    ◆块设备 这类设备利用核心缓冲区的自动缓存机制，缓冲区进行I/O传送总是以1KB为单位。使用这种接口的设备包括硬盘、软盘和RAM盘。



Linux系统的文件系统路径

1。路径分为绝对路径和相对路径。

绝对路径是从/（也被称为根目录）开始的，比如/usr、/etc/X11。如果一个路径是从/开始的，它一定是绝对路径。

相对路径是以 . 或 .. 开始的，.表示用户当前操作所处的位置，而.. 表示上级目录；在路径中，.表示用户当前所处的目录，而..上级目录，要把.和..当做目录来看。

2。[root@localhost ~]# pwd 注：判断用户当前所处的位置，也就是说他到底位于哪？

use when you are lost.

3。

[root@localhost ~]# cd . 注：我们进入。

[root@localhost ~]# cd .. 注：我们切入/root的上级目录。

注意，cd之后有个空格。


4。~ 表示当前用户自己的家目录；

~USER 表示用户名为USER的家目录

如:

cd ~ 回到当前用户的家目录;

cd ~USERNAME 回到USERNAME用户的家目录；




  文件系统及其安装

    一个硬盘上可以同时存在多个文件系统，每个文件系统占据硬盘的一个独立分 区。Linux文件系统可以根据需要随时装卸，从而实现文件存储空间的动态扩充和信息安全。在系统初启时，往往只有一个文件系统被安装上，即根文件系统， 其上的文件主要是保证系统正常运行的操作系统的代码文件，以及若干语言编译程序、命令解释程序和相应的命令处理程序等构成的文件，此外，还有大量的用户文 件空间。根文件系统一旦安装上，则在整个系统运行过程中是不能卸下的，它是系统的基本部分。

    其它的文件系统（例如，由软盘构成的文件系统）可以根据需要（如从硬盘向软盘复制文件），作为子系统动态地安装到主系统中，如图5所示。其中，mnt是为安装子文件系统而特设的安装节点。

技术分享 
图5 文件系统安装

    经过安装之后，主文件系统与子文件系统就构成一个有完整目录层次结构的、容量更大的文件系统。这种安装可以高达几级。就是说，若干子文件系统可以并列安装到主文件系统上，也可以一个接一个地串连安装到主文件系统上。

    已安装的子文件系统也可从整个文件系统上卸下来，恢复安装前的独立状态。

    1.建立文件系统
    当硬盘完成分区后，应该在该分区上建立文件系统。这一步工作是通过mkfs工具来完成的。例如，如果需要在分区/dev/hda1上建立ext2文件系统，并检查坏块，应该使用以下命令：
    # mkfs -c /dev/hda1

    注意，只有root用户才能建立或安装/卸下文件系统。

    2.安装文件系统
    创建文件系统后，需要使用命令mount将该文件系统安装到主文件系统中。命令mount有三个主要参数：
    ◆需要安装的文件系统类型，用“-t fstype”选项来指定，这与mkfs中的-t选项是一样的。
    ◆所需访问的文件系统所在分区名，通常是位于目录/dev中的特别设备文件；如果需要安装网络文件系统时，就使用该服务器上输出的目录名。
    ◆ 安装新文件系统的路径名，也就是放置新文件系统的安装点（Mount Point）。通常这是一个空目录名，并且是专门为安装新文件系统而准备的。在Linux系统下，目录/mnt是常用的文件系统安装目录，缺省情况下， CDROM和软盘驱动器都分别安装在其子目录下。当然，文件系统也可以被安装到其它空目录中。例如，需要将MSDOS文件系统分区/dev/hda1安装 到系统的空目录/dos中，应该使用以下命令：
    # mount -t msdos /dev/hda1 /dos

    3.卸载文件系统
    在关闭系统之前，为了保证文件系统的完整 性，所有安装的文件系统都必须被卸载。通常在/etc/fstab文件中定义的文件系统都

Linux系统的文件目录结构


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