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python中format函数格式化字符串的用法
转载自:
http://www.jb51.net/article/105933.htm
前言
Python 在 2.6 版本中新加了一个字符串格式化方法: str.format()
。它的基本语法是通过 {} 和 : 来代替以前的 %.。
格式化时的占位符语法:
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replacement_field :: = "{" [field_name] [ "!" conversion] [ ":" format_spec] "}" |
“映射”规则
通过位置
str.format()
可以接受不限个参数,位置可以不按顺序:
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>>> "{0} {1}" . format ( "hello" , "world" ) ‘hello world‘ >>> "{} {}" . format ( "hello" , "world" ) ‘hello world‘ >>> "{1} {0} {1}" . format ( "hello" , "world" ) ‘world hello world‘ |
通过关键字参数
使用关键参数时字符串中需要提供参数名:
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>>> "I am {name}, age is {age}" . format (name = "huoty" , age = 18 ) ‘I am huoty, age is 18‘ >>> user = { "name" : "huoty" , "age" : 18 } >>> "I am {name}, age is {age}" . format ( * * user) ‘I am huoty, age is 18‘ |
通过对象属性
str.format()
可以直接读取用户属性:
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>>> class User( object ): ... def __init__( self , name, age): ... self .name = name ... self .age = age ... ... def __str__( self ): ... return "{self.name}({self.age})" . format ( self = self ) ... ... def __repr__( self ): ... return self .__str__() ... ... >>> user = User( "huoty" , 18 ) >>> user huoty( 18 ) >>> "I am {user.name}, age is {user.age}" . format (user = user) ‘I am huoty, age is 18‘ |
通过下标
在需要格式化的字符串内部可以通过下标来访问元素:
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>>> names, ages = [ "huoty" , "esenich" , "anan" ], [ 18 , 16 , 8 ] >>> "I am {0[0]}, age is {1[2]}" . format (names, ages) ‘I am huoty, age is 8‘ >>> users = { "names" : [ "huoty" , "esenich" , "anan" ], "ages" : [ 18 , 16 , 8 ]} >>> "I am {names[0]}, age is {ages[0]}" . format ( * * users) |
指定转化
可以指定字符串的转化类型:
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conversion ::= "r" | "s" | "a" |
其中 "!r" 对应 repr(); "!s" 对应 str(); "!a" 对应 ascii()。 示例:
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>>> "repr() shows quotes: {!r}; str() doesn‘t: {!s}" . format (‘test1 ‘, ‘ test2‘) "repr() shows quotes: ‘test1‘; str() doesn‘t: test2" |
格式限定符
填充与对齐
填充常跟对齐一起使用。^, <, > 分别是居中、左对齐、右对齐,后面带宽度, : 号后面带填充的字符,只能是一个字符,不指定则默认是用空格填充。
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>>> "{:>8}" . format ( "181716" ) ‘ 181716‘ >>> "{:0>8}" . format ( "181716" ) ‘00181716‘ >>> "{:->8}" . format ( "181716" ) ‘--181716‘ >>> "{:-<8}" . format ( "181716" ) ‘181716--‘ >>> "{:-^8}" . format ( "181716" ) ‘-181716-‘ >>> "{:-<25}>" . format ( "Here " ) ‘Here -------------------->‘ |
浮点精度
用 f 表示浮点类型,并可以在其前边加上精度控制:
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>>> "[ {:.2f} ]" . format ( 321.33345 ) ‘[ 321.33 ]‘ >>> "[ {:.1f} ]" . format ( 321.33345 ) ‘[ 321.3 ]‘ >>> "[ {:.4f} ]" . format ( 321.33345 ) ‘[ 321.3335 ]‘ >>> "[ {:.4f} ]" . format ( 321 ) ‘[ 321.0000 ]‘ |
还可以为浮点数指定符号,+ 表示在正数前显示 +,负数前显示 -; (空格)表示在正数前加空格,在幅负数前加 -;- 与什么都不加({:f})时一致:
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>>> ‘{:+f}; {:+f}‘ . format ( 3.141592657 , - 3.141592657 ) ‘+3.141593; -3.141593‘ >>> ‘{: f}; {: f}‘ . format ( 3.141592657 , - 3.141592657 ) ‘ 3.141593; -3.141593‘ >>> ‘{:f}; {:f}‘ . format ( 3.141592657 , - 3.141592657 ) ‘3.141593; -3.141593‘ >>> ‘{:-f}; {:-f}‘ . format ( 3.141592657 , - 3.141592657 ) ‘3.141593; -3.141593‘ >>> ‘{:+.4f}; {:+.4f}‘ . format ( 3.141592657 , - 3.141592657 ) ‘+3.1416; -3.1416‘ |
指定进制
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>>> "int: {0:d}; hex: {0:x}; oct: {0:o}; bin: {0:b}" . format ( 18 ) ‘int: 18; hex: 12; oct: 22; bin: 10010‘ >>> "int: {0:d}; hex: {0:#x}; oct: {0:#o}; bin: {0:#b}" . format ( 18 ) ‘int: 18; hex: 0x12; oct: 0o22; bin: 0b10010‘ |
千位分隔符
可以使用 "," 来作为千位分隔符:
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>>> ‘{:,}‘ . format ( 1234567890 ) ‘1,234,567,890‘ |
百分数显示
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>>> "progress: {:.2%}" . format ( 19.88 / 22 ) ‘progress: 90.36%‘ |
事实上,format 还支持更多的类型符号:
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type ::= "b" | "c" | "d" | "e" | "E" | "f" | "F" | "g" | "G" | "n" | "o" | "s" | "x" | "X" | "%" |
其他技巧
占位符嵌套
某些时候占位符嵌套还是很有用的:
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>>> ‘{0:{fill}{align}16}‘ . format ( "hello" , fill = ‘*‘ , align = ‘^‘ ) ‘*****hello******‘ >>> >>> for num in range ( 5 , 12 ): ... for base in "dXob" : ... print ( "{0:{width}{base}}" . format (num, base = base, width = 5 ), end = ‘ ‘ ) ... print () ... ... 5 5 5 101 6 6 6 110 7 7 7 111 8 8 10 1000 9 9 11 1001 10 A 12 1010 11 B 13 1011 |
作为函数使用
可以先不指定格式化参数,而是在不要的地方作为函数来调用:
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>>> email_f = "Your email address was {email}" . format >>> print (email_f(email = "suodhuoty@gmail.com" )) Your email address was sudohuoty@gmail.com |
转义大括号
当在字符串中需要使用大括号时可以用大括号转义:
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>>> " The {} set is often represented as { {0} } " . format ( "empty" ) ‘ The empty set is often represented as { |
python中format函数格式化字符串的用法
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