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[转]Java加密算法
如基本的单向加密算法:
BASE64 严格地说,属于编码格式,而非加密算法
MD5(Message Digest algorithm 5,信息摘要算法)
SHA(Secure Hash Algorithm,安全散列算法)
HMAC(Hash Message Authentication Code,散列消息鉴别码)
复杂的对称加密(DES、PBE)、非对称加密算法:
DES(Data Encryption Standard,数据加密算法)
PBE(Password-based encryption,基于密码验证)
RSA(算法的名字以发明者的名字命名:Ron Rivest, AdiShamir 和Leonard Adleman)
DH(Diffie-Hellman算法,密钥一致协议)
DSA(Digital Signature Algorithm,数字签名)
ECC(Elliptic Curves Cryptography,椭圆曲线密码编码学)
本篇内容简要介绍BASE64、MD5、SHA、HMAC几种方法。
MD5、SHA、HMAC这三种加密算法,可谓是非可逆加密,就是不可解密的加密方法。我们通常只把他们作为加密的基础。单纯的以上三种的加密并不可靠。
BASE64
按 照RFC2045的定义,Base64被定义为:Base64内容传送编码被设计用来把任意序列的8位字节描述为一种不易被人直接识别的形式。(The Base64 Content-Transfer-Encoding is designed to represent arbitrary sequences of octets in a form that need not be humanly readable.)
常见于邮件、http加密,截取http信息,你就会发现登录操作的用户名、密码字段通过BASE64加密的。
通过java代码实现如下:
/** * BASE64解密 * * @param key * @return * @throws Exception */ public static byte[] decryptBASE64(String key) throws Exception { return (new BASE64Decoder()).decodeBuffer(key); } /** * BASE64加密 * * @param key * @return * @throws Exception */ public static String encryptBASE64(byte[] key) throws Exception { return (new BASE64Encoder()).encodeBuffer(key); }
主要就是BASE64Encoder、BASE64Decoder两个类,我们只需要知道使用对应的方法即可。另,BASE加密后产生的字节位数是8的倍数,如果不够位数以=符号填充。
MD5
MD5 -- message-digest algorithm 5 (信息-摘要算法)缩写,广泛用于加密和解密技术,常用于文件校验。校验?不管文件多大,经过MD5后都能生成唯一的MD5值。好比现在的ISO校验,都 是MD5校验。怎么用?当然是把ISO经过MD5后产生MD5的值。一般下载linux-ISO的朋友都见过下载链接旁边放着MD5的串。就是用来验证文 件是否一致的。
通过java代码实现如下:
/** * MD5加密 * * @param data * @return * @throws Exception */ public static byte[] encryptMD5(byte[] data) throws Exception { MessageDigest md5 = MessageDigest.getInstance(KEY_MD5); md5.update(data); return md5.digest(); }
通常我们不直接使用上述MD5加密。通常将MD5产生的字节数组交给BASE64再加密一把,得到相应的字符串。
SHA
SHA(Secure Hash Algorithm,安全散列算法),数字签名等密码学应用中重要的工具,被广泛地应用于电子商务等信息安全领域。虽然,SHA与MD5通过碰撞法都被破解了, 但是SHA仍然是公认的安全加密算法,较之MD5更为安全。
通过java代码实现如下:
/** * SHA加密 * * @param data * @return * @throws Exception */ public static byte[] encryptSHA(byte[] data) throws Exception { MessageDigest sha = MessageDigest.getInstance(KEY_SHA); sha.update(data); return sha.digest(); }}
HMAC
HMAC(Hash Message Authentication Code,散列消息鉴别码,基于密钥的Hash算法的认证协议。消息鉴别码实现鉴别的原理是,用公开函数和密钥产生一个固定长度的值作为认证标识,用这个 标识鉴别消息的完整性。使用一个密钥生成一个固定大小的小数据块,即MAC,并将其加入到消息中,然后传输。接收方利用与发送方共享的密钥进行鉴别认证 等。
通过java代码实现如下:
/** * 初始化HMAC密钥 * * @return * @throws Exception */ public static String initMacKey() throws Exception { KeyGenerator keyGenerator = KeyGenerator.getInstance(KEY_MAC); SecretKey secretKey = keyGenerator.generateKey(); return encryptBASE64(secretKey.getEncoded()); } /** * HMAC加密 * * @param data * @param key * @return * @throws Exception */ public static byte[] encryptHMAC(byte[] data, String key) throws Exception { SecretKey secretKey = new SecretKeySpec(decryptBASE64(key), KEY_MAC); Mac mac = Mac.getInstance(secretKey.getAlgorithm()); mac.init(secretKey); return mac.doFinal(data); }
给出一个完整类,如下:
import java.security.MessageDigest;import javax.crypto.KeyGenerator;import javax.crypto.Mac;import javax.crypto.SecretKey;import sun.misc.BASE64Decoder;import sun.misc.BASE64Encoder;/** * 基础加密组件 * * @author 梁栋 * @version 1.0 * @since 1.0 */public abstract class Coder { public static final String KEY_SHA = "SHA"; public static final String KEY_MD5 = "MD5"; /** * MAC算法可选以下多种算法 * * <pre> * HmacMD5 * HmacSHA1 * HmacSHA256 * HmacSHA384 * HmacSHA512 * </pre> */ public static final String KEY_MAC = "HmacMD5"; /** * BASE64解密 * * @param key * @return * @throws Exception */ public static byte[] decryptBASE64(String key) throws Exception { return (new BASE64Decoder()).decodeBuffer(key); } /** * BASE64加密 * * @param key * @return * @throws Exception */ public static String encryptBASE64(byte[] key) throws Exception { return (new BASE64Encoder()).encodeBuffer(key); } /** * MD5加密 * * @param data * @return * @throws Exception */ public static byte[] encryptMD5(byte[] data) throws Exception { MessageDigest md5 = MessageDigest.getInstance(KEY_MD5); md5.update(data); return md5.digest(); } /** * SHA加密 * * @param data * @return * @throws Exception */ public static byte[] encryptSHA(byte[] data) throws Exception { MessageDigest sha = MessageDigest.getInstance(KEY_SHA); sha.update(data); return sha.digest(); } /** * 初始化HMAC密钥 * * @return * @throws Exception */ public static String initMacKey() throws Exception { KeyGenerator keyGenerator = KeyGenerator.getInstance(KEY_MAC); SecretKey secretKey = keyGenerator.generateKey(); return encryptBASE64(secretKey.getEncoded()); } /** * HMAC加密 * * @param data * @param key * @return * @throws Exception */ public static byte[] encryptHMAC(byte[] data, String key) throws Exception { SecretKey secretKey = new SecretKeySpec(decryptBASE64(key), KEY_MAC); Mac mac = Mac.getInstance(secretKey.getAlgorithm()); mac.init(secretKey); return mac.doFinal(data); }}
再给出一个测试类:
import static org.junit.Assert.*;import org.junit.Test;/** * * @author 梁栋 * @version 1.0 * @since 1.0 */public class CoderTest { @Test public void test() throws Exception { String inputStr = "简单加密"; System.err.println("原文:\n" + inputStr); byte[] inputData = inputStr.getBytes(); String code = Coder.encryptBASE64(inputData); System.err.println("BASE64加密后:\n" + code); byte[] output = Coder.decryptBASE64(code); String outputStr = new String(output); System.err.println("BASE64解密后:\n" + outputStr); // 验证BASE64加密解密一致性 assertEquals(inputStr, outputStr); // 验证MD5对于同一内容加密是否一致 assertArrayEquals(Coder.encryptMD5(inputData), Coder .encryptMD5(inputData)); // 验证SHA对于同一内容加密是否一致 assertArrayEquals(Coder.encryptSHA(inputData), Coder .encryptSHA(inputData)); String key = Coder.initMacKey(); System.err.println("Mac密钥:\n" + key); // 验证HMAC对于同一内容,同一密钥加密是否一致 assertArrayEquals(Coder.encryptHMAC(inputData, key), Coder.encryptHMAC( inputData, key)); BigInteger md5 = new BigInteger(Coder.encryptMD5(inputData)); System.err.println("MD5:\n" + md5.toString(16)); BigInteger sha = new BigInteger(Coder.encryptSHA(inputData)); System.err.println("SHA:\n" + sha.toString(32)); BigInteger mac = new BigInteger(Coder.encryptHMAC(inputData, inputStr)); System.err.println("HMAC:\n" + mac.toString(16)); }}
控制台输出:
原文:简单加密BASE64加密后:566A5Y2V5Yqg5a+GBASE64解密后:简单加密Mac密钥:uGxdHC+6ylRDaik++leFtGwiMbuYUJ6mqHWyhSgF4trVkVBBSQvY/a22xU8XT1RUemdCWW155BkepBIpkd7QHg==MD5:-550b4d90349ad4629462113e7934de56SHA:91k9vo7p400cjkgfhjh0ia9qthsjagfnHMAC:2287d192387e95694bdbba2fa941009a
注意
编译时,可能会看到如下提示:
引用
警告:sun.misc.BASE64Decoder 是 Sun 的专用 API,可能会在未来版本中删除
import sun.misc.BASE64Decoder;
^
警告:sun.misc.BASE64Encoder 是 Sun 的专用 API,可能会在未来版本中删除
import sun.misc.BASE64Encoder;
^
BASE64Encoder 和BASE64Decoder是非官方JDK实现类。虽然可以在JDK里能找到并使用,但是在API里查不到。JRE 中 sun 和 com.sun 开头包的类都是未被文档化的,他们属于 java, javax 类库的基础,其中的实现大多数与底层平台有关,一般来说是不推荐使用的。
BASE64的加密解密是双向的,可以求反解。
MD5、SHA以及HMAC是单向加密,任何数据加密后只会产生唯一的一个加密串,通常用来校验数据在传输过程中是否被修改。其中HMAC算法有一个密钥,增强了数据传输过程中的安全性,强化了算法外的不可控因素。
单向加密的用途主要是为了校验数据在传输过程中是否被修改。
接下来我们介绍对称加密算法,最常用的莫过于DES数据加密算法。
DES
DES-Data Encryption Standard,即数据加密算法。是IBM公司于1975年研究成功并公开发表的。DES算法的入口参数有三个:Key、Data、Mode。其中 Key为8个字节共64位,是DES算法的工作密钥;Data也为8个字节64位,是要被加密或被解密的数据;Mode为DES的工作方式,有两种:加密 或解密。
DES算法把64位的明文输入块变为64位的密文输出块,它所使用的密钥也是64位。
通过java代码实现如下:Coder类见
import java.security.Key;import java.security.SecureRandom;import javax.crypto.Cipher;import javax.crypto.KeyGenerator;import javax.crypto.SecretKey;import javax.crypto.SecretKeyFactory;import javax.crypto.spec.DESKeySpec;/** * DES安全编码组件 * * <pre> * 支持 DES、DESede(TripleDES,就是3DES)、AES、Blowfish、RC2、RC4(ARCFOUR) * DES key size must be equal to 56 * DESede(TripleDES) key size must be equal to 112 or 168 * AES key size must be equal to 128, 192 or 256,but 192 and 256 bits may not be available * Blowfish key size must be multiple of 8, and can only range from 32 to 448 (inclusive) * RC2 key size must be between 40 and 1024 bits * RC4(ARCFOUR) key size must be between 40 and 1024 bits * 具体内容 需要关注 JDK Document http://.../docs/technotes/guides/security/SunProviders.html * </pre> * * @author 梁栋 * @version 1.0 * @since 1.0 */public abstract class DESCoder extends Coder { /** * ALGORITHM 算法 <br> * 可替换为以下任意一种算法,同时key值的size相应改变。 * * <pre> * DES key size must be equal to 56 * DESede(TripleDES) key size must be equal to 112 or 168 * AES key size must be equal to 128, 192 or 256,but 192 and 256 bits may not be available * Blowfish key size must be multiple of 8, and can only range from 32 to 448 (inclusive) * RC2 key size must be between 40 and 1024 bits * RC4(ARCFOUR) key size must be between 40 and 1024 bits * </pre> * * 在Key toKey(byte[] key)方法中使用下述代码 * <code>SecretKey secretKey = new SecretKeySpec(key, ALGORITHM);</code> 替换 * <code> * DESKeySpec dks = new DESKeySpec(key); * SecretKeyFactory keyFactory = SecretKeyFactory.getInstance(ALGORITHM); * SecretKey secretKey = keyFactory.generateSecret(dks); * </code> */ public static final String ALGORITHM = "DES"; /** * 转换密钥<br> * * @param key * @return * @throws Exception */ private static Key toKey(byte[] key) throws Exception { DESKeySpec dks = new DESKeySpec(key); SecretKeyFactory keyFactory = SecretKeyFactory.getInstance(ALGORITHM); SecretKey secretKey = keyFactory.generateSecret(dks); // 当使用其他对称加密算法时,如AES、Blowfish等算法时,用下述代码替换上述三行代码 // SecretKey secretKey = new SecretKeySpec(key, ALGORITHM); return secretKey; } /** * 解密 * * @param data * @param key * @return * @throws Exception */ public static byte[] decrypt(byte[] data, String key) throws Exception { Key k = toKey(decryptBASE64(key)); Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(ALGORITHM); cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, k); return cipher.doFinal(data); } /** * 加密 * * @param data * @param key * @return * @throws Exception */ public static byte[] encrypt(byte[] data, String key) throws Exception { Key k = toKey(decryptBASE64(key)); Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(ALGORITHM); cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, k); return cipher.doFinal(data); } /** * 生成密钥 * * @return * @throws Exception */ public static String initKey() throws Exception { return initKey(null); } /** * 生成密钥 * * @param seed * @return * @throws Exception */ public static String initKey(String seed) throws Exception { SecureRandom secureRandom = null; if (seed != null) { secureRandom = new SecureRandom(decryptBASE64(seed)); } else { secureRandom = new SecureRandom(); } KeyGenerator kg = KeyGenerator.getInstance(ALGORITHM); kg.init(secureRandom); SecretKey secretKey = kg.generateKey(); return encryptBASE64(secretKey.getEncoded()); }}
延续上一个类的实现,我们通过MD5以及SHA对字符串加密生成密钥,这是比较常见的密钥生成方式。
再给出一个测试类:
import static org.junit.Assert.*;import org.junit.Test;/** * * @author 梁栋 * @version 1.0 * @since 1.0 */public class DESCoderTest { @Test public void test() throws Exception { String inputStr = "DES"; String key = DESCoder.initKey(); System.err.println("原文:\t" + inputStr); System.err.println("密钥:\t" + key); byte[] inputData = inputStr.getBytes(); inputData = DESCoder.encrypt(inputData, key); System.err.println("加密后:\t" + DESCoder.encryptBASE64(inputData)); byte[] outputData = DESCoder.decrypt(inputData, key); String outputStr = new String(outputData); System.err.println("解密后:\t" + outputStr); assertEquals(inputStr, outputStr); }}
得到的输出内容如下:
原文: DES密钥: f3wEtRrV6q0=加密后: C6qe9oNIzRY=解密后: DES
由控制台得到的输出,我们能够比对加密、解密后结果一致。这是一种简单的加密解密方式,只有一个密钥。
其实DES有很多同胞兄弟,如DESede(TripleDES)、AES、Blowfish、RC2、RC4(ARCFOUR)。这里就不过多阐述了,大同小异,只要换掉ALGORITHM换成对应的值,同时做一个代码替换SecretKey secretKey = new SecretKeySpec(key, ALGORITHM);就可以了,此外就是密钥长度不同了。
/** * DES key size must be equal to 56 * DESede(TripleDES) key size must be equal to 112 or 168 * AES key size must be equal to 128, 192 or 256,but 192 and 256 bits may not be available * Blowfish key size must be multiple of 8, and can only range from 32 to 448 (inclusive) * RC2 key size must be between 40 and 1024 bits * RC4(ARCFOUR) key size must be between 40 and 1024 bits **/
除了DES,我们还知道有DESede(TripleDES,就是3DES)、AES、Blowfish、RC2、RC4(ARCFOUR)等多种对称加密方式,其实现方式大同小异,这里介绍对称加密的另一个算法——PBE
PBE
PBE——Password-based encryption(基于密码加密)。其特点在于口令由用户自己掌管,不借助任何物理媒体;采用随机数(这里我们叫做盐)杂凑多重加密等方法保证数据的安全性。是一种简便的加密方式。
通过java代码实现如下:Coder类见
import java.security.Key;import java.util.Random; import javax.crypto.Cipher;import javax.crypto.SecretKey;import javax.crypto.SecretKeyFactory;import javax.crypto.spec.PBEKeySpec;import javax.crypto.spec.PBEParameterSpec; /** * PBE安全编码组件 * * @author 梁栋 * @version 1.0 * @since 1.0 */public abstract class PBECoder extends Coder { /** * 支持以下任意一种算法 * * <pre> * PBEWithMD5AndDES * PBEWithMD5AndTripleDES * PBEWithSHA1AndDESede * PBEWithSHA1AndRC2_40 * </pre> */ public static final String ALGORITHM = "PBEWITHMD5andDES"; /** * 盐初始化 * * @return * @throws Exception */ public static byte[] initSalt() throws Exception { byte[] salt = new byte[8]; Random random = new Random(); random.nextBytes(salt); return salt; } /** * 转换密钥<br> * * @param password * @return * @throws Exception */ private static Key toKey(String password) throws Exception { PBEKeySpec keySpec = new PBEKeySpec(password.toCharArray()); SecretKeyFactory keyFactory = SecretKeyFactory.getInstance(ALGORITHM); SecretKey secretKey = keyFactory.generateSecret(keySpec); return secretKey; } /** * 加密 * * @param data 数据 * @param password 密码 * @param salt 盐 * @return * @throws Exception */ public static byte[] encrypt(byte[] data, String password, byte[] salt) throws Exception { Key key = toKey(password); PBEParameterSpec paramSpec = new PBEParameterSpec(salt, 100); Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(ALGORITHM); cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, key, paramSpec); return cipher.doFinal(data); } /** * 解密 * * @param data 数据 * @param password 密码 * @param salt 盐 * @return * @throws Exception */ public static byte[] decrypt(byte[] data, String password, byte[] salt) throws Exception { Key key = toKey(password); PBEParameterSpec paramSpec = new PBEParameterSpec(salt, 100); Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(ALGORITHM); cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, key, paramSpec); return cipher.doFinal(data); }}
再给出一个测试类:
import static org.junit.Assert.*; import org.junit.Test; /** * * @author 梁栋 * @version 1.0 * @since 1.0 */public class PBECoderTest { @Test public void test() throws Exception { String inputStr = "abc"; System.err.println("原文: " + inputStr); byte[] input = inputStr.getBytes(); String pwd = "efg"; System.err.println("密码: " + pwd); byte[] salt = PBECoder.initSalt(); byte[] data = PBECoder.encrypt(input, pwd, salt); System.err.println("加密后: " + PBECoder.encryptBASE64(data)); byte[] output = PBECoder.decrypt(data, pwd, salt); String outputStr = new String(output); System.err.println("解密后: " + outputStr); assertEquals(inputStr, outputStr); } }
控制台输出:
原文: abc密码: efg加密后: iCZ0uRtaAhE= 解密后: abc
后续我们会介绍非对称加密算法,如RSA、DSA、DH、ECC等。
接下来我们介绍典型的非对称加密算法——RSA
RSA
这种算法1978年就出现了,它是第一个既能用于数据加密也能用于数字签名的算法。它易于理解和操作,也很流行。算法的名字以发明者的名字命名:Ron Rivest, AdiShamir 和Leonard Adleman。
这种加密算法的特点主要是密钥的变化,上文我们看到DES只有一个密钥。相当于只有一把钥匙,如果这把钥匙丢了,数据也就不安全了。RSA同时有两把钥 匙,公钥与私钥。同时支持数字签名。数字签名的意义在于,对传输过来的数据进行校验。确保数据在传输工程中不被修改。
流程分析:
甲方构建密钥对儿,将公钥公布给乙方,将私钥保留。
甲方使用私钥加密数据,然后用私钥对加密后的数据签名,发送给乙方签名以及加密后的数据;乙方使用公钥、签名来验证待解密数据是否有效,如果有效使用公钥对数据解密。
乙方使用公钥加密数据,向甲方发送经过加密后的数据;甲方获得加密数据,通过私钥解密。
按如上步骤给出序列图,如下:
通过java代码实现如下:Coder类见
import java.security.Key;import java.security.KeyFactory;import java.security.KeyPair;import java.security.KeyPairGenerator;import java.security.PrivateKey;import java.security.PublicKey;import java.security.Signature;import java.security.interfaces.RSAPrivateKey;import java.security.interfaces.RSAPublicKey;import java.security.spec.PKCS8EncodedKeySpec;import java.security.spec.X509EncodedKeySpec;import java.util.HashMap;import java.util.Map;import javax.crypto.Cipher;/** * RSA安全编码组件 * * @author 梁栋 * @version 1.0 * @since 1.0 */public abstract class RSACoder extends Coder { public static final String KEY_ALGORITHM = "RSA"; public static final String SIGNATURE_ALGORITHM = "MD5withRSA"; private static final String PUBLIC_KEY = "RSAPublicKey"; private static final String PRIVATE_KEY = "RSAPrivateKey"; /** * 用私钥对信息生成数字签名 * * @param data * 加密数据 * @param privateKey * 私钥 * * @return * @throws Exception */ public static String sign(byte[] data, String privateKey) throws Exception { // 解密由base64编码的私钥 byte[] keyBytes = decryptBASE64(privateKey); // 构造PKCS8EncodedKeySpec对象 PKCS8EncodedKeySpec pkcs8KeySpec = new PKCS8EncodedKeySpec(keyBytes); // KEY_ALGORITHM 指定的加密算法 KeyFactory keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance(KEY_ALGORITHM); // 取私钥匙对象 PrivateKey priKey = keyFactory.generatePrivate(pkcs8KeySpec); // 用私钥对信息生成数字签名 Signature signature = Signature.getInstance(SIGNATURE_ALGORITHM); signature.initSign(priKey); signature.update(data); return encryptBASE64(signature.sign()); } /** * 校验数字签名 * * @param data * 加密数据 * @param publicKey * 公钥 * @param sign * 数字签名 * * @return 校验成功返回true 失败返回false * @throws Exception * */ public static boolean verify(byte[] data, String publicKey, String sign) throws Exception { // 解密由base64编码的公钥 byte[] keyBytes = decryptBASE64(publicKey); // 构造X509EncodedKeySpec对象 X509EncodedKeySpec keySpec = new X509EncodedKeySpec(keyBytes); // KEY_ALGORITHM 指定的加密算法 KeyFactory keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance(KEY_ALGORITHM); // 取公钥匙对象 PublicKey pubKey = keyFactory.generatePublic(keySpec); Signature signature = Signature.getInstance(SIGNATURE_ALGORITHM); signature.initVerify(pubKey); signature.update(data); // 验证签名是否正常 return signature.verify(decryptBASE64(sign)); } /** * 解密<br> * 用私钥解密 * * @param data * @param key * @return * @throws Exception */ public static byte[] decryptByPrivateKey(byte[] data, String key) throws Exception { // 对密钥解密 byte[] keyBytes = decryptBASE64(key); // 取得私钥 PKCS8EncodedKeySpec pkcs8KeySpec = new PKCS8EncodedKeySpec(keyBytes); KeyFactory keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance(KEY_ALGORITHM); Key privateKey = keyFactory.generatePrivate(pkcs8KeySpec); // 对数据解密 Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(keyFactory.getAlgorithm()); cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, privateKey); return cipher.doFinal(data); } /** * 解密<br> * 用私钥解密 * * @param data * @param key * @return * @throws Exception */ public static byte[] decryptByPublicKey(byte[] data, String key) throws Exception { // 对密钥解密 byte[] keyBytes = decryptBASE64(key); // 取得公钥 X509EncodedKeySpec x509KeySpec = new X509EncodedKeySpec(keyBytes); KeyFactory keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance(KEY_ALGORITHM); Key publicKey = keyFactory.generatePublic(x509KeySpec); // 对数据解密 Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(keyFactory.getAlgorithm()); cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, publicKey); return cipher.doFinal(data); } /** * 加密<br> * 用公钥加密 * * @param data * @param key * @return * @throws Exception */ public static byte[] encryptByPublicKey(byte[] data, String key) throws Exception { // 对公钥解密 byte[] keyBytes = decryptBASE64(key); // 取得公钥 X509EncodedKeySpec x509KeySpec = new X509EncodedKeySpec(keyBytes); KeyFactory keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance(KEY_ALGORITHM); Key publicKey = keyFactory.generatePublic(x509KeySpec); // 对数据加密 Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(keyFactory.getAlgorithm()); cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, publicKey); return cipher.doFinal(data); } /** * 加密<br> * 用私钥加密 * * @param data * @param key * @return * @throws Exception */ public static byte[] encryptByPrivateKey(byte[] data, String key) throws Exception { // 对密钥解密 byte[] keyBytes = decryptBASE64(key); // 取得私钥 PKCS8EncodedKeySpec pkcs8KeySpec = new PKCS8EncodedKeySpec(keyBytes); KeyFactory keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance(KEY_ALGORITHM); Key privateKey = keyFactory.generatePrivate(pkcs8KeySpec); // 对数据加密 Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(keyFactory.getAlgorithm()); cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, privateKey); return cipher.doFinal(data); } /** * 取得私钥 * * @param keyMap * @return * @throws Exception */ public static String getPrivateKey(Map<String, Object> keyMap) throws Exception { Key key = (Key) keyMap.get(PRIVATE_KEY); return encryptBASE64(key.getEncoded()); } /** * 取得公钥 * * @param keyMap * @return * @throws Exception */ public static String getPublicKey(Map<String, Object> keyMap) throws Exception { Key key = (Key) keyMap.get(PUBLIC_KEY); return encryptBASE64(key.getEncoded()); } /** * 初始化密钥 * * @return * @throws Exception */ public static Map<String, Object> initKey() throws Exception { KeyPairGenerator keyPairGen = KeyPairGenerator .getInstance(KEY_ALGORITHM); keyPairGen.initialize(1024); KeyPair keyPair = keyPairGen.generateKeyPair(); // 公钥 RSAPublicKey publicKey = (RSAPublicKey) keyPair.getPublic(); // 私钥 RSAPrivateKey privateKey = (RSAPrivateKey) keyPair.getPrivate(); Map<String, Object> keyMap = new HashMap<String, Object>(2); keyMap.put(PUBLIC_KEY, publicKey); keyMap.put(PRIVATE_KEY, privateKey); return keyMap; }}
再给出一个测试类:
import static org.junit.Assert.*;import org.junit.Before;import org.junit.Test;import java.util.Map;/** * * @author 梁栋 * @version 1.0 * @since 1.0 */public class RSACoderTest { private String publicKey; private String privateKey; @Before public void setUp() throws Exception { Map<String, Object> keyMap = RSACoder.initKey(); publicKey = RSACoder.getPublicKey(keyMap); privateKey = RSACoder.getPrivateKey(keyMap); System.err.println("公钥: \n\r" + publicKey); System.err.println("私钥: \n\r" + privateKey); } @Test public void test() throws Exception { System.err.println("公钥加密——私钥解密"); String inputStr = "abc"; byte[] data = inputStr.getBytes(); byte[] encodedData = RSACoder.encryptByPublicKey(data, publicKey); byte[] decodedData = RSACoder.decryptByPrivateKey(encodedData, privateKey); String outputStr = new String(decodedData); System.err.println("加密前: " + inputStr + "\n\r" + "解密后: " + outputStr); assertEquals(inputStr, outputStr); } @Test public void testSign() throws Exception { System.err.println("私钥加密——公钥解密"); String inputStr = "sign"; byte[] data = inputStr.getBytes(); byte[] encodedData = RSACoder.encryptByPrivateKey(data, privateKey); byte[] decodedData = RSACoder .decryptByPublicKey(encodedData, publicKey); String outputStr = new String(decodedData); System.err.println("加密前: " + inputStr + "\n\r" + "解密后: " + outputStr); assertEquals(inputStr, outputStr); System.err.println("私钥签名——公钥验证签名"); // 产生签名 String sign = RSACoder.sign(encodedData, privateKey); System.err.println("签名:\r" + sign); // 验证签名 boolean status = RSACoder.verify(encodedData, publicKey, sign); System.err.println("状态:\r" + status); assertTrue(status); }}
控制台输出:
公钥: MIGfMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4GNADCBiQKBgQCYU/+I0+z1aBl5X6DUUOHQ7FZpmBSDbKTtx89JEcB64jFCkunELT8qiKly7fzEqD03g8ALlu5XvX+bBqHFy7YPJJP0ekE2X3wjUnh2NxlqpH3/B/xm1ZdSlCwDIkbijhBVDjA/bu5BObhZqQmDwIxlQInL9oVz+o6FbAZCyHBd7wIDAQAB私钥: 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公钥加密——私钥解密加密前: abc解密后: abc公钥: MIGfMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4GNADCBiQKBgQDdOj40yEB48XqWxmPILmJAc7UecIN7F32etSHF9rwbuEh3+iTPOGSxhoSQpOED0vOb0ZIMkBXZSgsxLaBSin2RZ09YKWRjtpCA0kDkiD11gj4tzTiMl9qq1kwSK7ZkGAgodEn3yIILVmQDuEImHOXFtulvJ71ka07u3LuwUNdB/wIDAQAB私钥: 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私钥加密——公钥解密加密前: sign解密后: sign私钥签名——公钥验证签名签名:ud1RsIwmSC1pN22I4IXteg1VD2FbiehKUfNxgVSHzvQNIK+d20FCkHCqh9djP3h94iWnIUY0ifU+mbJkhAl/i5krExOE0hknOnPMcEP+lZV1RbJI2zG2YooSp2XDleqrQk5e/QF2Mx0Zxt8Xsg7ucVpni3wwbYWs9wSzIf0UjlM=状态:true
简要总结一下,使用公钥加密、私钥解密,完成了乙方到甲方的一次数据传递,通过私钥加密、公钥解密,同时通过私钥签名、公钥验证签名,完成了一次甲方到乙方的数据传递与验证,两次数据传递完成一整套的数据交互!
类似数字签名,数字信封是这样描述的:
数字信封
数字信封用加密技术来保证只有特定的收信人才能阅读信的内容。
流程:
信息发送方采用对称密钥来加密信息,然后再用接收方的公钥来加密此对称密钥(这部分称为数字信封),再将它和信息一起发送给接收方;接收方先用相应的私钥打开数字信封,得到对称密钥,然后使用对称密钥再解开信息。
接下来我们分析DH加密算法,一种适基于密钥一致协议的加密算法。
DH
Diffie- Hellman算法(D-H算法),密钥一致协议。是由公开密钥密码体制的奠基人Diffie和Hellman所提出的一种思想。简单的说就是允许两名用 户在公开媒体上交换信息以生成"一致"的、可以共享的密钥。换句话说,就是由甲方产出一对密钥(公钥、私钥),乙方依照甲方公钥产生乙方密钥对(公钥、私 钥)。以此为基线,作为数据传输保密基础,同时双方使用同一种对称加密算法构建本地密钥(SecretKey)对数据加密。这样,在互通了本地密钥 (SecretKey)算法后,甲乙双方公开自己的公钥,使用对方的公钥和刚才产生的私钥加密数据,同时可以使用对方的公钥和自己的私钥对数据解密。不单 单是甲乙双方两方,可以扩展为多方共享数据通讯,这样就完成了网络交互数据的安全通讯!该算法源于中国的同余定理——中国馀数定理。
流程分析:
1.甲方构建密钥对儿,将公钥公布给乙方,将私钥保留;双方约定数据加密算法;乙方通过甲方公钥构建密钥对儿,将公钥公布给甲方,将私钥保留。
2.甲方使用私钥、乙方公钥、约定数据加密算法构建本地密钥,然后通过本地密钥加密数据,发送给乙方加密后的数据;乙方使用私钥、甲方公钥、约定数据加密算法构建本地密钥,然后通过本地密钥对数据解密。
3.乙方使用私钥、甲方公钥、约定数据加密算法构建本地密钥,然后通过本地密钥加密数据,发送给甲方加密后的数据;甲方使用私钥、乙方公钥、约定数据加密算法构建本地密钥,然后通过本地密钥对数据解密。
通过java代码实现如下:Coder类见
import java.security.Key;import java.security.KeyFactory;import java.security.KeyPair;import java.security.KeyPairGenerator;import java.security.PublicKey;import java.security.spec.PKCS8EncodedKeySpec;import java.security.spec.X509EncodedKeySpec;import java.util.HashMap;import java.util.Map;import javax.crypto.Cipher;import javax.crypto.KeyAgreement;import javax.crypto.SecretKey;import javax.crypto.interfaces.DHPrivateKey;import javax.crypto.interfaces.DHPublicKey;import javax.crypto.spec.DHParameterSpec;/** * DH安全编码组件 * * @author 梁栋 * @version 1.0 * @since 1.0 */public abstract class DHCoder extends Coder { public static final String ALGORITHM = "DH"; /** * 默认密钥字节数 * * <pre> * DH * Default Keysize 1024 * Keysize must be a multiple of 64, ranging from 512 to 1024 (inclusive). * </pre> */ private static final int KEY_SIZE = 1024; /** * DH加密下需要一种对称加密算法对数据加密,这里我们使用DES,也可以使用其他对称加密算法。 */ public static final String SECRET_ALGORITHM = "DES"; private static final String PUBLIC_KEY = "DHPublicKey"; private static final String PRIVATE_KEY = "DHPrivateKey"; /** * 初始化甲方密钥 * * @return * @throws Exception */ public static Map<String, Object> initKey() throws Exception { KeyPairGenerator keyPairGenerator = KeyPairGenerator .getInstance(ALGORITHM); keyPairGenerator.initialize(KEY_SIZE); KeyPair keyPair = keyPairGenerator.generateKeyPair(); // 甲方公钥 DHPublicKey publicKey = (DHPublicKey) keyPair.getPublic(); // 甲方私钥 DHPrivateKey privateKey = (DHPrivateKey) keyPair.getPrivate(); Map<String, Object> keyMap = new HashMap<String, Object>(2); keyMap.put(PUBLIC_KEY, publicKey); keyMap.put(PRIVATE_KEY, privateKey); return keyMap; } /** * 初始化乙方密钥 * * @param key * 甲方公钥 * @return * @throws Exception */ public static Map<String, Object> initKey(String key) throws Exception { // 解析甲方公钥 byte[] keyBytes = decryptBASE64(key); X509EncodedKeySpec x509KeySpec = new X509EncodedKeySpec(keyBytes); KeyFactory keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance(ALGORITHM); PublicKey pubKey = keyFactory.generatePublic(x509KeySpec); // 由甲方公钥构建乙方密钥 DHParameterSpec dhParamSpec = ((DHPublicKey) pubKey).getParams(); KeyPairGenerator keyPairGenerator = KeyPairGenerator .getInstance(keyFactory.getAlgorithm()); keyPairGenerator.initialize(dhParamSpec); KeyPair keyPair = keyPairGenerator.generateKeyPair(); // 乙方公钥 DHPublicKey publicKey = (DHPublicKey) keyPair.getPublic(); // 乙方私钥 DHPrivateKey privateKey = (DHPrivateKey) keyPair.getPrivate(); Map<String, Object> keyMap = new HashMap<String, Object>(2); keyMap.put(PUBLIC_KEY, publicKey); keyMap.put(PRIVATE_KEY, privateKey); return keyMap; } /** * 加密<br> * * @param data * 待加密数据 * @param publicKey * 甲方公钥 * @param privateKey * 乙方私钥 * @return * @throws Exception */ public static byte[] encrypt(byte[] data, String publicKey, String privateKey) throws Exception { // 生成本地密钥 SecretKey secretKey = getSecretKey(publicKey, privateKey); // 数据加密 Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(secretKey.getAlgorithm()); cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, secretKey); return cipher.doFinal(data); } /** * 解密<br> * * @param data * 待解密数据 * @param publicKey * 乙方公钥 * @param privateKey * 乙方私钥 * @return * @throws Exception */ public static byte[] decrypt(byte[] data, String publicKey, String privateKey) throws Exception { // 生成本地密钥 SecretKey secretKey = getSecretKey(publicKey, privateKey); // 数据解密 Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(secretKey.getAlgorithm()); cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, secretKey); return cipher.doFinal(data); } /** * 构建密钥 * * @param publicKey * 公钥 * @param privateKey * 私钥 * @return * @throws Exception */ private static SecretKey getSecretKey(String publicKey, String privateKey) throws Exception { // 初始化公钥 byte[] pubKeyBytes = decryptBASE64(publicKey); KeyFactory keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance(ALGORITHM); X509EncodedKeySpec x509KeySpec = new X509EncodedKeySpec(pubKeyBytes); PublicKey pubKey = keyFactory.generatePublic(x509KeySpec); // 初始化私钥 byte[] priKeyBytes = decryptBASE64(privateKey); PKCS8EncodedKeySpec pkcs8KeySpec = new PKCS8EncodedKeySpec(priKeyBytes); Key priKey = keyFactory.generatePrivate(pkcs8KeySpec); KeyAgreement keyAgree = KeyAgreement.getInstance(keyFactory .getAlgorithm()); keyAgree.init(priKey); keyAgree.doPhase(pubKey, true); // 生成本地密钥 SecretKey secretKey = keyAgree.generateSecret(SECRET_ALGORITHM); return secretKey; } /** * 取得私钥 * * @param keyMap * @return * @throws Exception */ public static String getPrivateKey(Map<String, Object> keyMap) throws Exception { Key key = (Key) keyMap.get(PRIVATE_KEY); return encryptBASE64(key.getEncoded()); } /** * 取得公钥 * * @param keyMap * @return * @throws Exception */ public static String getPublicKey(Map<String, Object> keyMap) throws Exception { Key key = (Key) keyMap.get(PUBLIC_KEY); return encryptBASE64(key.getEncoded()); }}
再给出一个测试类:
import static org.junit.Assert.*;import java.util.Map;import org.junit.Test;/** * * @author 梁栋 * @version 1.0 * @since 1.0 */public class DHCoderTest { @Test public void test() throws Exception { // 生成甲方密钥对儿 Map<String, Object> aKeyMap = DHCoder.initKey(); String aPublicKey = DHCoder.getPublicKey(aKeyMap); String aPrivateKey = DHCoder.getPrivateKey(aKeyMap); System.err.println("甲方公钥:\r" + aPublicKey); System.err.println("甲方私钥:\r" + aPrivateKey); // 由甲方公钥产生本地密钥对儿 Map<String, Object> bKeyMap = DHCoder.initKey(aPublicKey); String bPublicKey = DHCoder.getPublicKey(bKeyMap); String bPrivateKey = DHCoder.getPrivateKey(bKeyMap); System.err.println("乙方公钥:\r" + bPublicKey); System.err.println("乙方私钥:\r" + bPrivateKey); String aInput = "abc "; System.err.println("原文: " + aInput); // 由甲方公钥,乙方私钥构建密文 byte[] aCode = DHCoder.encrypt(aInput.getBytes(), aPublicKey, bPrivateKey); // 由乙方公钥,甲方私钥解密 byte[] aDecode = DHCoder.decrypt(aCode, bPublicKey, aPrivateKey); String aOutput = (new String(aDecode)); System.err.println("解密: " + aOutput); assertEquals(aInput, aOutput); System.err.println(" ===============反过来加密解密================== "); String bInput = "def "; System.err.println("原文: " + bInput); // 由乙方公钥,甲方私钥构建密文 byte[] bCode = DHCoder.encrypt(bInput.getBytes(), bPublicKey, aPrivateKey); // 由甲方公钥,乙方私钥解密 byte[] bDecode = DHCoder.decrypt(bCode, aPublicKey, bPrivateKey); String bOutput = (new String(bDecode)); System.err.println("解密: " + bOutput); assertEquals(bInput, bOutput); }}
控制台输出:
甲方公钥:MIHfMIGXBgkqhkiG9w0BAwEwgYkCQQD8poLOjhLKuibvzPcRDlJtsHiwXt7LzR60ogjzrhYXrgHzW5Gkfm32NBPF4S7QiZvNEyrNUNmRUb3EPuc3WS4XAkBnhHGyepz0TukaScUUfbGpqvJE8FpDTWSGkx0tFCcbnjUDC3H9c9oXkGmzLik1Yw4cIGI1TQ2iCmxBblC+eUykAgIBgANDAAJAdAWBVmIzqckoEj6qFjLDL2+Y3FPq1iRbnOyOpDj71yKaK1K+FhTv04B0zy4DKcvAASV7/Gv0W+bgqdmffRkqrQ==甲方私钥:MIHRAgEAMIGXBgkqhkiG9w0BAwEwgYkCQQD8poLOjhLKuibvzPcRDlJtsHiwXt7LzR60ogjzrhYXrgHzW5Gkfm32NBPF4S7QiZvNEyrNUNmRUb3EPuc3WS4XAkBnhHGyepz0TukaScUUfbGpqvJE8FpDTWSGkx0tFCcbnjUDC3H9c9oXkGmzLik1Yw4cIGI1TQ2iCmxBblC+eUykAgIBgAQyAjACJRfy1LyReHyD+4Hfb+xR0uoIGR1oL9i9Nk6g2AAuaDPgEVWHn+QXID13yL/uDos=乙方公钥:MIHfMIGXBgkqhkiG9w0BAwEwgYkCQQD8poLOjhLKuibvzPcRDlJtsHiwXt7LzR60ogjzrhYXrgHzW5Gkfm32NBPF4S7QiZvNEyrNUNmRUb3EPuc3WS4XAkBnhHGyepz0TukaScUUfbGpqvJE8FpDTWSGkx0tFCcbnjUDC3H9c9oXkGmzLik1Yw4cIGI1TQ2iCmxBblC+eUykAgIBgANDAAJAVEYSfBA+I9nrdWw3OBv475C+eBrWBBYqt0m6/eu4ptuDQHwV4MmUtKAC2wc2nNrdb1wmBhY1X8RnWkJ1XmdDbQ==乙方私钥:MIHSAgEAMIGXBgkqhkiG9w0BAwEwgYkCQQD8poLOjhLKuibvzPcRDlJtsHiwXt7LzR60ogjzrhYXrgHzW5Gkfm32NBPF4S7QiZvNEyrNUNmRUb3EPuc3WS4XAkBnhHGyepz0TukaScUUfbGpqvJE8FpDTWSGkx0tFCcbnjUDC3H9c9oXkGmzLik1Yw4cIGI1TQ2iCmxBblC+eUykAgIBgAQzAjEAqaZiCdXp2iNpdBlHRaO9ir70wo2n32xNlIzIX19VLSPCDdeUWkgRv4CEj/8k+/yd原文: abc 解密: abc ===============反过来加密解密================== 原文: def 解密: def
如我所言,甲乙双方在获得对方公钥后可以对发送给对方的数据加密,同时也能对接收到的数据解密,达到了数据安全通信的目的!
接下来我们介绍DSA数字签名,非对称加密的另一种实现。
DSA
DSA-Digital Signature Algorithm 是Schnorr和ElGamal签名算法的变种,被美国NIST作为DSS(DigitalSignature Standard)。简单的说,这是一种更高级的验证方式,用作数字签名。不单单只有公钥、私钥,还有数字签名。私钥加密生成数字签名,公钥验证数据及签 名。如果数据和签名不匹配则认为验证失败!数字签名的作用就是校验数据在传输过程中不被修改。数字签名,是单向加密的升级!
通过java代码实现如下:Coder类见
import java.security.Key;import java.security.KeyFactory;import java.security.KeyPair;import java.security.KeyPairGenerator;import java.security.PrivateKey;import java.security.PublicKey;import java.security.SecureRandom;import java.security.Signature;import java.security.interfaces.DSAPrivateKey;import java.security.interfaces.DSAPublicKey;import java.security.spec.PKCS8EncodedKeySpec;import java.security.spec.X509EncodedKeySpec;import java.util.HashMap;import java.util.Map;/** * DSA安全编码组件 * * @author 梁栋 * @version 1.0 * @since 1.0 */public abstract class DSACoder extends Coder { public static final String ALGORITHM = "DSA"; /** * 默认密钥字节数 * * <pre> * DSA * Default Keysize 1024 * Keysize must be a multiple of 64, ranging from 512 to 1024 (inclusive). * </pre> */ private static final int KEY_SIZE = 1024; /** * 默认种子 */ private static final String DEFAULT_SEED = "0f22507a10bbddd07d8a3082122966e3"; private static final String PUBLIC_KEY = "DSAPublicKey"; private static final String PRIVATE_KEY = "DSAPrivateKey"; /** * 用私钥对信息生成数字签名 * * @param data * 加密数据 * @param privateKey * 私钥 * * @return * @throws Exception */ public static String sign(byte[] data, String privateKey) throws Exception { // 解密由base64编码的私钥 byte[] keyBytes = decryptBASE64(privateKey); // 构造PKCS8EncodedKeySpec对象 PKCS8EncodedKeySpec pkcs8KeySpec = new PKCS8EncodedKeySpec(keyBytes); // KEY_ALGORITHM 指定的加密算法 KeyFactory keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance(ALGORITHM); // 取私钥匙对象 PrivateKey priKey = keyFactory.generatePrivate(pkcs8KeySpec); // 用私钥对信息生成数字签名 Signature signature = Signature.getInstance(keyFactory.getAlgorithm()); signature.initSign(priKey); signature.update(data); return encryptBASE64(signature.sign()); } /** * 校验数字签名 * * @param data * 加密数据 * @param publicKey * 公钥 * @param sign * 数字签名 * * @return 校验成功返回true 失败返回false * @throws Exception * */ public static boolean verify(byte[] data, String publicKey, String sign) throws Exception { // 解密由base64编码的公钥 byte[] keyBytes = decryptBASE64(publicKey); // 构造X509EncodedKeySpec对象 X509EncodedKeySpec keySpec = new X509EncodedKeySpec(keyBytes); // ALGORITHM 指定的加密算法 KeyFactory keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance(ALGORITHM); // 取公钥匙对象 PublicKey pubKey = keyFactory.generatePublic(keySpec); Signature signature = Signature.getInstance(keyFactory.getAlgorithm()); signature.initVerify(pubKey); signature.update(data); // 验证签名是否正常 return signature.verify(decryptBASE64(sign)); } /** * 生成密钥 * * @param seed * 种子 * @return 密钥对象 * @throws Exception */ public static Map<String, Object> initKey(String seed) throws Exception { KeyPairGenerator keygen = KeyPairGenerator.getInstance(ALGORITHM); // 初始化随机产生器 SecureRandom secureRandom = new SecureRandom(); secureRandom.setSeed(seed.getBytes()); keygen.initialize(KEY_SIZE, secureRandom); KeyPair keys = keygen.genKeyPair(); DSAPublicKey publicKey = (DSAPublicKey) keys.getPublic(); DSAPrivateKey privateKey = (DSAPrivateKey) keys.getPrivate(); Map<String, Object> map = new HashMap<String, Object>(2); map.put(PUBLIC_KEY, publicKey); map.put(PRIVATE_KEY, privateKey); return map; } /** * 默认生成密钥 * * @return 密钥对象 * @throws Exception */ public static Map<String, Object> initKey() throws Exception { return initKey(DEFAULT_SEED); } /** * 取得私钥 * * @param keyMap * @return * @throws Exception */ public static String getPrivateKey(Map<String, Object> keyMap) throws Exception { Key key = (Key) keyMap.get(PRIVATE_KEY); return encryptBASE64(key.getEncoded()); } /** * 取得公钥 * * @param keyMap * @return * @throws Exception */ public static String getPublicKey(Map<String, Object> keyMap) throws Exception { Key key = (Key) keyMap.get(PUBLIC_KEY); return encryptBASE64(key.getEncoded()); }}
再给出一个测试类:
import static org.junit.Assert.*;import java.util.Map;import org.junit.Test;/** * * @author 梁栋 * @version 1.0 * @since 1.0 */public class DSACoderTest { @Test public void test() throws Exception { String inputStr = "abc"; byte[] data = inputStr.getBytes(); // 构建密钥 Map<String, Object> keyMap = DSACoder.initKey(); // 获得密钥 String publicKey = DSACoder.getPublicKey(keyMap); String privateKey = DSACoder.getPrivateKey(keyMap); System.err.println("公钥:\r" + publicKey); System.err.println("私钥:\r" + privateKey); // 产生签名 String sign = DSACoder.sign(data, privateKey); System.err.println("签名:\r" + sign); // 验证签名 boolean status = DSACoder.verify(data, publicKey, sign); System.err.println("状态:\r" + status); assertTrue(status); }}
控制台输出:
公钥:MIIBtzCCASwGByqGSM44BAEwggEfAoGBAP1/U4EddRIpUt9KnC7s5Of2EbdSPO9EAMMeP4C2USZpRV1AIlH7WT2NWPq/xfW6MPbLm1Vs14E7gB00b/JmYLdrmVClpJ+f6AR7ECLCT7up1/63xhv4O1fnxqimFQ8E+4P208UewwI1VBNaFpEy9nXzrith1yrv8iIDGZ3RSAHHAhUAl2BQjxUjC8yykrmCouuEC/BYHPUCgYEA9+GghdabPd7LvKtcNrhXuXmUr7v6OuqC+VdMCz0HgmdRWVeOutRZT+ZxBxCBgLRJFnEj6EwoFhO3zwkyjMim4TwWeotUfI0o4KOuHiuzpnWRbqN/C/ohNWLx+2J6ASQ7zKTxvqhRkImog9/hWuWfBpKLZl6Ae1UlZAFMO/7PSSoDgYQAAoGAIu4RUlcQLp49PI0MrbssOY+3uySVnp0TULSv5T4VaHoKzsLHgGTrwOvsGA+V3yCNl2WDu3D84bSLF7liTWgOj+SMOEaPk4VyRTlLXZWGPsf1Mfd921XAbMeVyKDSHHVGbMjBScajf3bXooYQMlyoHiOt/WrCo+mv7efstMM0PGo=私钥:MIIBTAIBADCCASwGByqGSM44BAEwggEfAoGBAP1/U4EddRIpUt9KnC7s5Of2EbdSPO9EAMMeP4C2USZpRV1AIlH7WT2NWPq/xfW6MPbLm1Vs14E7gB00b/JmYLdrmVClpJ+f6AR7ECLCT7up1/63xhv4O1fnxqimFQ8E+4P208UewwI1VBNaFpEy9nXzrith1yrv8iIDGZ3RSAHHAhUAl2BQjxUjC8yykrmCouuEC/BYHPUCgYEA9+GghdabPd7LvKtcNrhXuXmUr7v6OuqC+VdMCz0HgmdRWVeOutRZT+ZxBxCBgLRJFnEj6EwoFhO3zwkyjMim4TwWeotUfI0o4KOuHiuzpnWRbqN/C/ohNWLx+2J6ASQ7zKTxvqhRkImog9/hWuWfBpKLZl6Ae1UlZAFMO/7PSSoEFwIVAIegLUtmm2oQKQJTOiLugHTSjl/q签名:MC0CFQCMg0J/uZmF8GuRpr3TNq48w60nDwIUJCyYNah+HtbU6NcQfy8Ac6LeLQs=状态:true
注意状态为true,就验证成功!
ECC
ECC-Elliptic Curves Cryptography,椭圆曲线密码编码学,是目前已知的公钥体制中,对每比特所提供加密强度最高的一种体制。在软件注册保护方面起到很大的作用,一般的序列号通常由该算法产生。
当我开始整理《Java加密技术(二)》的时候,我就已经在开始研究ECC了,但是关于Java实现ECC算法的资料实在是太少了,无论是国内还是国外的 资料,无论是官方还是非官方的解释,最终只有一种答案——ECC算法在jdk1.5后加入支持,目前仅仅只能完成密钥的生成与解析。 如果想要获得ECC算法实现,需要调用硬件完成加密/解密(ECC算法相当耗费资源,如果单纯使用CPU进行加密/解密,效率低下),涉及到Java Card领域,PKCS#11。 其实,PKCS#11配置很简单,但缺乏硬件设备,无法尝试!
尽管如此,我照旧提供相应的Java实现代码,以供大家参考。
通过java代码实现如下:Coder类见
import java.math.BigInteger;import java.security.Key;import java.security.KeyFactory;import java.security.interfaces.ECPrivateKey;import java.security.interfaces.ECPublicKey;import java.security.spec.ECFieldF2m;import java.security.spec.ECParameterSpec;import java.security.spec.ECPoint;import java.security.spec.ECPrivateKeySpec;import java.security.spec.ECPublicKeySpec;import java.security.spec.EllipticCurve;import java.security.spec.PKCS8EncodedKeySpec;import java.security.spec.X509EncodedKeySpec;import java.util.HashMap;import java.util.Map;import javax.crypto.Cipher;import javax.crypto.NullCipher;import sun.security.ec.ECKeyFactory;import sun.security.ec.ECPrivateKeyImpl;import sun.security.ec.ECPublicKeyImpl;/** * ECC安全编码组件 * * @author 梁栋 * @version 1.0 * @since 1.0 */public abstract class ECCCoder extends Coder { public static final String ALGORITHM = "EC"; private static final String PUBLIC_KEY = "ECCPublicKey"; private static final String PRIVATE_KEY = "ECCPrivateKey"; /** * 解密<br> * 用私钥解密 * * @param data * @param key * @return * @throws Exception */ public static byte[] decrypt(byte[] data, String key) throws Exception { // 对密钥解密 byte[] keyBytes = decryptBASE64(key); // 取得私钥 PKCS8EncodedKeySpec pkcs8KeySpec = new PKCS8EncodedKeySpec(keyBytes); KeyFactory keyFactory = ECKeyFactory.INSTANCE; ECPrivateKey priKey = (ECPrivateKey) keyFactory .generatePrivate(pkcs8KeySpec); ECPrivateKeySpec ecPrivateKeySpec = new ECPrivateKeySpec(priKey.getS(), priKey.getParams()); // 对数据解密 // TODO Chipher不支持EC算法 未能实现 Cipher cipher = new NullCipher(); // Cipher.getInstance(ALGORITHM, keyFactory.getProvider()); cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, priKey, ecPrivateKeySpec.getParams()); return cipher.doFinal(data); } /** * 加密<br> * 用公钥加密 * * @param data * @param privateKey * @return * @throws Exception */ public static byte[] encrypt(byte[] data, String privateKey) throws Exception { // 对公钥解密 byte[] keyBytes = decryptBASE64(privateKey); // 取得公钥 X509EncodedKeySpec x509KeySpec = new X509EncodedKeySpec(keyBytes); KeyFactory keyFactory = ECKeyFactory.INSTANCE; ECPublicKey pubKey = (ECPublicKey) keyFactory .generatePublic(x509KeySpec); ECPublicKeySpec ecPublicKeySpec = new ECPublicKeySpec(pubKey.getW(), pubKey.getParams()); // 对数据加密 // TODO Chipher不支持EC算法 未能实现 Cipher cipher = new NullCipher(); // Cipher.getInstance(ALGORITHM, keyFactory.getProvider()); cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, pubKey, ecPublicKeySpec.getParams()); return cipher.doFinal(data); } /** * 取得私钥 * * @param keyMap * @return * @throws Exception */ public static String getPrivateKey(Map<String, Object> keyMap) throws Exception { Key key = (Key) keyMap.get(PRIVATE_KEY); return encryptBASE64(key.getEncoded()); } /** * 取得公钥 * * @param keyMap * @return * @throws Exception */ public static String getPublicKey(Map<String, Object> keyMap) throws Exception { Key key = (Key) keyMap.get(PUBLIC_KEY); return encryptBASE64(key.getEncoded()); } /** * 初始化密钥 * * @return * @throws Exception */ public static Map<String, Object> initKey() throws Exception { BigInteger x1 = new BigInteger( "2fe13c0537bbc11acaa07d793de4e6d5e5c94eee8", 16); BigInteger x2 = new BigInteger( "289070fb05d38ff58321f2e800536d538ccdaa3d9", 16); ECPoint g = new ECPoint(x1, x2); // the order of generator BigInteger n = new BigInteger( "5846006549323611672814741753598448348329118574063", 10); // the cofactor int h = 2; int m = 163; int[] ks = { 7, 6, 3 }; ECFieldF2m ecField = new ECFieldF2m(m, ks); // y^2+xy=x^3+x^2+1 BigInteger a = new BigInteger("1", 2); BigInteger b = new BigInteger("1", 2); EllipticCurve ellipticCurve = new EllipticCurve(ecField, a, b); ECParameterSpec ecParameterSpec = new ECParameterSpec(ellipticCurve, g, n, h); // 公钥 ECPublicKey publicKey = new ECPublicKeyImpl(g, ecParameterSpec); BigInteger s = new BigInteger( "1234006549323611672814741753598448348329118574063", 10); // 私钥 ECPrivateKey privateKey = new ECPrivateKeyImpl(s, ecParameterSpec); Map<String, Object> keyMap = new HashMap<String, Object>(2); keyMap.put(PUBLIC_KEY, publicKey); keyMap.put(PRIVATE_KEY, privateKey); return keyMap; }}
请注意上述代码中的TODO内容,再次提醒注意,Chipher不支持EC算法 ,以上代码仅供参考。Chipher、Signature、KeyPairGenerator、KeyAgreement、SecretKey均不支持EC算法。为了确保程序能够正常执行,我们使用了NullCipher类,验证程序。
照旧提供一个测试类:
import static org.junit.Assert.*;import java.math.BigInteger;import java.security.spec.ECFieldF2m;import java.security.spec.ECParameterSpec;import java.security.spec.ECPoint;import java.security.spec.ECPrivateKeySpec;import java.security.spec.ECPublicKeySpec;import java.security.spec.EllipticCurve;import java.util.Map;import org.junit.Test;/** * * @author 梁栋 * @version 1.0 * @since 1.0 */public class ECCCoderTest { @Test public void test() throws Exception { String inputStr = "abc"; byte[] data = inputStr.getBytes(); Map<String, Object> keyMap = ECCCoder.initKey(); String publicKey = ECCCoder.getPublicKey(keyMap); String privateKey = ECCCoder.getPrivateKey(keyMap); System.err.println("公钥: \n" + publicKey); System.err.println("私钥: \n" + privateKey); byte[] encodedData = ECCCoder.encrypt(data, publicKey); byte[] decodedData = ECCCoder.decrypt(encodedData, privateKey); String outputStr = new String(decodedData); System.err.println("加密前: " + inputStr + "\n\r" + "解密后: " + outputStr); assertEquals(inputStr, outputStr); }}
控制台输出:
公钥: MEAwEAYHKoZIzj0CAQYFK4EEAAEDLAAEAv4TwFN7vBGsqgfXk95ObV5clO7oAokHD7BdOP9YMh8ugAU21TjM2qPZ私钥: MDICAQAwEAYHKoZIzj0CAQYFK4EEAAEEGzAZAgEBBBTYJsR3BN7TFw7JHcAHFkwNmfil7w==加密前: abc解密后: abc
本篇的主要内容为Java证书体系的实现。
在构建Java代码实现前,我们需要完成证书的制作。
1.生成keyStroe文件
在命令行下执行以下命令:
keytool -genkey -validity 36000 -alias www.zlex.org -keyalg RSA -keystore d:\zlex.keystore
其中
-genkey表示生成密钥
-validity指定证书有效期,这里是36000天
-alias指定别名,这里是www.zlex.org
-keyalg指定算法,这里是RSA
-keystore指定存储位置,这里是d:\zlex.keystore
在这里我使用的密码为 123456
控制台输出:
输入keystore密码:再次输入新密码:您的名字与姓氏是什么? [Unknown]: www.zlex.org您的组织单位名称是什么? [Unknown]: zlex您的组织名称是什么? [Unknown]: zlex您所在的城市或区域名称是什么? [Unknown]: BJ您所在的州或省份名称是什么? [Unknown]: BJ该单位的两字母国家代码是什么 [Unknown]: CNCN=www.zlex.org, OU=zlex, O=zlex, L=BJ, ST=BJ, C=CN 正确吗? [否]: Y输入<tomcat>的主密码 (如果和 keystore 密码相同,按回车):再次输入新密码:
这时,在D盘下会生成一个zlex.keystore的文件。
2.生成自签名证书
光有keyStore文件是不够的,还需要证书文件,证书才是直接提供给外界使用的公钥凭证。
导出证书:
keytool -export -keystore d:\zlex.keystore -alias www.zlex.org -file d:\zlex.cer -rfc
其中
-export指定为导出操作
-keystore指定keystore文件
-alias指定导出keystore文件中的别名
-file指向导出路径
-rfc以文本格式输出,也就是以BASE64编码输出
这里的密码是 123456
控制台输出:
输入keystore密码:保存在文件中的认证 <d:\zlex.cer>
当然,使用方是需要导入证书的!
可以通过自签名证书完成CAS单点登录系统的构建!
Ok,准备工作完成,开始Java实现!
通过java代码实现如下:Coder类见
import java.io.FileInputStream;import java.security.KeyStore;import java.security.PrivateKey;import java.security.PublicKey;import java.security.Signature;import java.security.cert.Certificate;import java.security.cert.CertificateFactory;import java.security.cert.X509Certificate;import java.util.Date;import javax.crypto.Cipher;/** * 证书组件 * * @author 梁栋 * @version 1.0 * @since 1.0 */public abstract class CertificateCoder extends Coder { /** * Java密钥库(Java Key Store,JKS)KEY_STORE */ public static final String KEY_STORE = "JKS"; public static final String X509 = "X.509"; /** * 由KeyStore获得私钥 * * @param keyStorePath * @param alias * @param password * @return * @throws Exception */ private static PrivateKey getPrivateKey(String keyStorePath, String alias, String password) throws Exception { KeyStore ks = getKeyStore(keyStorePath, password); PrivateKey key = (PrivateKey) ks.getKey(alias, password.toCharArray()); return key; } /** * 由Certificate获得公钥 * * @param certificatePath * @return * @throws Exception */ private static PublicKey getPublicKey(String certificatePath) throws Exception { Certificate certificate = getCertificate(certificatePath); PublicKey key = certificate.getPublicKey(); return key; } /** * 获得Certificate * * @param certificatePath * @return * @throws Exception */ private static Certificate getCertificate(String certificatePath) throws Exception { CertificateFactory certificateFactory = CertificateFactory .getInstance(X509); FileInputStream in = new FileInputStream(certificatePath); Certificate certificate = certificateFactory.generateCertificate(in); in.close(); return certificate; } /** * 获得Certificate * * @param keyStorePath * @param alias * @param password * @return * @throws Exception */ private static Certificate getCertificate(String keyStorePath, String alias, String password) throws Exception { KeyStore ks = getKeyStore(keyStorePath, password); Certificate certificate = ks.getCertificate(alias); return certificate; } /** * 获得KeyStore * * @param keyStorePath * @param password * @return * @throws Exception */ private static KeyStore getKeyStore(String keyStorePath, String password) throws Exception { FileInputStream is = new FileInputStream(keyStorePath); KeyStore ks = KeyStore.getInstance(KEY_STORE); ks.load(is, password.toCharArray()); is.close(); return ks; } /** * 私钥加密 * * @param data * @param keyStorePath * @param alias * @param password * @return * @throws Exception */ public static byte[] encryptByPrivateKey(byte[] data, String keyStorePath, String alias, String password) throws Exception { // 取得私钥 PrivateKey privateKey = getPrivateKey(keyStorePath, alias, password); // 对数据加密 Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(privateKey.getAlgorithm()); cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, privateKey); return cipher.doFinal(data); } /** * 私钥解密 * * @param data * @param keyStorePath * @param alias * @param password * @return * @throws Exception */ public static byte[] decryptByPrivateKey(byte[] data, String keyStorePath, String alias, String password) throws Exception { // 取得私钥 PrivateKey privateKey = getPrivateKey(keyStorePath, alias, password); // 对数据加密 Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(privateKey.getAlgorithm()); cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, privateKey); return cipher.doFinal(data); } /** * 公钥加密 * * @param data * @param certificatePath * @return * @throws Exception */ public static byte[] encryptByPublicKey(byte[] data, String certificatePath) throws Exception { // 取得公钥 PublicKey publicKey = getPublicKey(certificatePath); // 对数据加密 Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(publicKey.getAlgorithm()); cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, publicKey); return cipher.doFinal(data); } /** * 公钥解密 * * @param data * @param certificatePath * @return * @throws Exception */ public static byte[] decryptByPublicKey(byte[] data, String certificatePath) throws Exception { // 取得公钥 PublicKey publicKey = getPublicKey(certificatePath); // 对数据加密 Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(publicKey.getAlgorithm()); cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, publicKey); return cipher.doFinal(data); } /** * 验证Certificate * * @param certificatePath * @return */ public static boolean verifyCertificate(String certificatePath) { return verifyCertificate(new Date(), certificatePath); } /** * 验证Certificate是否过期或无效 * * @param date * @param certificatePath * @return */ public static boolean verifyCertificate(Date date, String certificatePath) { boolean status = true; try { // 取得证书 Certificate certificate = getCertificate(certificatePath); // 验证证书是否过期或无效 status = verifyCertificate(date, certificate); } catch (Exception e) { status = false; } return status; } /** * 验证证书是否过期或无效 * * @param date * @param certificate * @return */ private static boolean verifyCertificate(Date date, Certificate certificate) { boolean status = true; try { X509Certificate x509Certificate = (X509Certificate) certificate; x509Certificate.checkValidity(date); } catch (Exception e) { status = false; } return status; } /** * 签名 * * @param keyStorePath * @param alias * @param password * * @return * @throws Exception */ public static String sign(byte[] sign, String keyStorePath, String alias, String password) throws Exception { // 获得证书 X509Certificate x509Certificate = (X509Certificate) getCertificate( keyStorePath, alias, password); // 获取私钥 KeyStore ks = getKeyStore(keyStorePath, password); // 取得私钥 PrivateKey privateKey = (PrivateKey) ks.getKey(alias, password .toCharArray()); // 构建签名 Signature signature = Signature.getInstance(x509Certificate .getSigAlgName()); signature.initSign(privateKey); signature.update(sign); return encryptBASE64(signature.sign()); } /** * 验证签名 * * @param data * @param sign * @param certificatePath * @return * @throws Exception */ public static boolean verify(byte[] data, String sign, String certificatePath) throws Exception { // 获得证书 X509Certificate x509Certificate = (X509Certificate) getCertificate(certificatePath); // 获得公钥 PublicKey publicKey = x509Certificate.getPublicKey(); // 构建签名 Signature signature = Signature.getInstance(x509Certificate .getSigAlgName()); signature.initVerify(publicKey); signature.update(data); return signature.verify(decryptBASE64(sign)); } /** * 验证Certificate * * @param keyStorePath * @param alias * @param password * @return */ public static boolean verifyCertificate(Date date, String keyStorePath, String alias, String password) { boolean status = true; try { Certificate certificate = getCertificate(keyStorePath, alias, password); status = verifyCertificate(date, certificate); } catch (Exception e) { status = false; } return status; } /** * 验证Certificate * * @param keyStorePath * @param alias * @param password * @return */ public static boolean verifyCertificate(String keyStorePath, String alias, String password) { return verifyCertificate(new Date(), keyStorePath, alias, password); }}
再给出一个测试类:
import static org.junit.Assert.*;import org.junit.Test;/** * * @author 梁栋 * @version 1.0 * @since 1.0 */public class CertificateCoderTest { private String password = "123456"; private String alias = "www.zlex.org"; private String certificatePath = "d:/zlex.cer"; private String keyStorePath = "d:/zlex.keystore"; @Test public void test() throws Exception { System.err.println("公钥加密——私钥解密"); String inputStr = "Ceritifcate"; byte[] data = inputStr.getBytes(); byte[] encrypt = CertificateCoder.encryptByPublicKey(data, certificatePath); byte[] decrypt = CertificateCoder.decryptByPrivateKey(encrypt, keyStorePath, alias, password); String outputStr = new String(decrypt); System.err.println("加密前: " + inputStr + "\n\r" + "解密后: " + outputStr); // 验证数据一致 assertArrayEquals(data, decrypt); // 验证证书有效 assertTrue(CertificateCoder.verifyCertificate(certificatePath)); } @Test public void testSign() throws Exception { System.err.println("私钥加密——公钥解密"); String inputStr = "sign"; byte[] data = inputStr.getBytes(); byte[] encodedData = CertificateCoder.encryptByPrivateKey(data, keyStorePath, alias, password); byte[] decodedData = CertificateCoder.decryptByPublicKey(encodedData, certificatePath); String outputStr = new String(decodedData); System.err.println("加密前: " + inputStr + "\n\r" + "解密后: " + outputStr); assertEquals(inputStr, outputStr); System.err.println("私钥签名——公钥验证签名"); // 产生签名 String sign = CertificateCoder.sign(encodedData, keyStorePath, alias, password); System.err.println("签名:\r" + sign); // 验证签名 boolean status = CertificateCoder.verify(encodedData, sign, certificatePath); System.err.println("状态:\r" + status); assertTrue(status); }}
控制台输出:
公钥加密——私钥解密加密前: Ceritificate解密后: Ceritificate私钥加密——公钥解密加密前: sign解密后: sign私钥签名——公钥验证签名签名:pqBn5m6PJlfOjH0A6U2o2mUmBsfgyEY1NWCbiyA/I5Gc3gaVNVIdj/zkGNZRqTjhf3+J9a9z9EI76F2eWYd7punHx5oh6hfNgcKbVb52EfItl4QEN+djbXiPynn07+Lbg1NOjULnpEd6ZhLP1YwrEAuMOfvX0e7/wplxLbySaKQ=状态:true
由此完成了证书验证体系!
同样,我们可以对代码做签名——代码签名!
通过工具JarSigner可以完成代码签名。
这里我们对tools.jar做代码签名,命令如下:
jarsigner -storetype jks -keystore zlex.keystore -verbose tools.jar www.zlex.org
控制台输出:
输入密钥库的口令短语: 正在更新: META-INF/WWW_ZLEX.SF 正在更新: META-INF/WWW_ZLEX.RSA 正在签名: org/zlex/security/Security.class 正在签名: org/zlex/tool/Main$1.class 正在签名: org/zlex/tool/Main$2.class 正在签名: org/zlex/tool/Main.class警告:签名者证书将在六个月内过期。
此时,我们可以对签名后的jar做验证!
验证tools.jar,命令如下:
jarsigner -verify -verbose -certs tools.jar
控制台输出:
402 Sat Jun 20 16:25:14 CST 2009 META-INF/MANIFEST.MF 532 Sat Jun 20 16:25:14 CST 2009 META-INF/WWW_ZLEX.SF 889 Sat Jun 20 16:25:14 CST 2009 META-INF/WWW_ZLEX.RSAsm 590 Wed Dec 10 13:03:42 CST 2008 org/zlex/security/Security.class X.509, CN=www.zlex.org, OU=zlex, O=zlex, L=BJ, ST=BJ, C=CN [证书将在 09-9-18 下午3:27 到期]sm 705 Tue Dec 16 18:00:56 CST 2008 org/zlex/tool/Main$1.class X.509, CN=www.zlex.org, OU=zlex, O=zlex, L=BJ, ST=BJ, C=CN [证书将在 09-9-18 下午3:27 到期]sm 779 Tue Dec 16 18:00:56 CST 2008 org/zlex/tool/Main$2.class X.509, CN=www.zlex.org, OU=zlex, O=zlex, L=BJ, ST=BJ, C=CN [证书将在 09-9-18 下午3:27 到期]sm 12672 Tue Dec 16 18:00:56 CST 2008 org/zlex/tool/Main.class X.509, CN=www.zlex.org, OU=zlex, O=zlex, L=BJ, ST=BJ, C=CN [证书将在 09-9-18 下午3:27 到期] s = 已验证签名 m = 在清单中列出条目 k = 在密钥库中至少找到了一个证书 i = 在身份作用域内至少找到了一个证书jar 已验证。警告:此 jar 包含签名者证书将在六个月内过期的条目。
代码签名认证的用途主要是对发布的软件做验证,支持 Sun Java .jar (Java Applet) 文件(J2SE)和 J2ME MIDlet Suite 文件。
在中,我们模拟了一个基于RSA非对称加密网络的安全通信。现在我们深度了解一下现有的安全网络通信——SSL。
我们需要构建一个由CA机构签发的有效证书,这里我们使用上文中生成的自签名证书zlex.cer
这里,我们将证书导入到我们的密钥库。
keytool -import -alias www.zlex.org -file d:/zlex.cer -keystore d:/zlex.keystore
其中
-import表示导入
-alias指定别名,这里是www.zlex.org
-file指定算法,这里是d:/zlex.cer
-keystore指定存储位置,这里是d:/zlex.keystore
在这里我使用的密码为654321
控制台输出:
输入keystore密码:再次输入新密码:所有者:CN=www.zlex.org, OU=zlex, O=zlex, L=BJ, ST=BJ, C=CN签发人:CN=www.zlex.org, OU=zlex, O=zlex, L=BJ, ST=BJ, C=CN序列号:4a1e48df有效期: Thu May 28 16:18:39 CST 2009 至Wed Aug 26 16:18:39 CST 2009证书指纹: MD5:19:CA:E6:36:E2:DF:AD:96:31:97:2F:A9:AD:FC:37:6A SHA1:49:88:30:59:29:45:F1:69:CA:97:A9:6D:8A:CF:08:D2:C3:D5:C0:C4 签名算法名称:SHA1withRSA 版本: 3信任这个认证? [否]: y认证已添加至keystore中
OK,最复杂的准备工作已经完成。
接下来我们将域名www.zlex.org定位到本机上。打开C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc\hosts文件,将www.zlex.org绑定在本机上。在文件末尾追加127.0.0.1 www.zlex.org。现在通过地址栏访问http://www.zlex.org,或者通过ping命令,如果能够定位到本机,域名映射就搞定了。
现在,配置tomcat。先将zlex.keystore拷贝到tomcat的conf目录下,然后配置server.xml。将如下内容加入配置文件
<Connector SSLEnabled="true" URIEncoding="UTF-8" clientAuth="false" keystoreFile="conf/zlex.keystore" keystorePass="123456" maxThreads="150" port="443" protocol="HTTP/1.1" scheme="https" secure="true" sslProtocol="TLS" />
注意clientAuth="false"测试阶段,置为false,正式使用时建议使用true。现在启动tomcat,访问https://www.zlex.org/。
显然,证书未能通过认证,这个时候你可以选择安装证书(上文中的zlex.cer文件就是证书),作为受信任的根证书颁发机构导入,再次重启浏览器(IE,其他浏览器对于域名www.zlex.org不支持本地方式访问),访问https://www.zlex.org/,你会看到地址栏中会有个小锁,就说明安装成功。所有的浏览器联网操作已经在RSA加密解密系统的保护之下了。但似乎我们感受不到。
这个时候很多人开始怀疑,如果我们要手工做一个这样的https的访问是不是需要把浏览器的这些个功能都实现呢?不需要!
接着上篇内容,给出如下代码实现:
import java.io.FileInputStream;import java.security.KeyStore;import java.security.PrivateKey;import java.security.PublicKey;import java.security.Signature;import java.security.cert.Certificate;import java.security.cert.CertificateFactory;import java.security.cert.X509Certificate;import java.util.Date;import javax.crypto.Cipher;import javax.net.ssl.HttpsURLConnection;import javax.net.ssl.KeyManagerFactory;import javax.net.ssl.SSLContext;import javax.net.ssl.SSLSocketFactory;import javax.net.ssl.TrustManagerFactory;/** * 证书组件 * * @author 梁栋 * @version 1.0 * @since 1.0 */public abstract class CertificateCoder extends Coder { /** * Java密钥库(Java Key Store,JKS)KEY_STORE */ public static final String KEY_STORE = "JKS"; public static final String X509 = "X.509"; public static final String SunX509 = "SunX509"; public static final String SSL = "SSL"; /** * 由KeyStore获得私钥 * * @param keyStorePath * @param alias * @param password * @return * @throws Exception */ private static PrivateKey getPrivateKey(String keyStorePath, String alias, String password) throws Exception { KeyStore ks = getKeyStore(keyStorePath, password); PrivateKey key = (PrivateKey) ks.getKey(alias, password.toCharArray()); return key; } /** * 由Certificate获得公钥 * * @param certificatePath * @return * @throws Exception */ private static PublicKey getPublicKey(String certificatePath) throws Exception { Certificate certificate = getCertificate(certificatePath); PublicKey key = certificate.getPublicKey(); return key; } /** * 获得Certificate * * @param certificatePath * @return * @throws Exception */ private static Certificate getCertificate(String certificatePath) throws Exception { CertificateFactory certificateFactory = CertificateFactory .getInstance(X509); FileInputStream in = new FileInputStream(certificatePath); Certificate certificate = certificateFactory.generateCertificate(in); in.close(); return certificate; } /** * 获得Certificate * * @param keyStorePath * @param alias * @param password * @return * @throws Exception */ private static Certificate getCertificate(String keyStorePath, String alias, String password) throws Exception { KeyStore ks = getKeyStore(keyStorePath, password); Certificate certificate = ks.getCertificate(alias); return certificate; } /** * 获得KeyStore * * @param keyStorePath * @param password * @return * @throws Exception */ private static KeyStore getKeyStore(String keyStorePath, String password) throws Exception { FileInputStream is = new FileInputStream(keyStorePath); KeyStore ks = KeyStore.getInstance(KEY_STORE); ks.load(is, password.toCharArray()); is.close(); return ks; } /** * 私钥加密 * * @param data * @param keyStorePath * @param alias * @param password * @return * @throws Exception */ public static byte[] encryptByPrivateKey(byte[] data, String keyStorePath, String alias, String password) throws Exception { // 取得私钥 PrivateKey privateKey = getPrivateKey(keyStorePath, alias, password); // 对数据加密 Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(privateKey.getAlgorithm()); cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, privateKey); return cipher.doFinal(data); } /** * 私钥解密 * * @param data * @param keyStorePath * @param alias * @param password * @return * @throws Exception */ public static byte[] decryptByPrivateKey(byte[] data, String keyStorePath, String alias, String password) throws Exception { // 取得私钥 PrivateKey privateKey = getPrivateKey(keyStorePath, alias, password); // 对数据加密 Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(privateKey.getAlgorithm()); cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, privateKey); return cipher.doFinal(data); } /** * 公钥加密 * * @param data * @param certificatePath * @return * @throws Exception */ public static byte[] encryptByPublicKey(byte[] data, String certificatePath) throws Exception { // 取得公钥 PublicKey publicKey = getPublicKey(certificatePath); // 对数据加密 Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(publicKey.getAlgorithm()); cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, publicKey); return cipher.doFinal(data); } /** * 公钥解密 * * @param data * @param certificatePath * @return * @throws Exception */ public static byte[] decryptByPublicKey(byte[] data, String certificatePath) throws Exception { // 取得公钥 PublicKey publicKey = getPublicKey(certificatePath); // 对数据加密 Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(publicKey.getAlgorithm()); cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, publicKey); return cipher.doFinal(data); } /** * 验证Certificate * * @param certificatePath * @return */ public static boolean verifyCertificate(String certificatePath) { return verifyCertificate(new Date(), certificatePath); } /** * 验证Certificate是否过期或无效 * * @param date * @param certificatePath * @return */ public static boolean verifyCertificate(Date date, String certificatePath) { boolean status = true; try { // 取得证书 Certificate certificate = getCertificate(certificatePath); // 验证证书是否过期或无效 status = verifyCertificate(date, certificate); } catch (Exception e) { status = false; } return status; } /** * 验证证书是否过期或无效 * * @param date * @param certificate * @return */ private static boolean verifyCertificate(Date date, Certificate certificate) { boolean status = true; try { X509Certificate x509Certificate = (X509Certificate) certificate; x509Certificate.checkValidity(date); } catch (Exception e) { status = false; } return status; } /** * 签名 * * @param keyStorePath * @param alias * @param password * * @return * @throws Exception */ public static String sign(byte[] sign, String keyStorePath, String alias, String password) throws Exception { // 获得证书 X509Certificate x509Certificate = (X509Certificate) getCertificate( keyStorePath, alias, password); // 获取私钥 KeyStore ks = getKeyStore(keyStorePath, password); // 取得私钥 PrivateKey privateKey = (PrivateKey) ks.getKey(alias, password .toCharArray()); // 构建签名 Signature signature = Signature.getInstance(x509Certificate .getSigAlgName()); signature.initSign(privateKey); signature.update(sign); return encryptBASE64(signature.sign()); } /** * 验证签名 * * @param data * @param sign * @param certificatePath * @return * @throws Exception */ public static boolean verify(byte[] data, String sign, String certificatePath) throws Exception { // 获得证书 X509Certificate x509Certificate = (X509Certificate) getCertificate(certificatePath); // 获得公钥 PublicKey publicKey = x509Certificate.getPublicKey(); // 构建签名 Signature signature = Signature.getInstance(x509Certificate .getSigAlgName()); signature.initVerify(publicKey); signature.update(data); return signature.verify(decryptBASE64(sign)); } /** * 验证Certificate * * @param keyStorePath * @param alias * @param password * @return */ public static boolean verifyCertificate(Date date, String keyStorePath, String alias, String password) { boolean status = true; try { Certificate certificate = getCertificate(keyStorePath, alias, password); status = verifyCertificate(date, certificate); } catch (Exception e) { status = false; } return status; } /** * 验证Certificate * * @param keyStorePath * @param alias * @param password * @return */ public static boolean verifyCertificate(String keyStorePath, String alias, String password) { return verifyCertificate(new Date(), keyStorePath, alias, password); } /** * 获得SSLSocektFactory * * @param password * 密码 * @param keyStorePath * 密钥库路径 * * @param trustKeyStorePath * 信任库路径 * @return * @throws Exception */ private static SSLSocketFactory getSSLSocketFactory(String password, String keyStorePath, String trustKeyStorePath) throws Exception { // 初始化密钥库 KeyManagerFactory keyManagerFactory = KeyManagerFactory .getInstance(SunX509); KeyStore keyStore = getKeyStore(keyStorePath, password); keyManagerFactory.init(keyStore, password.toCharArray()); // 初始化信任库 TrustManagerFactory trustManagerFactory = TrustManagerFactory .getInstance(SunX509); KeyStore trustkeyStore = getKeyStore(trustKeyStorePath, password); trustManagerFactory.init(trustkeyStore); // 初始化SSL上下文 SSLContext ctx = SSLContext.getInstance(SSL); ctx.init(keyManagerFactory.getKeyManagers(), trustManagerFactory .getTrustManagers(), null); SSLSocketFactory sf = ctx.getSocketFactory(); return sf; } /** * 为HttpsURLConnection配置SSLSocketFactory * * @param conn * HttpsURLConnection * @param password * 密码 * @param keyStorePath * 密钥库路径 * * @param trustKeyStorePath * 信任库路径 * @throws Exception */ public static void configSSLSocketFactory(HttpsURLConnection conn, String password, String keyStorePath, String trustKeyStorePath) throws Exception { conn.setSSLSocketFactory(getSSLSocketFactory(password, keyStorePath, trustKeyStorePath)); }}
增加了configSSLSocketFactory方法供外界调用,该方法为 HttpsURLConnection配置了SSLSocketFactory。当HttpsURLConnection配置了 SSLSocketFactory后,我们就可以通过HttpsURLConnection的getInputStream、 getOutputStream,像往常使用HttpURLConnection做操作了。尤其要说明一点,未配置SSLSocketFactory 前,HttpsURLConnection的getContentLength()获得值永远都是-1。
给出相应测试类:
import static org.junit.Assert.*;import java.io.DataInputStream;import java.io.InputStream;import java.net.URL;import javax.net.ssl.HttpsURLConnection;import org.junit.Test;/** * * @author 梁栋 * @version 1.0 * @since 1.0 */public class CertificateCoderTest { private String password = "123456"; private String alias = "www.zlex.org"; private String certificatePath = "d:/zlex.cer"; private String keyStorePath = "d:/zlex.keystore"; private String clientKeyStorePath = "d:/zlex-client.keystore"; private String clientPassword = "654321"; @Test public void test() throws Exception { System.err.println("公钥加密——私钥解密"); String inputStr = "Ceritifcate"; byte[] data = inputStr.getBytes(); byte[] encrypt = CertificateCoder.encryptByPublicKey(data, certificatePath); byte[] decrypt = CertificateCoder.decryptByPrivateKey(encrypt, keyStorePath, alias, password); String outputStr = new String(decrypt); System.err.println("加密前: " + inputStr + "\n\r" + "解密后: " + outputStr); // 验证数据一致 assertArrayEquals(data, decrypt); // 验证证书有效 assertTrue(CertificateCoder.verifyCertificate(certificatePath)); } @Test public void testSign() throws Exception { System.err.println("私钥加密——公钥解密"); String inputStr = "sign"; byte[] data = inputStr.getBytes(); byte[] encodedData = CertificateCoder.encryptByPrivateKey(data, keyStorePath, alias, password); byte[] decodedData = CertificateCoder.decryptByPublicKey(encodedData, certificatePath); String outputStr = new String(decodedData); System.err.println("加密前: " + inputStr + "\n\r" + "解密后: " + outputStr); assertEquals(inputStr, outputStr); System.err.println("私钥签名——公钥验证签名"); // 产生签名 String sign = CertificateCoder.sign(encodedData, keyStorePath, alias, password); System.err.println("签名:\r" + sign); // 验证签名 boolean status = CertificateCoder.verify(encodedData, sign, certificatePath); System.err.println("状态:\r" + status); assertTrue(status); } @Test public void testHttps() throws Exception { URL url = new URL("https://www.zlex.org/examples/"); HttpsURLConnection conn = (HttpsURLConnection) url.openConnection(); conn.setDoInput(true); conn.setDoOutput(true); CertificateCoder.configSSLSocketFactory(conn, clientPassword, clientKeyStorePath, clientKeyStorePath); InputStream is = conn.getInputStream(); int length = conn.getContentLength(); DataInputStream dis = new DataInputStream(is); byte[] data = new byte[length]; dis.readFully(data); dis.close(); System.err.println(new String(data)); conn.disconnect(); }}
注意testHttps方法,几乎和我们往常做HTTP访问没有差别,我们来看控制台输出:
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通过浏览器直接访问https://www.zlex.org/examples/你 也会获得上述内容。也就是说应用甲方作为服务器构建tomcat服务,乙方可以通过上述方式访问甲方受保护的SSL应用,并且不需要考虑具体的加密解密问 题。甲乙双方可以经过相应配置,通过双方的tomcat配置有效的SSL服务,简化上述代码实现,完全通过证书配置完成SSL双向认证!
我们使用自签名证书完成了认证。接下来,我们使用第三方CA签名机构完成证书签名。
这里我们使用thawte提供的测试用21天免费ca证书。
1.要在该网站上注明你的域名,这里使用www.zlex.org作为测试用域名(请勿使用该域名作为你的域名地址,该域名受法律保护!请使用其他非注册域名!)。
2.如果域名有效,你会收到邮件要求你访问https://www.thawte.com/cgi/server/try.exe获得ca证书。
3.复述密钥库的创建。
keytool -genkey -validity 36000 -alias www.zlex.org -keyalg RSA -keystore d:\zlex.keystore
在这里我使用的密码为 123456
控制台输出:
输入keystore密码:再次输入新密码:您的名字与姓氏是什么? [Unknown]: www.zlex.org您的组织单位名称是什么? [Unknown]: zlex您的组织名称是什么? [Unknown]: zlex您所在的城市或区域名称是什么? [Unknown]: BJ您所在的州或省份名称是什么? [Unknown]: BJ该单位的两字母国家代码是什么 [Unknown]: CNCN=www.zlex.org, OU=zlex, O=zlex, L=BJ, ST=BJ, C=CN 正确吗? [否]: Y输入<tomcat>的主密码 (如果和 keystore 密码相同,按回车):再次输入新密码:
4.通过如下命令,从zlex.keystore中导出CA证书申请。
keytool -certreq -alias www.zlex.org -file d:\zlex.csr -keystore d:\zlex.keystore -v
你会获得zlex.csr文件,可以用记事本打开,内容如下格式:
-----BEGIN NEW CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----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-----END NEW CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----
5.将上述文件内容拷贝到https://www.thawte.com/cgi/server/try.exe中,点击next,获得回应内容,这里是p7b格式。
内容如下:
-----BEGIN PKCS7-----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-----END PKCS7-----
将其存储为zlex.p7b
6.将由CA签发的证书导入密钥库。
keytool -import -trustcacerts -alias www.zlex.org -file d:\zlex.p7b -keystore d:\zlex.keystore -v
在这里我使用的密码为 123456
控制台输出:
输入keystore密码:回复中的最高级认证:所有者:CN=Thawte Test CA Root, OU=TEST TEST TEST, O=Thawte Certification, ST=FOR TESTING PURPOSES ONLY, C=ZA签发人:CN=Thawte Test CA Root, OU=TEST TEST TEST, O=Thawte Certification, ST=FOR TESTING PURPOSES ONLY, C=ZA序列号:0有效期: Thu Aug 01 08:00:00 CST 1996 至Fri Jan 01 05:59:59 CST 2021证书指纹: MD5:5E:E0:0E:1D:17:B7:CA:A5:7D:36:D6:02:DF:4D:26:A4 SHA1:39:C6:9D:27:AF:DC:EB:47:D6:33:36:6A:B2:05:F1:47:A9:B4:DA:EA 签名算法名称:MD5withRSA 版本: 3扩展:#1: ObjectId: 2.5.29.19 Criticality=trueBasicConstraints:[ CA:true PathLen:2147483647]... 是不可信的。 还是要安装回复? [否]: Y认证回复已安装在 keystore中[正在存储 d:\zlex.keystore]
7.域名定位
将域名www.zlex.org定位到本机上。打开C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc\hosts文件,将 www.zlex.org绑定在本机上。在文件末尾追加127.0.0.1 www.zlex.org。现在通过地址栏访问http://www.zlex.org,或者通过ping命令,如果能够定位到本机,域名映射就搞定 了。
8.配置server.xml
<Connector keystoreFile="conf/zlex.keystore" keystorePass="123456" truststoreFile="conf/zlex.keystore" truststorePass="123456" SSLEnabled="true" URIEncoding="UTF-8" clientAuth="false" maxThreads="150" port="443" protocol="HTTP/1.1" scheme="https" secure="true" sslProtocol="TLS" />
将文件zlex.keystore拷贝到tomcat的conf目录下,重新启动tomcat。访问https://www.zlex.org/,我们发现联网有些迟钝。大约5秒钟后,网页正常显示,同时有如下图所示:
浏览器验证了该CA机构的有效性。
打开证书,如下图所示:
调整测试类:
import static org.junit.Assert.*;import java.io.DataInputStream;import java.io.InputStream;import java.net.URL;import javax.net.ssl.HttpsURLConnection;import org.junit.Test;/** * * @author 梁栋 * @version 1.0 * @since 1.0 */public class CertificateCoderTest { private String password = "123456"; private String alias = "www.zlex.org"; private String certificatePath = "d:/zlex.cer"; private String keyStorePath = "d:/zlex.keystore"; @Test public void test() throws Exception { System.err.println("公钥加密——私钥解密"); String inputStr = "Ceritifcate"; byte[] data = inputStr.getBytes(); byte[] encrypt = CertificateCoder.encryptByPublicKey(data, certificatePath); byte[] decrypt = CertificateCoder.decryptByPrivateKey(encrypt, keyStorePath, alias, password); String outputStr = new String(decrypt); System.err.println("加密前: " + inputStr + "\n\r" + "解密后: " + outputStr); // 验证数据一致 assertArrayEquals(data, decrypt); // 验证证书有效 assertTrue(CertificateCoder.verifyCertificate(certificatePath)); } @Test public void testSign() throws Exception { System.err.println("私钥加密——公钥解密"); String inputStr = "sign"; byte[] data = inputStr.getBytes(); byte[] encodedData = CertificateCoder.encryptByPrivateKey(data, keyStorePath, alias, password); byte[] decodedData = CertificateCoder.decryptByPublicKey(encodedData, certificatePath); String outputStr = new String(decodedData); System.err.println("加密前: " + inputStr + "\n\r" + "解密后: " + outputStr); assertEquals(inputStr, outputStr); System.err.println("私钥签名——公钥验证签名"); // 产生签名 String sign = CertificateCoder.sign(encodedData, keyStorePath, alias, password); System.err.println("签名:\r" + sign); // 验证签名 boolean status = CertificateCoder.verify(encodedData, sign, certificatePath); System.err.println("状态:\r" + status); assertTrue(status); } @Test public void testHttps() throws Exception { URL url = new URL("https://www.zlex.org/examples/"); HttpsURLConnection conn = (HttpsURLConnection) url.openConnection(); conn.setDoInput(true); conn.setDoOutput(true); CertificateCoder.configSSLSocketFactory(conn, password, keyStorePath, keyStorePath); InputStream is = conn.getInputStream(); int length = conn.getContentLength(); DataInputStream dis = new DataInputStream(is); byte[] data = new byte[length]; dis.readFully(data); dis.close(); conn.disconnect(); System.err.println(new String(data)); }}
再次执行,验证通过!
由此,我们了基于SSL协议的认证过程。测试类的testHttps方法模拟了一次浏览器的HTTPS访问。
(原文地址:http://www.open-open.com/lib/view/open1397274257325.html)
[转]Java加密算法