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ORACLE 中NUMBER类型默认的精度和Scale问题
在ORACLE数据库中,NUMBER(P,S)是最常见的数字类型,可以存放数据范围为10^-130~10^126(不包含此值),需要1~22字节(BYTE)不等的存储空间。P 是Precison的英文缩写,即精度缩写,表示有效数字的位数,最多不能超过38个有效数字。S是Scale的英文缩写,表示从小数点到最低有效数字的位数,它为负数时,表示从最大有效数字到小数点的位数。有时候,我们在创建表的时候,NUMBER往往没有指定P,S的值,那么默认情况下,NUMBER的P、S的值分别是多少呢?相信这个问题能问倒一大片DBA。 在之前,我遇到了一个问题,总结整理在“ORACLE NUMBER类型Scale为0引发的问题”这篇博客当中,当时武断的判断“如果不指定p和s,NUMBER类型,它的默认精度值为38, 默认的scale值为0”,因为当时参考了官方文档https://docs.oracle.com/cd/B28359_01/server.111/b28318/datatype.htm#CNCPT1832
当然文档没有错误,文档应该是指在定义字段数据类型为NUMBER时,指定了NUMBER类型的P值,但是没有指定S的值,那么Scale默认就是0,如下测试所示,当时应该是我自己没有完全理解文档意思,当然文档也有误导的嫌疑。
SQL> drop table test;
Table dropped.
SQL> create table test(id number(38));
Table created.
SQL> insert into test
2 select 123 from dual union all
3 select 123.123 from dual;
2 rows created.
SQL> commit;
Commit complete.
SQL> select * from test;
ID
----------
123
123
SQL>
当在指定字段类型为NUMBER时,如果P和S都不指定,那么P和S又是什么值呢?今天特意实验验证了一下,具体实验过程如下:
SQL> drop table test;
Table dropped.
SQL> create table test(id number, id1 number(38,4));
Table created.
SQL> insert into test
2 select 12, 12 from dual union all
3 select 12.123456789, 12.123456789 from dual;
2 rows created.
SQL> commit;
Commit complete.
SQL> col id for 999999999999.999999999999999999999999999999999999;
SQL> col id1 for 99999999999.9999999999999999999999999999999999999;
SQL> select * from test;
ID ID1
-------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------
12.000000000000000000000000000000000000 12.0000000000000000000000000000000000000
12.123456789000000000000000000000000000 12.1235000000000000000000000000000000000
SQL>
如上所示,当我插入上面两条记录后,发现如果不指定p和s,NUMBER类型,此时的Scale至少是9,我们继续测试,插入下面数据
SQL> insert into test
2 select 12.123456789123456789123456789123456,
3 12.123456789123456789123456789123456
4 from dual;
1 row created.
SQL> commit;
Commit complete.
SQL> select * from test;
ID ID1
-------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------
12.000000000000000000000000000000000000 12.0000000000000000000000000000000000000
12.123456789000000000000000000000000000 12.1235000000000000000000000000000000000
12.123456789123456789123456789123456000 12.1235000000000000000000000000000000000
如下所示,此时可以看到Scale的值33了,那么Scale的值是否可以继续变大呢?
SQL> insert into test
2 select 12.123456789123456789123456789123456789123,
3 12.123456789123456789123456789123456789123
4 from dual;
1 row created.
SQL> commit;
Commit complete.
SQL> select * from test;
ID ID1
-------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------
12.000000000000000000000000000000000000 12.0000000000000000000000000000000000000
12.123456789000000000000000000000000000 12.1235000000000000000000000000000000000
12.123456789123456789123456789123456000 12.1235000000000000000000000000000000000
12.123456789123456789123456789123456789 12.1235000000000000000000000000000000000
如下截图所示,插入的记录为12.123456789123456789123456789123456789123,但是显示的值为12.123456789123456789123456789123456789,总共为38位,由于格式化列的缘故,可能导致部分小数位没有显示,
我们继续测试,调整格式化列,我们发现值变为了12.12345678912345678912345678912345678912,总共40位了,Scale的值为38了。这个是为什么呢?不是数字精度为38,意味着最多是38位吗?
SQL> col id for 999999999999.99999999999999999999999999999999999999999
SQL> col id1 for 99999999999.999999999999999999999999999999999999999999
SQL> select * from test;
ID ID1
------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------
12.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000 12.000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
12.12345678900000000000000000000000000000000 12.123500000000000000000000000000000000000000
12.12345678912345678912345678912345600000000 12.123500000000000000000000000000000000000000
12.12345678912345678912345678912345678912000 12.123500000000000000000000000000000000000000
继续其它测试,我们发现Sacle的值会随着小数点前面数字的变化而变化,如下所示:
SQL> insert into test
2 select 123456789.123456789123456789123456789123456,
3 123456789.123456789123456789123456789123456
4 from dual;
1 row created.
SQL> commit;
Commit complete
SQL> insert into test
2 select 123456789123.123456789123456789123456789123456,
3 123456789123.123456789123456789123456789123456
4 from dual;
1 row created.
SQL> commit;
Commit complete.
SQL> select * from test;
ID ID1
------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------
12.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000 12.000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
12.12345678900000000000000000000000000000000 12.123500000000000000000000000000000000000000
12.12345678912345678912345678912345600000000 12.123500000000000000000000000000000000000000
12.12345678912345678912345678912345678912000 12.123500000000000000000000000000000000000000
123456789.12345678912345678912345678912300000000000 123456789.123500000000000000000000000000000000000000
123456789123.12345678912345678912345678910000000000000 #######################################################
6 rows selected.
从上面测试可以看出,Scale的值是变化的,跟数据值有关系,目前看来,小数点前的数字位数和小数点后的数字位数相加为40(有时候又是39),为了测试是否这个规律,我特意用下面案例测试一下
SQL> create table test2(id number);
Table created.
SQL> insert into test2
2 select 0.123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789 from dual;
1 row created.
SQL> commit;
Commit complete.
SQL> col id for 9999999999.9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999;
SQL> select * from test2;
ID
----------------------------------------------------------
.1234567891234567891234567891234567891235000000
SQL> insert into test2
2 select 123456789.123456789123456789123456789123456789 from dual;
1 row created.
SQL> commit;
Commit complete.
SQL> select * from test2;
ID
----------------------------------------------------------
.1234567891234567891234567891234567891235000000
123456789.1234567891234567891234567891230000000000000000
SQL> insert into test2
2 select 123456789123.123456789123456789123456789123456789 from dual;
1 row created.
SQL> commit;
Commit complete.
SQL> select * from test2;
ID
----------------------------------------------------------
.1234567891234567891234567891234567891235000000
123456789.1234567891234567891234567891230000000000000000
##########################################################
SQL> col id for 9999999999999.9999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999;
SQL> select * from test2;
ID
-------------------------------------------------------------
.1234567891234567891234567891234567891235000000
123456789.1234567891234567891234567891230000000000000000
123456789123.1234567891234567891234567891000000000000000000
SQL> insert into test2
2 select 12345678912345.12345678912345678912345678912345 from dual;
1 row created.
SQL> commit;
Commit complete.
SQL> select * from test2;
ID
-------------------------------------------------------------
.1234567891234567891234567891234567891235000000
123456789.1234567891234567891234567891230000000000000000
123456789123.1234567891234567891234567891000000000000000000
#############################################################
SQL> col id for 9999999999999999999.99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999;
SP2-0246: Illegal FORMAT string "9999999999999999999.99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999"
SQL> col id for 9999999999999999999.9999999999999999999999999999999999999999
SQL> select * from test2;
ID
-------------------------------------------------------------
.1234567891234567891234567891234567891235
123456789.1234567891234567891234567891230000000000
123456789123.1234567891234567891234567891000000000000
12345678912345.1234567891234567891234567900000000000000
SQL>
这个问题纠结了很久,不明白为什么是39或40,后面在Oracle Database SQL Reference 10g Release 2终于找到解释了,如下所示:
p is the precision, or the total number of significant decimal digits, where the most
significant digit is the left-most nonzero digit, and the least significant digit is the
right-most known digit. Oracle guarantees the portability of numbers with
precision of up to 20 base-100 digits, which is equivalent to 39 or 40 decimal digits
depending on the position of the decimal point.
p是精度,或是有效十进制数的总位数。最大的有效数字是最左边的非零数字,而最小有效位是最右边的数字。 Oracle保证数字的可移植性
精度高达20 base-100 digits,相当于39位或40位十进制数字,取决于小数点的位置。
ORACLE 中NUMBER类型默认的精度和Scale问题