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git 和github简介
关于github不清楚的可以百度，
在这里，可以创建一个新的仓库
点击Create repository后会出现下面这些信息，其中第一块是仓库的url链接
第二块是你在本地目录中创建一个READEME.md文件，然后进行初始化，在add和commit提交到分支，然后再关联仓库，最后通过push 推送本地代码到github。
第三块其实就是已创建了本地仓库的前提下，执行第二块后面两行命令，推送代码到github
$ git remote add origin git@github.com:LaoNiNi/Test.git fatal: remote origin already exists. laoni@DESKTOP-TPPLHIB MINGW64 /c/laoni/PycharmProjects/new_test (master) $ git push -u origin master Counting objects: 2, done. Delta compression using up to 6 threads. Compressing objects: 100% (2/2), done. Writing objects: 100% (2/2), 235 bytes | 0 bytes/s, done. Total 2 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0) To github.com:LaoNiNi/Test.git 87faef8..43b2fe4 master -> master Branch master set up to track remote branch master from origin. laoni@DESKTOP-TPPLHIB MINGW64 /c/laoni/PycharmProjects/new_test (master) $
现在我们可以通过url来把代码clone到本地
通过 git branch -r 可以查看本地和远程相关联的git分支有哪些。通过push时指定提交分支，可以让分支和远程分支关联。
laoni@DESKTOP-TPPLHIB MINGW64 /c/laoni/PycharmProjects/new_test (master) $ git branch -r origin/master laoni@DESKTOP-TPPLHIB MINGW64 /c/laoni/PycharmProjects/new_test (master) $ git branch * master laoni@DESKTOP-TPPLHIB MINGW64 /c/laoni/PycharmProjects/new_test (master) $ git branch dev laoni@DESKTOP-TPPLHIB MINGW64 /c/laoni/PycharmProjects/new_test (master) $ git branch dev * master laoni@DESKTOP-TPPLHIB MINGW64 /c/laoni/PycharmProjects/new_test (master) $ gir branch -r bash: gir: command not found laoni@DESKTOP-TPPLHIB MINGW64 /c/laoni/PycharmProjects/new_test (master) $ git branch -r origin/master laoni@DESKTOP-TPPLHIB MINGW64 /c/laoni/PycharmProjects/new_test (master) $ git branch dev fatal: A branch named ‘dev‘ already exists. laoni@DESKTOP-TPPLHIB MINGW64 /c/laoni/PycharmProjects/new_test (master) $ git push -u origin dev Total 0 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0) To github.com:LaoNiNi/Test.git * [new branch] dev -> dev Branch dev set up to track remote branch dev from origin. laoni@DESKTOP-TPPLHIB MINGW64 /c/laoni/PycharmProjects/new_test (master) $ git branch -r origin/dev origin/master laoni@DESKTOP-TPPLHIB MINGW64 /c/laoni/PycharmProjects/new_test (master) $
当别的同事create和push新的分支到github时，我可以通过git branch -a 查看本地分支和远程分支有哪些，我们clone代码时只会把默认分支（master）clone到本地，并不包括别的分支，所以需要通过 git checkout -b bug /origin/bug 命令创建新分支，并且切换到新分支，而且关联远程的bug分支。
通过git remote -v 可以查看当前关联哪个远程git，通过git remote remove origin可以删除当前关联项
laoni@DESKTOP-TPPLHIB MINGW64 /c/laoni/PycharmProjects/new_test (master) $ git remote -v origin git@github.com:LaoNiNi/Test.git (fetch) origin git@github.com:LaoNiNi/Test.git (push) laoni@DESKTOP-TPPLHIB MINGW64 /c/laoni/PycharmProjects/new_test (master) $ git remote remove origin laoni@DESKTOP-TPPLHIB MINGW64 /c/laoni/PycharmProjects/new_test (master) $ git remote -v
使用git pull origin 分支名称 可以更新远程分支，并且合并我当前分支，如果有冲突，会在本地有冲突的文件里出现提示。
$ git add * laoni@DESKTOP-TPPLHIB MINGW64 /c/laoni/PycharmProjects/new_test2 (master) $ git status On branch master Initial commit Changes to be committed: (use "git rm --cached <file>..." to unstage) new file: README.md new file: README2.md laoni@DESKTOP-TPPLHIB MINGW64 /c/laoni/PycharmProjects/new_test2 (master) $ git commit -m "commit newfile" [master (root-commit) ae86fce] commit newfile 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+) create mode 100644 README.md create mode 100644 README2.md laoni@DESKTOP-TPPLHIB MINGW64 /c/laoni/PycharmProjects/new_test2 (master) $ git push origin dev error: src refspec dev does not match any. error: failed to push some refs to ‘git@github.com:LaoNiNi/Test.git‘ laoni@DESKTOP-TPPLHIB MINGW64 /c/laoni/PycharmProjects/new_test2 (master) $ git push origin master To github.com:LaoNiNi/Test.git ! [rejected] master -> master (fetch first) error: failed to push some refs to ‘git@github.com:LaoNiNi/Test.git‘ hint: Updates were rejected because the remote contains work that you do hint: not have locally. This is usually caused by another repository pushing hint: to the same ref. You may want to first integrate the remote changes hint: (e.g., ‘git pull ...‘) before pushing again. hint: See the ‘Note about fast-forwards‘ in ‘git push --help‘ for details. laoni@DESKTOP-TPPLHIB MINGW64 /c/laoni/PycharmProjects/new_test2 (master) $ git pull origin master warning: no common commits remote: Counting objects: 5, done. remote: Compressing objects: 100% (3/3), done. remote: Total 5 (delta 0), reused 5 (delta 0), pack-reused 0 Unpacking objects: 100% (5/5), done. From github.com:LaoNiNi/Test * branch master -> FETCH_HEAD * [new branch] master -> origin/master fatal: refusing to merge unrelated histories laoni@DESKTOP-TPPLHIB MINGW64 /c/laoni/PycharmProjects/new_test2 (master) $ git push origin master To github.com:LaoNiNi/Test.git ! [rejected] master -> master (non-fast-forward) error: failed to push some refs to ‘git@github.com:LaoNiNi/Test.git‘ hint: Updates were rejected because the tip of your current branch is behind hint: its remote counterpart. Integrate the remote changes (e.g. hint: ‘git pull ...‘) before pushing again. hint: See the ‘Note about fast-forwards‘ in ‘git push --help‘ for details. laoni@DESKTOP-TPPLHIB MINGW64 /c/laoni/PycharmProjects/new_test2 (master) $ lws bash: lws: command not found laoni@DESKTOP-TPPLHIB MINGW64 /c/laoni/PycharmProjects/new_test2 (master) $ git status On branch master nothing to commit, working tree clean laoni@DESKTOP-TPPLHIB MINGW64 /c/laoni/PycharmProjects/new_test2 (master) $
但是git pull会自动帮我们合并分支，帮我们隐藏了很多细节，这样不能很好的掌控代码变化细节，
$ git add README2.md laoni@DESKTOP-TPPLHIB MINGW64 /c/laoni/PycharmProjects/new_test2 (master) $ git status On branch master Changes to be committed: (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage) modified: README2.md laoni@DESKTOP-TPPLHIB MINGW64 /c/laoni/PycharmProjects/new_test2 (master) $ git commit -m "提交 This is a new file" [master 6efcf83] 提交 This is a new file 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+) laoni@DESKTOP-TPPLHIB MINGW64 /c/laoni/PycharmProjects/new_test2 (master) $ git status On branch master nothing to commit, working tree clean laoni@DESKTOP-TPPLHIB MINGW64 /c/laoni/PycharmProjects/new_test2 (master) $ git push origin master To github.com:LaoNiNi/Test.git ! [rejected] master -> master (non-fast-forward) error: failed to push some refs to ‘git@github.com:LaoNiNi/Test.git‘ hint: Updates were rejected because the tip of your current branch is behind hint: its remote counterpart. Integrate the remote changes (e.g. hint: ‘git pull ...‘) before pushing again. hint: See the ‘Note about fast-forwards‘ in ‘git push --help‘ for details. laoni@DESKTOP-TPPLHIB MINGW64 /c/laoni/PycharmProjects/new_test2 (master) $ git pull origin master From github.com:LaoNiNi/Test * branch master -> FETCH_HEAD fatal: refusing to merge unrelated histories laoni@DESKTOP-TPPLHIB MINGW64 /c/laoni/PycharmProjects/new_test2 (master) $ cat README2.md # Test This is a new file. laoni@DESKTOP-TPPLHIB MINGW64 /c/laoni/PycharmProjects/new_test2 (master) $ git push origin master To github.com:LaoNiNi/Test.git ! [rejected] master -> master (non-fast-forward) error: failed to push some refs to ‘git@github.com:LaoNiNi/Test.git‘ hint: Updates were rejected because the tip of your current branch is behind hint: its remote counterpart. Integrate the remote changes (e.g. hint: ‘git pull ...‘) before pushing again. hint: See the ‘Note about fast-forwards‘ in ‘git push --help‘ for details. laoni@DESKTOP-TPPLHIB MINGW64 /c/laoni/PycharmProjects/new_test2 (master) $ git branch -a * master remotes/origin/master laoni@DESKTOP-TPPLHIB MINGW64 /c/laoni/PycharmProjects/new_test2 (master) $ git checkout origin/master Note: checking out ‘origin/master‘. You are in ‘detached HEAD‘ state. You can look around, make experimental changes and commit them, and you can discard any commits you make in this state without impacting any branches by performing another checkout. If you want to create a new branch to retain commits you create, you may do so (now or later) by using -b with the checkout command again. Example: git checkout -b <new-branch-name> HEAD is now at 43b2fe4... second commit laoni@DESKTOP-TPPLHIB MINGW64 /c/laoni/PycharmProjects/new_test2 ((43b2fe4...)) $ cat README2.md # Test laoni@DESKTOP-TPPLHIB MINGW64 /c/laoni/PycharmProjects/new_test2 ((43b2fe4...)) $ git branch -a * (HEAD detached at origin/master) master remotes/origin/master laoni@DESKTOP-TPPLHIB MINGW64 /c/laoni/PycharmProjects/new_test2 ((43b2fe4...)) $ git checkout master Previous HEAD position was 43b2fe4... second commit Switched to branch ‘master‘ laoni@DESKTOP-TPPLHIB MINGW64 /c/laoni/PycharmProjects/new_test2 (master) $ cat README2.md # Test This is a new file. laoni@DESKTOP-TPPLHIB MINGW64 /c/laon
所以我们合并分支时，可以用merge 加上 --no-ff参数这样有问题可以撤销：
laoni@DESKTOP-TPPLHIB MINGW64 /c/laoni/PycharmProjects/new_test ((fc4efc3...)) $ cat README.md 哇哈哈 def adb(): aa = 1 bb = 2 laoni@DESKTOP-TPPLHIB MINGW64 /c/laoni/PycharmProjects/new_test ((fc4efc3...)) $ git pull origin master remote: Counting objects: 3, done. remote: Compressing objects: 100% (3/3), done. Unpacking objects: 100% (3/3), done. remote: Total 3 (delta 0), reused 3 (delta 0), pack-reused 0 From github.com:LaoNiNi/Test * branch master -> FETCH_HEAD fc4efc3..83aa53b master -> origin/master Updating fc4efc3..83aa53b Fast-forward README.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) laoni@DESKTOP-TPPLHIB MINGW64 /c/laoni/PycharmProjects/new_test ((83aa53b...)) $ cat README.md 哇哈哈6666666666666666666666666666666666 def adb(): aa = 1 bb = 2 laoni@DESKTOP-TPPLHIB MINGW64 /c/laoni/PycharmProjects/new_test ((83aa53b...)) $ git checkout origin/master HEAD is now at 83aa53b... third remove laoni@DESKTOP-TPPLHIB MINGW64 /c/laoni/PycharmProjects/new_test ((83aa53b...)) $ git branch -a * (HEAD detached from d405ab6) dev master remotes/origin/master laoni@DESKTOP-TPPLHIB MINGW64 /c/laoni/PycharmProjects/new_test ((83aa53b...)) $ cat README.md 哇哈哈6666666666666666666666666666666666 def adb(): aa = 1 bb = 2 laoni@DESKTOP-TPPLHIB MINGW64 /c/laoni/PycharmProjects/new_test ((83aa53b...)) $ git checkout dev Previous HEAD position was 83aa53b... third remove Switched to branch ‘dev‘ laoni@DESKTOP-TPPLHIB MINGW64 /c/laoni/PycharmProjects/new_test (dev) $ git branch -a * dev master remotes/origin/master laoni@DESKTOP-TPPLHIB MINGW64 /c/laoni/PycharmProjects/new_test (dev) $ git merge origin/master --no-ff Merge made by the ‘recursive‘ strategy. README.md | 6 +++++- README2.md | 4 ++++ 2 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) laoni@DESKTOP-TPPLHIB MINGW64 /c/laoni/PycharmProjects/new_test (dev) $ cat README.md 哇哈哈6666666666666666666666666666666666 def adb(): aa = 1 bb = 2 laoni@DESKTOP-TPPLHIB MINGW64 /c/laoni/PycharmProjects/new_test (dev) $ git log --oneline bbb0d30 Merge remote-tracking branch ‘origin/master‘ into dev 83aa53b third remove fc4efc3 哇哈哈 d405ab6 second remove 9902110 README.md remove 98aa011 abc 6efcf83 提交 This is a new file ae86fce commit newfile 43b2fe4 second commit 87faef8 first commit laoni@DESKTOP-TPPLHIB MINGW64 /c/laoni/PycharmProjects/new_test (dev) $
git 和github简介
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