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Java自定义类加载器

 1 //示例: 2 package com.csair.soc; 3  4 import java.io.IOException; 5 import java.io.InputStream; 6  7 public class MyClassLoader1   extends ClassLoader{ 8         @Override 9         public Class<?> loadClass(String name) throws ClassNotFoundException{10                try{11                      String fileName = name.substring(name.lastIndexOf( ".")+1) + ".class";12                      InputStream is = this.getClass().getResourceAsStream(fileName);13                       byte[] b = new byte[is.available()];14                      is.read(b);15                       return defineClass(name, b, 0, b.length );16               } catch(IOException e){17                       throw new ClassNotFoundException(name);18               }19        }20 }21 22 23 package com.csair.soc;24 public class ClassLoaderTest {25         public static void main(String[] args) throws InstantiationException, IllegalAccessException, ClassNotFoundException {26               MyClassLoader1 myLoader = new MyClassLoader1();27               Object obj = myLoader.loadClass("com.csair.soc.ClassLoaderTest" ).newInstance();28               System. out.println(obj.getClass());29               System. out.println(obj.getClass().getClassLoader());30               System. out.println(obj instanceof com.csair.soc.ClassLoaderTest);31        }32 }
输出结果?
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.NullPointerException
       at com.csair.soc.MyClassLoader1.loadClass( MyClassLoader1.java:13)
       at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass1( Native Method)
       at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClassCond( ClassLoader.java:631)
       at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass( ClassLoader.java:615)
       at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass( ClassLoader.java:465)
       at com.csair.soc.MyClassLoader1.loadClass( MyClassLoader1.java:15)
       at com.csair.soc.ClassLoaderTest.main( ClassLoaderTest.java:7)
为什么在自定义的MyClassLoader1中Override   loadClass会失败?ClassLoaderTest文件在当前目录下,为什么还会报空指针异常?
在loadClass下,添加以下代码做测试。
System.out.println(name);
结果:
com.csair.soc.ClassLoaderTest
java.lang.Object
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.NullPointerException
       at com.csair.soc.MyClassLoader1.loadClass( MyClassLoader1.java:13)
       at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass1( Native Method)
       at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClassCond( ClassLoader.java:631)
       at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass( ClassLoader.java:615)
       at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass( ClassLoader.java:465)
       at com.csair.soc.MyClassLoader1.loadClass( MyClassLoader1.java:15)
       at com.csair.soc.ClassLoaderTest.main( ClassLoaderTest.java:7)
为什么要加载两次?要加载的类是ClassLoaderTest,为什么还要加载java.lang.Object?
 
带着问题,断点跟踪一下:loadClass
执行MyClassLoader1   的defineClass(name, b, 0, b.length );方法时,其调用顺序如下:
 1 defineClass(name, b, 0, b.length ); 2  3 ---> ClassLoader.class 4  protected final Class<?> defineClass(String name, byte[] b , int off, int len) 5         throws ClassFormatError 6     { 7         return defineClass(name, b, off, len, null); 8     } 9 10 -->11 12 protected final Class<?> defineClass(String name, byte[] b, int off, int len,13                                    ProtectionDomain protectionDomain)14         throws ClassFormatError15     {16          return defineClassCond(name, b, off, len, protectionDomain, true);17     }18 19 --->20 21 private final Class<?> defineClassCond(String name,22                                            byte[] b, int off, int len,23                                            ProtectionDomain protectionDomain,24                                            boolean verify)25         throws ClassFormatError26     {27        protectionDomain = preDefineClass(name, protectionDomain);28 29        Class c = null;30         String source = defineClassSourceLocation(protectionDomain);31 32         try {33            c = defineClass1(name, b, off, len, protectionDomain, source,34                              verify);35        } catch (ClassFormatError cfe) {36            c = defineTransformedClass(name, b, off, len, protectionDomain, cfe,37                                        source, verify);38        }
defineClass1也就是提示程序出错的位置
看看defineClass1方法是什么?在ClassLoader中,定义如下:
 private native Class defineClass1(String name, byte[] b, int off, int len,
                                     ProtectionDomain pd, String source,
                                      boolean verify);
也就是说defineClass1是native方法,继续跟踪代码,就发现又调用到自定义的loadClass方法中,此时传入的参数则变成了java.lang.Object。
根据这些可以猜测,类的加载,会将其所有的父类都加载一遍,直到java.lang.Object。
为了验证,这个猜想,写出以下示例。
public class MyClassLoader1   extends ClassLoader{
        @Override
        public Class<?> loadClass(String name) throws ClassNotFoundException{
               try{
                     System. out.println(name);
                     String fileName = name.substring(name.lastIndexOf( ".")+1) + ".class";
                     InputStream is = this.getClass().getResourceAsStream(fileName);
                      byte[] b = new byte[is.available()];
                     is.read(b);
                      return defineClass(name, b, 0, b.length );
              } catch(IOException e){
                      throw new ClassNotFoundException(name);
              }
       }
}
 
public static void main(String[] args) throws InstantiationException, IllegalAccessException, ClassNotFoundException {
              MyClassLoader1 myLoader = new MyClassLoader1();
              Object obj = myLoader.loadClass("com.csair.soc.SubSample" ).newInstance();
       }
SubSample有父类Sample。
输出结果:
com.csair.soc.SubSample
com.csair.soc.Sample
java.lang.Object
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.NullPointerException
       at com.csair.soc.MyClassLoader1.loadClass( MyClassLoader1.java:13 )
       at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass1( Native Method )
       at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClassCond( ClassLoader.java:631 )
       at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass( ClassLoader.java:615 )
       at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass( ClassLoader.java:465 )
       at com.csair.soc.MyClassLoader1.loadClass( MyClassLoader1.java:15 )
       at com.csair.soc.ClassLoaderTest.main( ClassLoaderTest.java:7 )
测试结果和猜测的一样,ClassLoader在加载类的同时,会通过native方法defineClass1,将其所有的父类都加载。当ClassLoader加载父类时,由于loadClass方法被重写,defineClass1会调用自定义的classLoader方法加载父类,因此出现以上错误。过程如下:
为了解决这个问题,可以使用以下方式,修改loadClass,当找不到类文件时,使用父类的ClassLoader试试。
  @Override
        public Class<?> loadClass(String name) throws ClassNotFoundException{
               try{
                     String fileName = name.substring(name.lastIndexOf( ".")+1) + ".class";
                     InputStream is = this.getClass().getResourceAsStream(fileName);
                      if(is == null ){
                            return super .loadClass(name);
                     }
                      byte[] b = new byte[is.available()];
                     is.read(b);
                      return defineClass(name, b, 0, b.length );
              } catch(IOException e){
                      throw new ClassNotFoundException(name);
              }
       }
但最好的办法是不重写loadClass方法,而是重写findClass方法,同样可以达到目的。
这点在ClassLoader的loadClass方法的注释中有提及
 * <p> Subclasses of <tt>ClassLoader</tt> are encouraged to override {@link
     * #findClass(String)}, rather than this method.  </p>
 
重写findClass后,代码如下:
@Override
        public Class<?> findClass(String name) throws ClassNotFoundException{
               try{
                     String fileName = name.substring(name.lastIndexOf( ".")+1) + ".class";
                     InputStream is = this.getClass().getResourceAsStream(fileName);
                      byte[] b = new byte[is.available()];
                     is.read(b);
                      return defineClass(name, b, 0, b.length );
              } catch(IOException e){
                      throw new ClassNotFoundException(name);
              }
       }
输出结果:
class com.csair.soc.ClassLoaderTest
com.csair.soc.MyClassLoader@bfc8e0
false
可以看到类的加载是使用自定义的类加载器,在判断obj instanceof com.csair.soc.ClassLoaderTest时,由于默认的com.csair.soc.ClassLoaderTest使用的是系统类加载器,因此输出为false。
当然,也只有在父类加载器找不到类文件的时候,才会调用子类的findClass方法去寻找类文件。

Java自定义类加载器