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Object-C 新手教程
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- 開始吧
- 下载这篇教学
- 设定环境
- 前言
- 编译 hello world
- 创建 Classes
- @interface
- @implementation
- 把它们凑在一起
- 具体说明...
- 多重參数
- 建构子(Constructors)
- 訪问权限
- Class level access
- 异常情况(Exceptions)处理
- 继承、多型(Inheritance, Polymorphism)以及其它面向对象功能
- id 型别
- 继承(Inheritance)
- 动态识别(Dynamic types)
- Categories
- Posing
- Protocols
- 内存管理
- Retain and Release(保留与释放)
- Dealloc
- Autorelease Pool
- Foundation Framework Classes
- NSArray
- NSDictionary
- 长处与缺点
- 很多其它信息
- 開始吧
- 下载这篇教学
- 全部这篇刚開始学习的人指南的原始码都能够由 objc.tar.gz 下载。这篇教学中的很多范例都是由 Steve Kochan 在 Programming in Objective-C. 一书中撰写。假设你想得到很多其它具体信息及范例,请直接參考该书。这个站点上登载的全部范例皆经过他的同意,所以请勿复制转载。
- 设定环境
- Linux/FreeBSD: 安装 GNUStep
- 为了编译 GNUstep 应用程序,必须先运行位于 /usr/GNUstep/System/Makefiles/GNUstep.sh 的 GNUstep.sh 这个档案。这个路径取决于你的系统环境,有些是在 /usr, some /usr/lib,有些是 /usr/local。假设你的 shell 是以 csh/tcsh 为基础的 shell,则应该改用 GNUStep.csh。建议把这个指令放在 .bashrc 或 .cshrc 中。
- Mac OS X: 安装 XCode
- Windows NT 5.X: 安装 cygwin 或 mingw,然后安装 GNUStep
- Linux/FreeBSD: 安装 GNUStep
- 前言
- 这篇教学如果你已经有一些主要的 C 语言知识,包含 C 数据型别、什么是函式、什么是回传值、关于指针的知识以及主要的 C 语言内存管理。假设您没有这些背景知识,我很建议你读一读 K&R 的书:The C Programming Language(译注:台湾出版书名为 C 程序语言第二版)这是 C 语言的设计者所写的书。
- Objective-C,是 C 的衍生语言,继承了全部 C 语言的特性。是有一些例外,可是它们不是继承于 C 的语言特性本身。
- nil:在 C/C++ 你也许曾使用过 NULL,而在 Objective-C 中则是 nil。不同之处是你能够传递讯息给 nil(比如 [nil message];),这是全然合法的,然而你却不能对 NULL 如法炮制。
- BOOL:C 没有正式的布尔型别,而在 Objective-C 中也不是「真的」有。它是包括在 Foundation classes(基本类别库)中(即 import NSObject.h;nil 也是包含在这个头文件内)。BOOL 在 Objective-C 中有两种型态:YES 或 NO,而不是 TRUE 或 FALSE。
- #import vs #include:就如同你在 hello world 范例中看到的,我们使用了 #import。#import 由 gcc 编译程序支援。我并不建议使用 #include,#import 基本上跟 .h 档头尾的 #ifndef #define #endif 同样。很多程序猿们都允许,使用这些东西这是十分愚蠢的。不管怎样,使用 #import 就对了。这样不但能够避免麻烦,并且万一有一天 gcc 把它拿掉了,将会有足够的 Objective-C 程序猿能够坚持保留它或是将它放回来。偷偷告诉你,Apple 在它们官方的程序代码中也使用了 #import。所以万一有一天这样的事真的发生,不难预料 Apple 将会提供一个支持 #import 的 gcc 分支版本号。
- 在 Objective-C 中, method 及 message 这两个字是能够互换的。只是 messages 拥有特别的特性,一个 message 能够动态的转送给还有一个对象。在 Objective-C 中,呼叫对象上的一个讯息并不一定表示对象真的会实作这个讯息,而是对象知道怎样以某种方式去实作它,或是转送给知道怎样实作的对象。
- 编译 hello world
- hello.m
- 下载这篇教学
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ printf( "hello world/n" );
§ return 0;
}
-
-
- 输出
-
hello world
-
-
- 在 Objective-C 中使用 #import 取代 #include
- Objective-C 的预设扩展名是 .m
-
- 创建 classes
- @interface
- 基于 "Programming in Objective-C," Copyright © 2004 by Sams Publishing 一书中的范例,并经过同意而刊载。
- Fraction.h
- @interface
§ #import <Foundation/NSObject.h>
§
§ @interface Fraction: NSObject {
§ int numerator;
§ int denominator;
§ }
§
§ -(void) print;
§ -(void) setNumerator: (int) d;
§ -(void) setDenominator: (int) d;
§ -(int) numerator;
§ -(int) denominator;
§ @end
-
-
- NSObject:NeXTStep Object 的缩写。由于它已经改名为 OpenStep,所以这在今天已经不是那么有意义了。
- 继承(inheritance)以 Class: Parent 表示,就像上面的 Fraction: NSObject。
- 夹在 @interface Class: Parent { .... } 中的称为 instance variables。
- 没有设定訪问权限(protected, public, private)时,预设的訪问权限为 protected。设定权限的方式将在稍后说明。
- Instance methods 跟在成员变数(即 instance variables)后。格式为:scope (returnType) methodName: (parameter1Type) parameter1Name;
- scope 有class 或 instance 两种。instance methods 以 - 开头,class level methods 以 + 开头。
- Interface 以一个 @end 作为结束。
- @implementation
- 基于 "Programming in Objective-C," Copyright © 2004 by Sams Publishing 一书中的范例,并经过同意而刊载。
- Fraction.m
-
§ #import "Fraction.h"
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ @implementation Fraction
§ -(void) print {
§ printf( "%i/%i", numerator, denominator );
§ }
§
§ -(void) setNumerator: (int) n {
§ numerator = n;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setDenominator: (int) d {
§ denominator = d;
§ }
§
§ -(int) denominator {
§ return denominator;
§ }
§
§ -(int) numerator {
§ return numerator;
§ }
@end
-
-
- Implementation 以 @implementation ClassName 開始,以 @end 结束。
- Implement 定义好的 methods 的方式,跟在 interface 中宣告时非常近似。
- 把它们凑在一起
- 基于 "Programming in Objective-C," Copyright © 2004 by Sams Publishing 一书中的范例,并经过同意而刊载。
- main.m
-
§ #import <stdio.h>
§ #import "Fraction.h"
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ // create a new instance
§ Fraction *frac = [[Fraction alloc] init];
§
§ // set the values
§ [frac setNumerator: 1];
§ [frac setDenominator: 3];
§
§ // print it
§ printf( "The fraction is: " );
§ [frac print];
§ printf( "/n" );
§
§ // free memory
§ [frac release];
§
§ return 0;
}
-
-
- output
-
The fraction is: 1/3
-
-
- Fraction *frac = [[Fraction alloc] init];
- 这行程序代码中有非常多重要的东西。
- 在 Objective-C 中呼叫 methods 的方法是 [object method],就像 C++ 的 object->method()。
- Objective-C 没有 value 型别。所以没有像 C++ 的 Fraction frac; frac.print(); 这类的东西。在 Objective-C 中全然使用指针来处理对象。
- 这行程序代码实际上做了两件事: [Fraction alloc] 呼叫了 Fraction class 的 alloc method。这就像 malloc 内存,这个动作也做了一样的事情。
- [object init] 是一个建构子(constructor)呼叫,负责初始化对象中的全部变量。它呼叫了 [Fraction alloc] 传回的 instance 上的 init method。这个动作很普遍,所以通常以一行程序完毕:Object *var = [[Object alloc] init];
- [frac setNumerator: 1] 很easy。它呼叫了 frac 上的 setNumerator method 并传入 1 为參数。
- 如同每一个 C 的变体,Objective-C 也有一个用以释放内存的方式: release。它继承自 NSObject,这个 method 在之后会有详尽的讲解。
- Fraction *frac = [[Fraction alloc] init];
-
- 具体说明...
- 多重參数
- 眼下为止我还没展示怎样传递多个參数。这个语法乍看之下不是非常直觉,只是它却是来自一个十分受欢迎的 Smalltalk 版本号。
- 基于 "Programming in Objective-C," Copyright © 2004 by Sams Publishing一书中的范例,并经过同意而刊载。
- Fraction.h
- 多重參数
§ ...
§ -(void) setNumerator: (int) n andDenominator: (int) d;
...
-
-
- Fraction.m
-
§ ...
§ -(void) setNumerator: (int) n andDenominator: (int) d {
§ numerator = n;
§ denominator = d;
§ }
...
-
-
- main.m
-
§ #import <stdio.h>
§ #import "Fraction.h"
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ // create a new instance
§ Fraction *frac = [[Fraction alloc] init];
§ Fraction *frac2 = [[Fraction alloc] init];
§
§ // set the values
§ [frac setNumerator: 1];
§ [frac setDenominator: 3];
§
§ // combined set
§ [frac2 setNumerator: 1 andDenominator: 5];
§
§ // print it
§ printf( "The fraction is: " );
§ [frac print];
§ printf( "/n" );
§
§ // print it
§ printf( "Fraction 2 is: " );
§ [frac2 print];
§ printf( "/n" );
§
§ // free memory
§ [frac release];
§ [frac2 release];
§
§ return 0;
}
-
-
- output
-
§ The fraction is: 1/3
Fraction 2 is: 1/5
-
-
- 这个 method 实际上叫做 setNumerator:andDenominator:
- 添?其它參数的方法就跟添?第二个时一样,即 method:label1:label2:label3: ,而呼叫的方法是 [obj method: param1 label1: param2 label2: param3 label3: param4]
- Labels 是非必要的,所以能够有一个像这种 method:method:::,简单的省略 label 名称,但以 : 区隔參数。并不建议这样使用。
- 建构子(Constructors)
- 基于 "Programming in Objective-C," Copyright © 2004 by Sams Publishing一书中的范例,并经过同意而刊载。
- Fraction.h
-
§ ...
§ -(Fraction*) initWithNumerator: (int) n denominator: (int) d;
...
-
-
- Fraction.m
-
§ ...
§ -(Fraction*) initWithNumerator: (int) n denominator: (int) d {
§ self = [super init];
§
§ if ( self ) {
§ [self setNumerator: n andDenominator: d];
§ }
§
§ return self;
§ }
...
-
-
- main.m
-
§ #import <stdio.h>
§ #import "Fraction.h"
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ // create a new instance
§ Fraction *frac = [[Fraction alloc] init];
§ Fraction *frac2 = [[Fraction alloc] init];
§ Fraction *frac3 = [[Fraction alloc] initWithNumerator: 3 denominator: 10];
§
§ // set the values
§ [frac setNumerator: 1];
§ [frac setDenominator: 3];
§
§ // combined set
§ [frac2 setNumerator: 1 andDenominator: 5];
§
§ // print it
§ printf( "The fraction is: " );
§ [frac print];
§ printf( "/n" );
§
§ printf( "Fraction 2 is: " );
§ [frac2 print];
§ printf( "/n" );
§
§ printf( "Fraction 3 is: " );
§ [frac3 print];
§ printf( "/n" );
§
§ // free memory
§ [frac release];
§ [frac2 release];
§ [frac3 release];
§
§ return 0;
}
-
-
- output
-
§ The fraction is: 1/3
§ Fraction 2 is: 1/5
Fraction 3 is: 3/10
-
-
- @interface 里的宣告就如同正常的函式。
- @implementation 使用了一个新的关键词:super
- 如同 Java,Objective-C 仅仅有一个 parent class(父类别)。
- 使用 [super init] 来存取 Super constructor,这个动作须要适当的继承设计。
- 你将这个动作回传的 instance 指派给还有一新个关键词:self。Self 非常像 C++ 与 Java 的 this 指标。
- if ( self ) 跟 ( self != nil ) 一样,是为了确定 super constructor 成功传回了一个新对象。nil 是 Objective-C 用来表达 C/C++ 中 NULL 的方式,能够引入 NSObject 来取得。
- 当你初始化变量以后,你用传回 self 的方式来传回自己的地址。
- 预设的建构子是 -(id) init。
- 技术上来说,Objective-C 中的建构子就是一个 "init" method,而不像 C++ 与 Java 有特殊的结构。
- 訪问权限
- 预设的权限是 @protected
- Java 实作的方式是在 methods 与变量前面加上 public/private/protected 修饰语,而 Objective-C 的作法则更像 C++ 对于 instance variable(译注:C++ 术语一般称为 data members)的方式。
- Access.h
-
§ #import <Foundation/NSObject.h>
§
§ @interface Access: NSObject {
§ @public
§ int publicVar;
§ @private
§ int privateVar;
§ int privateVar2;
§ @protected
§ int protectedVar;
§ }
@end
-
-
- Access.m
-
§ #import "Access.h"
§
§ @implementation Access
@end
-
-
- main.m
-
§ #import "Access.h"
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ Access *a = [[Access alloc] init];
§
§ // works
§ a->publicVar = 5;
§ printf( "public var: %i/n", a->publicVar );
§
§ // doesn‘t compile
§ //a->privateVar = 10;
§ //printf( "private var: %i/n", a->privateVar );
§
§ [a release];
§ return 0;
}
-
-
- output
-
public var: 5
-
-
- 如同你所示,就像 C++ 中 private: [list of vars] public: [list of vars] 的格式,它仅仅是改成了@private, @protected, 等等。
- Class level access
- 当你想计算一个对象被 instance 几次时,通常有 class level variables 以及 class level functions 是件方便的事。
- ClassA.h
-
§ #import <Foundation/NSObject.h>
§
§ static int count;
§
§ @interface ClassA: NSObject
§ +(int) initCount;
§ +(void) initialize;
@end
-
-
- ClassA.m
-
§ #import "ClassA.h"
§
§ @implementation ClassA
§ -(id) init {
§ self = [super init];
§ count++;
§ return self;
§ }
§
§ +(int) initCount {
§ return count;
§ }
§
§ +(void) initialize {
§ count = 0;
§ }
@end
-
-
- main.m
-
§ #import "ClassA.h"
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ ClassA *c1 = [[ClassA alloc] init];
§ ClassA *c2 = [[ClassA alloc] init];
§
§ // print count
§ printf( "ClassA count: %i/n", [ClassA initCount] );
§
§ ClassA *c3 = [[ClassA alloc] init];
§
§ // print count again
§ printf( "ClassA count: %i/n", [ClassA initCount] );
§
§ [c1 release];
§ [c2 release];
§ [c3 release];
§
§ return 0;
}
-
-
- output
-
§ ClassA count: 2
ClassA count: 3
-
-
- static int count = 0; 这是 class variable 宣告的方式。事实上这样的变量摆在这里并不理想,比較好的解法是像 Java 实作 static class variables 的方法。然而,它确实能用。
- +(int) initCount; 这是回传 count 值的实际 method。请注意这细微的区别!这里在 type 前面不用减号 - 而改用加号 +。加号 + 表示这是一个 class level function。(译注:很多文件里,class level functions 被称为 class functions 或 class method)
- 存取这个变数跟存取一般成员变数没有两样,就像 ClassA 中的 count++ 使用方法。
- +(void) initialize method is 在 Objective-C 開始运行你的程序时被呼叫,并且它也被每一个 class 呼叫。这是初始化像我们的 count 这类 class level variables 的好地方。
- 异常情况(Exceptions)
- 注意:异常处理仅仅有 Mac OS X 10.3 以上才支持。
- 基于 "Programming in Objective-C," Copyright © 2004 by Sams Publishing一书中的范例,并经过同意而刊载。
- CupWarningException.h
-
§ #import <Foundation/NSException.h>
§
§ @interface CupWarningException: NSException
@end
-
-
- CupWarningException.m
-
§ #import "CupWarningException.h"
§
§ @implementation CupWarningException
@end
-
-
- CupOverflowException.h
-
§ #import <Foundation/NSException.h>
§
§ @interface CupOverflowException: NSException
@end
-
-
- CupOverflowException.m
-
§ #import "CupOverflowException.h"
§
§ @implementation CupOverflowException
@end
-
-
- Cup.h
-
§ #import <Foundation/NSObject.h>
§
§ @interface Cup: NSObject {
§ int level;
§ }
§
§ -(int) level;
§ -(void) setLevel: (int) l;
§ -(void) fill;
§ -(void) empty;
§ -(void) print;
@end
-
-
- Cup.m
-
§ #import "Cup.h"
§ #import "CupOverflowException.h"
§ #import "CupWarningException.h"
§ #import <Foundation/NSException.h>
§ #import <Foundation/NSString.h>
§
§ @implementation Cup
§ -(id) init {
§ self = [super init];
§
§ if ( self ) {
§ [self setLevel: 0];
§ }
§
§ return self;
§ }
§
§ -(int) level {
§ return level;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setLevel: (int) l {
§ level = l;
§
§ if ( level > 100 ) {
§ // throw overflow
§ NSException *e = [CupOverflowException
§ exceptionWithName: @"CupOverflowException"
§ reason: @"The level is above 100"
§ userInfo: nil];
§ @throw e;
§ } else if ( level >= 50 ) {
§ // throw warning
§ NSException *e = [CupWarningException
§ exceptionWithName: @"CupWarningException"
§ reason: @"The level is above or at 50"
§ userInfo: nil];
§ @throw e;
§ } else if ( level < 0 ) {
§ // throw exception
§ NSException *e = [NSException
§ exceptionWithName: @"CupUnderflowException"
§ reason: @"The level is below 0"
§ userInfo: nil];
§ @throw e;
§ }
§ }
§
§ -(void) fill {
§ [self setLevel: level + 10];
§ }
§
§ -(void) empty {
§ [self setLevel: level - 10];
§ }
§
§ -(void) print {
§ printf( "Cup level is: %i/n", level );
§ }
@end
-
-
- main.m
-
§ #import "Cup.h"
§ #import "CupOverflowException.h"
§ #import "CupWarningException.h"
§ #import <Foundation/NSString.h>
§ #import <Foundation/NSException.h>
§ #import <Foundation/NSAutoreleasePool.h>
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ NSAutoreleasePool *pool = [[NSAutoreleasePool alloc] init];
§ Cup *cup = [[Cup alloc] init];
§ int i;
§
§ // this will work
§ for ( i = 0; i < 4; i++ ) {
§ [cup fill];
§ [cup print];
§ }
§
§ // this will throw exceptions
§ for ( i = 0; i < 7; i++ ) {
§ @try {
§ [cup fill];
§ } @catch ( CupWarningException *e ) {
§ printf( "%s: ", [[e name] cString] );
§ } @catch ( CupOverflowException *e ) {
§ printf( "%s: ", [[e name] cString] );
§ } @finally {
§ [cup print];
§ }
§ }
§
§ // throw a generic exception
§ @try {
§ [cup setLevel: -1];
§ } @catch ( NSException *e ) {
§ printf( "%s: %s/n", [[e name] cString], [[e reason] cString] );
§ }
§
§ // free memory
§ [cup release];
§ [pool release];
}
-
-
- output
-
§ Cup level is: 10
§ Cup level is: 20
§ Cup level is: 30
§ Cup level is: 40
§ CupWarningException: Cup level is: 50
§ CupWarningException: Cup level is: 60
§ CupWarningException: Cup level is: 70
§ CupWarningException: Cup level is: 80
§ CupWarningException: Cup level is: 90
§ CupWarningException: Cup level is: 100
§ CupOverflowException: Cup level is: 110
CupUnderflowException: The level is below 0
-
-
- NSAutoreleasePool 是一个内存管理类别。如今先别管它是干嘛的。
- Exceptions(异常情况)的丢出不须要扩充(extend)NSException 对象,你可简单的用 id 来代表它: @catch ( id e ) { ... }
- 另一个 finally 区块,它的行为就像 Java 的异常处理方式,finally 区块的内容保证会被呼叫。
- Cup.m 里的 @"CupOverflowException" 是一个 NSString 常数物件。在 Objective-C 中,@ 符号通经常使用来代表这是语言的衍生部分。C 语言形式的字符串(C string)就像 C/C++ 一样是 "String constant" 的形式,型别为 char *。
-
- 继承、多型(Inheritance, Polymorphism)以及其它面向对象功能
- id 型别
- Objective-C 有种叫做 id 的型别,它的运作有时候像是 void*,只是它却严格规定仅仅能用在对象。Objective-C 与 Java 跟 C++ 不一样,你在呼叫一个对象的 method 时,并不须要知道这个对象的型别。当然这个 method 一定要存在,这称为 Objective-C 的讯息传递。
- 基于 "Programming in Objective-C," Copyright © 2004 by Sams Publishing一书中的范例,并经过同意而刊载。
- Fraction.h
- id 型别
§ #import <Foundation/NSObject.h>
§
§ @interface Fraction: NSObject {
§ int numerator;
§ int denominator;
§ }
§
§ -(Fraction*) initWithNumerator: (int) n denominator: (int) d;
§ -(void) print;
§ -(void) setNumerator: (int) d;
§ -(void) setDenominator: (int) d;
§ -(void) setNumerator: (int) n andDenominator: (int) d;
§ -(int) numerator;
§ -(int) denominator;
@end
-
-
- Fraction.m
-
§ #import "Fraction.h"
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ @implementation Fraction
§ -(Fraction*) initWithNumerator: (int) n denominator: (int) d {
§ self = [super init];
§
§ if ( self ) {
§ [self setNumerator: n andDenominator: d];
§ }
§
§ return self;
§ }
§
§ -(void) print {
§ printf( "%i / %i", numerator, denominator );
§ }
§
§ -(void) setNumerator: (int) n {
§ numerator = n;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setDenominator: (int) d {
§ denominator = d;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setNumerator: (int) n andDenominator: (int) d {
§ numerator = n;
§ denominator = d;
§ }
§
§ -(int) denominator {
§ return denominator;
§ }
§
§ -(int) numerator {
§ return numerator;
§ }
@end
-
-
- Complex.h
-
§ #import <Foundation/NSObject.h>
§
§ @interface Complex: NSObject {
§ double real;
§ double imaginary;
§ }
§
§ -(Complex*) initWithReal: (double) r andImaginary: (double) i;
§ -(void) setReal: (double) r;
§ -(void) setImaginary: (double) i;
§ -(void) setReal: (double) r andImaginary: (double) i;
§ -(double) real;
§ -(double) imaginary;
§ -(void) print;
§
@end
-
-
- Complex.m
-
§ #import "Complex.h"
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ @implementation Complex
§ -(Complex*) initWithReal: (double) r andImaginary: (double) i {
§ self = [super init];
§
§ if ( self ) {
§ [self setReal: r andImaginary: i];
§ }
§
§ return self;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setReal: (double) r {
§ real = r;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setImaginary: (double) i {
§ imaginary = i;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setReal: (double) r andImaginary: (double) i {
§ real = r;
§ imaginary = i;
§ }
§
§ -(double) real {
§ return real;
§ }
§
§ -(double) imaginary {
§ return imaginary;
§ }
§
§ -(void) print {
§ printf( "%_f + %_fi", real, imaginary );
§ }
§
@end
-
-
- main.m
-
§ #import <stdio.h>
§ #import "Fraction.h"
§ #import "Complex.h"
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ // create a new instance
§ Fraction *frac = [[Fraction alloc] initWithNumerator: 1 denominator: 10];
§ Complex *comp = [[Complex alloc] initWithReal: 10 andImaginary: 15];
§ id number;
§
§ // print fraction
§ number = frac;
§ printf( "The fraction is: " );
§ [number print];
§ printf( "/n" );
§
§ // print complex
§ number = comp;
§ printf( "The complex number is: " );
§ [number print];
§ printf( "/n" );
§
§ // free memory
§ [frac release];
§ [comp release];
§
§ return 0;
}
-
-
- output
-
§ The fraction is: 1 / 10
The complex number is: 10.000000 + 15.000000i
-
-
- 这样的动态链接有显而易见的优点。你不须要知道你呼叫 method 的那个东西是什么型别,假设这个对象对这个讯息有反应,那就会唤起这个 method。这也不会牵涉到一堆繁琐的转型动作,比方在 Java 里呼叫一个整数对象的 .intValue() 就得先转型,然后才干呼叫这个 method。
- 继承(Inheritance)
- 基于 "Programming in Objective-C," Copyright © 2004 by Sams Publishing一书中的范例,并经过同意而刊载。
- Rectangle.h
-
§ #import <Foundation/NSObject.h>
§
§ @interface Rectangle: NSObject {
§ int width;
§ int height;
§ }
§
§ -(Rectangle*) initWithWidth: (int) w height: (int) h;
§ -(void) setWidth: (int) w;
§ -(void) setHeight: (int) h;
§ -(void) setWidth: (int) w height: (int) h;
§ -(int) width;
§ -(int) height;
§ -(void) print;
@end
-
-
- Rectangle.m
-
§ #import "Rectangle.h"
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ @implementation Rectangle
§ -(Rectangle*) initWithWidth: (int) w height: (int) h {
§ self = [super init];
§
§ if ( self ) {
§ [self setWidth: w height: h];
§ }
§
§ return self;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setWidth: (int) w {
§ width = w;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setHeight: (int) h {
§ height = h;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setWidth: (int) w height: (int) h {
§ width = w;
§ height = h;
§ }
§
§ -(int) width {
§ return width;
§ }
§
§ -(int) height {
§ return height;
§ }
§
§ -(void) print {
§ printf( "width = %i, height = %i", width, height );
§ }
@end
-
-
- Square.h
-
§ #import "Rectangle.h"
§
§ @interface Square: Rectangle
§ -(Square*) initWithSize: (int) s;
§ -(void) setSize: (int) s;
§ -(int) size;
@end
-
-
- Square.m
-
§ #import "Square.h"
§
§ @implementation Square
§ -(Square*) initWithSize: (int) s {
§ self = [super init];
§
§ if ( self ) {
§ [self setSize: s];
§ }
§
§ return self;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setSize: (int) s {
§ width = s;
§ height = s;
§ }
§
§ -(int) size {
§ return width;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setWidth: (int) w {
§ [self setSize: w];
§ }
§
§ -(void) setHeight: (int) h {
§ [self setSize: h];
§ }
@end
-
-
- main.m
-
§ #import "Square.h"
§ #import "Rectangle.h"
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ Rectangle *rec = [[Rectangle alloc] initWithWidth: 10 height: 20];
§ Square *sq = [[Square alloc] initWithSize: 15];
§
§ // print em
§ printf( "Rectangle: " );
§ [rec print];
§ printf( "/n" );
§
§ printf( "Square: " );
§ [sq print];
§ printf( "/n" );
§
§ // update square
§ [sq setWidth: 20];
§ printf( "Square after change: " );
§ [sq print];
§ printf( "/n" );
§
§ // free memory
§ [rec release];
§ [sq release];
§
§ return 0;
}
-
-
- output
-
§ Rectangle: width = 10, height = 20
§ Square: width = 15, height = 15
Square after change: width = 20, height = 20
-
-
- 继承在 Objective-C 里比較像 Java。当你扩充你的 super class(所以仅仅能有一个 parent),你想自己定义这个 super class 的 method,仅仅要简单的在你的 child class implementation 里放上新的实作内容就可以。而不须要 C++ 里呆呆的 virtual table。
- 这里另一个值得玩味的地方,假设你企图像这样去呼叫 rectangle 的 constructor: Square *sq = [[Square alloc] initWithWidth: 10 height: 15],会发生什么事?答案是会产生一个编译程序错误。由于 rectangle constructor 回传的型别是 Rectangle*,而不是 Square*,所以这行不通。在某种情况下假设你真想这样用,使用 id 型别会是非常好的选择。假设你想使用 parent 的 constructor,仅仅要把 Rectangle* 回传型别改成 id 就可以。
- 动态识别(Dynamic types)
- 这里有一些用于 Objective-C 动态识别的 methods(说明部分採中英并列,由于我认为英文比較传神,中文怎么译都怪):
-
-(BOOL) isKindOfClass: classObj | is object a descendent or member of classObj |
-(BOOL) isMemberOfClass: classObj | is object a member of classObj |
-(BOOL) respondsToSelector: selector | does the object have a method named specifiec by the selector |
+(BOOL) instancesRespondToSelector: selector | does an object created by this class have the ability to respond to the specified selector |
-(id) performSelector: selector | invoke the specified selector on the object |
-
-
- 全部继承自 NSObject 都有一个可回传一个 class 物件的 class method。这很近似于 Java 的 getClass() method。这个 class 对象被使用于前述的 methods 中。
- Selectors 在 Objective-C 用以表示讯息。下一个范例会秀出建立 selector 的语法。
- 基于 "Programming in Objective-C," Copyright © 2004 by Sams Publishing一书中的范例,并经过同意而刊载。
- main.m
-
§ #import "Square.h"
§ #import "Rectangle.h"
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ Rectangle *rec = [[Rectangle alloc] initWithWidth: 10 height: 20];
§ Square *sq = [[Square alloc] initWithSize: 15];
§
§ // isMemberOfClass
§
§ // true
§ if ( [sq isMemberOfClass: [Square class]] == YES ) {
§ printf( "square is a member of square class/n" );
§ }
§
§ // false
§ if ( [sq isMemberOfClass: [Rectangle class]] == YES ) {
§ printf( "square is a member of rectangle class/n" );
§ }
§
§ // false
§ if ( [sq isMemberOfClass: [NSObject class]] == YES ) {
§ printf( "square is a member of object class/n" );
§ }
§
§ // isKindOfClass
§
§ // true
§ if ( [sq isKindOfClass: [Square class]] == YES ) {
§ printf( "square is a kind of square class/n" );
§ }
§
§ // true
§ if ( [sq isKindOfClass: [Rectangle class]] == YES ) {
§ printf( "square is a kind of rectangle class/n" );
§ }
§
§ // true
§ if ( [sq isKindOfClass: [NSObject class]] == YES ) {
§ printf( "square is a kind of object class/n" );
§ }
§
§ // respondsToSelector
§
§ // true
§ if ( [sq respondsToSelector: @selector( setSize: )] == YES ) {
§ printf( "square responds to setSize: method/n" );
§ }
§
§ // false
§ if ( [sq respondsToSelector: @selector( nonExistant )] == YES ) {
§ printf( "square responds to nonExistant method/n" );
§ }
§
§ // true
§ if ( [Square respondsToSelector: @selector( alloc )] == YES ) {
§ printf( "square class responds to alloc method/n" );
§ }
§
§ // instancesRespondToSelector
§
§ // false
§ if ( [Rectangle instancesRespondToSelector: @selector( setSize: )] == YES ) {
§ printf( "rectangle instance responds to setSize: method/n" );
§ }
§
§ // true
§ if ( [Square instancesRespondToSelector: @selector( setSize: )] == YES ) {
§ printf( "square instance responds to setSize: method/n" );
§ }
§
§ // free memory
§ [rec release];
§ [sq release];
§
§ return 0;
}
-
-
- output
-
§ square is a member of square class
§ square is a kind of square class
§ square is a kind of rectangle class
§ square is a kind of object class
§ square responds to setSize: method
§ square class responds to alloc method
square instance responds to setSize: method
-
- Categories
- 当你想要为某个 class 新增 methods,你一般会扩充(extend,即继承)它。然而这不一定是个完美解法,特别是你想要重写一个 class 的某个功能,但你却没有原始码时。Categories 同意你在现有的 class 添?新功能,但不须要扩充它。Ruby 语言也有相似的功能。
- 基于 "Programming in Objective-C," Copyright © 2004 by Sams Publishing一书中的范例,并经过同意而刊载。
- FractionMath.h
- Categories
§ #import "Fraction.h"
§
§ @interface Fraction (Math)
§ -(Fraction*) add: (Fraction*) f;
§ -(Fraction*) mul: (Fraction*) f;
§ -(Fraction*) div: (Fraction*) f;
§ -(Fraction*) sub: (Fraction*) f;
@end
-
-
- FractionMath.m
-
§ #import "FractionMath.h"
§
§ @implementation Fraction (Math)
§ -(Fraction*) add: (Fraction*) f {
§ return [[Fraction alloc] initWithNumerator: numerator * [f denominator] +
§ denominator * [f numerator]
§ denominator: denominator * [f denominator]];
§ }
§
§ -(Fraction*) mul: (Fraction*) f {
§ return [[Fraction alloc] initWithNumerator: numerator * [f numerator]
§ denominator: denominator * [f denominator]];
§
§ }
§
§ -(Fraction*) div: (Fraction*) f {
§ return [[Fraction alloc] initWithNumerator: numerator * [f denominator]
§ denominator: denominator * [f numerator]];
§ }
§
§ -(Fraction*) sub: (Fraction*) f {
§ return [[Fraction alloc] initWithNumerator: numerator * [f denominator] -
§ denominator * [f numerator]
§ denominator: denominator * [f denominator]];
§ }
@end
-
-
- main.m
-
§ #import <stdio.h>
§ #import "Fraction.h"
§ #import "FractionMath.h"
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ // create a new instance
§ Fraction *frac1 = [[Fraction alloc] initWithNumerator: 1 denominator: 3];
§ Fraction *frac2 = [[Fraction alloc] initWithNumerator: 2 denominator: 5];
§ Fraction *frac3 = [frac1 mul: frac2];
§
§ // print it
§ [frac1 print];
§ printf( " * " );
§ [frac2 print];
§ printf( " = " );
§ [frac3 print];
§ printf( "/n" );
§
§ // free memory
§ [frac1 release];
§ [frac2 release];
§ [frac3 release];
§
§ return 0;
}
-
-
- output
-
1/3 * 2/5 = 2/15
-
-
- 重点是 @implementation 跟 @interface 这两行:@interface Fraction (Math) 以及 @implementation Fraction (Math).
- (同一个 class)仅仅能有一个同名的 category,其它的 categories 得加上不同的、独一无二的名字。
- Categories 在建立 private methods 时十分实用。由于 Objective-C 并没有像 Java 这样的 private/protected/public methods 的概念,所以必需要使用 categories 来达成这样的功能。作法是把 private method 从你的 class header (.h) 档案移到 implementation (.m) 档案。下面是此种作法一个简短的范例。
- MyClass.h
-
§ #import <Foundation/NSObject.h>
§
§ @interface MyClass: NSObject
§ -(void) publicMethod;
@end
-
-
- MyClass.m
-
§ #import "MyClass.h"
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ @implementation MyClass
§ -(void) publicMethod {
§ printf( "public method/n" );
§ }
§ @end
§
§ // private methods
§ @interface MyClass (Private)
§ -(void) privateMethod;
§ @end
§
§ @implementation MyClass (Private)
§ -(void) privateMethod {
§ printf( "private method/n" );
§ }
@end
-
-
- main.m
-
§ #import "MyClass.h"
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ MyClass *obj = [[MyClass alloc] init];
§
§ // this compiles
§ [obj publicMethod];
§
§ // this throws errors when compiling
§ //[obj privateMethod];
§
§ // free memory
§ [obj release];
§
§ return 0;
}
-
-
- output
-
public method
-
- Posing
- Posing 有点像 categories,可是不太一样。它同意你扩充一个 class,而且全面性地的扮演(pose)这个 super class。比如:你有一个扩充 NSArray 的 NSArrayChild 物件。假设你让 NSArrayChild 扮演 NSArray,则在你的程序代码中全部的 NSArray 都会自己主动被替代为 NSArrayChild。
- 基于 "Programming in Objective-C," Copyright © 2004 by Sams Publishing一书中的范例,并经过同意而刊载。
- FractionB.h
- Posing
§ #import "Fraction.h"
§
§ @interface FractionB: Fraction
§ -(void) print;
§ @end
-
-
- FractionB.m
-
§ #import "FractionB.h"
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ @implementation FractionB
§ -(void) print {
§ printf( "(%i/%i)", numerator, denominator );
§ }
@end
-
-
- main.m
-
§ #import <stdio.h>
§ #import "Fraction.h"
§ #import "FractionB.h"
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ Fraction *frac = [[Fraction alloc] initWithNumerator: 3 denominator: 10];
§
§ // print it
§ printf( "The fraction is: " );
§ [frac print];
§ printf( "/n" );
§
§ // make FractionB pose as Fraction
§ [FractionB poseAsClass: [Fraction class]];
§
§ Fraction *frac2 = [[Fraction alloc] initWithNumerator: 3 denominator: 10];
§
§ // print it
§ printf( "The fraction is: " );
§ [frac2 print];
§ printf( "/n" );
§
§ // free memory
§ [frac release];
§ [frac2 release];
§
§ return 0;
}
-
-
- output
-
§ The fraction is: 3/10
The fraction is: (3/10)
-
-
- 这个程序的输出中,第一个 fraction 会输出 3/10,而第二个会输出 (3/10)。这是 FractionB 中实作的方式。
- poseAsClass 这个 method 是 NSObject 的一部份,它同意 subclass 扮演 superclass。
- Protocols
- Objective-C 里的 Protocol 与 Java 的 interface 或是 C++ 的 purely virtual class 同样。
- 基于 "Programming in Objective-C," Copyright © 2004 by Sams Publishing一书中的范例,并经过同意而刊载。
- Printing.h
-
§ @protocol Printing
§ -(void) print;
@end
-
-
- Fraction.h
-
§ #import <Foundation/NSObject.h>
§ #import "Printing.h"
§
§ @interface Fraction: NSObject <Printing, NSCopying> {
§ int numerator;
§ int denominator;
§ }
§
§ -(Fraction*) initWithNumerator: (int) n denominator: (int) d;
§ -(void) setNumerator: (int) d;
§ -(void) setDenominator: (int) d;
§ -(void) setNumerator: (int) n andDenominator: (int) d;
§ -(int) numerator;
§ -(int) denominator;
@end
-
-
- Fraction.m
-
§ #import "Fraction.h"
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ @implementation Fraction
§ -(Fraction*) initWithNumerator: (int) n denominator: (int) d {
§ self = [super init];
§
§ if ( self ) {
§ [self setNumerator: n andDenominator: d];
§ }
§
§ return self;
§ }
§
§ -(void) print {
§ printf( "%i/%i", numerator, denominator );
§ }
§
§ -(void) setNumerator: (int) n {
§ numerator = n;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setDenominator: (int) d {
§ denominator = d;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setNumerator: (int) n andDenominator: (int) d {
§ numerator = n;
§ denominator = d;
§ }
§
§ -(int) denominator {
§ return denominator;
§ }
§
§ -(int) numerator {
§ return numerator;
§ }
§
§ -(Fraction*) copyWithZone: (NSZone*) zone {
§ return [[Fraction allocWithZone: zone] initWithNumerator: numerator
§ denominator: denominator];
§ }
@end
-
-
- Complex.h
-
§ #import <Foundation/NSObject.h>
§ #import "Printing.h"
§
§ @interface Complex: NSObject <Printing> {
§ double real;
§ double imaginary;
§ }
§
§ -(Complex*) initWithReal: (double) r andImaginary: (double) i;
§ -(void) setReal: (double) r;
§ -(void) setImaginary: (double) i;
§ -(void) setReal: (double) r andImaginary: (double) i;
§ -(double) real;
§ -(double) imaginary;
@end
-
-
- Complex.m
-
§ #import "Complex.h"
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ @implementation Complex
§ -(Complex*) initWithReal: (double) r andImaginary: (double) i {
§ self = [super init];
§
§ if ( self ) {
§ [self setReal: r andImaginary: i];
§ }
§
§ return self;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setReal: (double) r {
§ real = r;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setImaginary: (double) i {
§ imaginary = i;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setReal: (double) r andImaginary: (double) i {
§ real = r;
§ imaginary = i;
§ }
§
§ -(double) real {
§ return real;
§ }
§
§ -(double) imaginary {
§ return imaginary;
§ }
§
§ -(void) print {
§ printf( "%_f + %_fi", real, imaginary );
§ }
@end
-
-
- main.m
-
§ #import <stdio.h>
§ #import "Fraction.h"
§ #import "Complex.h"
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ // create a new instance
§ Fraction *frac = [[Fraction alloc] initWithNumerator: 3 denominator: 10];
§ Complex *comp = [[Complex alloc] initWithReal: 5 andImaginary: 15];
§ id <Printing> printable;
§ id <NSCopying, Printing> copyPrintable;
§
§ // print it
§ printable = frac;
§ printf( "The fraction is: " );
§ [printable print];
§ printf( "/n" );
§
§ // print complex
§ printable = comp;
§ printf( "The complex number is: " );
§ [printable print];
§ printf( "/n" );
§
§ // this compiles because Fraction comforms to both Printing and NSCopyable
§ copyPrintable = frac;
§
§ // this doesn‘t compile because Complex only conforms to Printing
§ //copyPrintable = comp;
§
§ // test conformance
§
§ // true
§ if ( [frac conformsToProtocol: @protocol( NSCopying )] == YES ) {
§ printf( "Fraction conforms to NSCopying/n" );
§ }
§
§ // false
§ if ( [comp conformsToProtocol: @protocol( NSCopying )] == YES ) {
§ printf( "Complex conforms to NSCopying/n" );
§ }
§
§ // free memory
§ [frac release];
§ [comp release];
§
§ return 0;
}
-
-
- output
-
§ The fraction is: 3/10
§ The complex number is: 5.000000 + 15.000000i
Fraction conforms to NSCopying
-
-
- protocol 的宣告十分简单,基本上就是 @protocol ProtocolName (methods you must implement) @end。
- 要遵从(conform)某个 protocol,将要遵从的 protocols 放在 <> 里面,并以逗点分隔。如:@interface SomeClass <Protocol1, Protocol2, Protocol3>
- protocol 要求实作的 methods 不须要放在 header 档里面的 methods 列表中。如你所见,Complex.h 档案里没有 -(void) print 的宣告,却还是要实作它,由于它(Complex class)遵从了这个 protocol。
- Objective-C 的接口系统有一个独一无二的观念是怎样指定一个型别。比起 C++ 或 Java 的指定方式,如:Printing *someVar = ( Printing * ) frac; 你能够使用 id 型别加上 protocol:id <Printing> var = frac;。这让你能够动态地指定一个要求多个 protocol 的型别,却从头到尾仅仅用了一个变数。如:<Printing, NSCopying> var = frac;
- 就像使用@selector 来測试对象的继承关系,你能够使用 @protocol 来測试对象是否遵从接口。假设对象遵从这个接口,[object conformsToProtocol: @protocol( SomeProtocol )] 会回传一个 YES 型态的 BOOL 对象。相同地,对 class 而言也能如法炮制 [SomeClass conformsToProtocol: @protocol( SomeProtocol )]。
-
- 内存管理
- 到眼下为止我都刻意避开 Objective-C 的内存管理议题。你能够呼叫对象上的 dealloc,可是若对象里包括其它对象的指针的话,要怎么办呢?要释放那些对象所占领的内存也是一个必须关注的问题。当你使用 Foundation framework 建立 classes 时,它怎样管理内存?这些稍后我们都会解释。
- 注意:之前全部的范例都有正确的内存管理,以免你混淆。
- Retain and Release(保留与释放)
- Retain 以及 release 是两个继承自 NSObject 的对象都会有的 methods。每一个对象都有一个内部计数器,能够用来追踪对象的 reference 个数。假设对象有 3 个 reference 时,不须要 dealloc 自己。可是假设计数器值到达 0 时,对象就得 dealloc 自己。[object retain] 会将计数器值加 1(值从 1 開始),[object release] 则将计数器值减 1。假设呼叫 [object release] 导致计数器到达 0,就会自己主动 dealloc。
- Fraction.m
- 到眼下为止我都刻意避开 Objective-C 的内存管理议题。你能够呼叫对象上的 dealloc,可是若对象里包括其它对象的指针的话,要怎么办呢?要释放那些对象所占领的内存也是一个必须关注的问题。当你使用 Foundation framework 建立 classes 时,它怎样管理内存?这些稍后我们都会解释。
§ ...
§ -(void) dealloc {
§ printf( "Deallocing fraction/n" );
§ [super dealloc];
§ }
...
-
-
- 基于 "Programming in Objective-C," Copyright © 2004 by Sams Publishing一书中的范例,并经过同意而刊载。
- main.m
-
§ #import "Fraction.h"
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ Fraction *frac1 = [[Fraction alloc] init];
§ Fraction *frac2 = [[Fraction alloc] init];
§
§ // print current counts
§ printf( "Fraction 1 retain count: %i/n", [frac1 retainCount] );
§ printf( "Fraction 2 retain count: %i/n", [frac2 retainCount] );
§
§ // increment them
§ [frac1 retain]; // 2
§ [frac1 retain]; // 3
§ [frac2 retain]; // 2
§
§ // print current counts
§ printf( "Fraction 1 retain count: %i/n", [frac1 retainCount] );
§ printf( "Fraction 2 retain count: %i/n", [frac2 retainCount] );
§
§ // decrement
§ [frac1 release]; // 2
§ [frac2 release]; // 1
§
§ // print current counts
§ printf( "Fraction 1 retain count: %i/n", [frac1 retainCount] );
§ printf( "Fraction 2 retain count: %i/n", [frac2 retainCount] );
§
§ // release them until they dealloc themselves
§ [frac1 release]; // 1
§ [frac1 release]; // 0
§ [frac2 release]; // 0
}
-
-
- output
-
§ Fraction 1 retain count: 1
§ Fraction 2 retain count: 1
§ Fraction 1 retain count: 3
§ Fraction 2 retain count: 2
§ Fraction 1 retain count: 2
§ Fraction 2 retain count: 1
§ Deallocing fraction
Deallocing fraction
-
-
- Retain call 添加?计数器值,而 release call 降低它。你能够呼叫 [obj retainCount] 来取得计数器的 int 值。 当当 retainCount 到达 0,两个对象都会 dealloc 自己,所以能够看到印出了两个 "Deallocing fraction"。
- Dealloc
- 当你的对象包括其它对象时,就得在 dealloc 自己时释放它们。Objective-C 的一个长处是你能够传递讯息给 nil,所以不须要经过一堆防错測试来释放一个对象。
- 基于 "Programming in Objective-C," Copyright © 2004 by Sams Publishing一书中的范例,并经过同意而刊载。
- AddressCard.h
-
§ #import <Foundation/NSObject.h>
§ #import <Foundation/NSString.h>
§
§ @interface AddressCard: NSObject {
§ NSString *first;
§ NSString *last;
§ NSString *email;
§ }
§
§ -(AddressCard*) initWithFirst: (NSString*) f
§ last: (NSString*) l
§ email: (NSString*) e;
§ -(NSString*) first;
§ -(NSString*) last;
§ -(NSString*) email;
§ -(void) setFirst: (NSString*) f;
§ -(void) setLast: (NSString*) l;
§ -(void) setEmail: (NSString*) e;
§ -(void) setFirst: (NSString*) f
§ last: (NSString*) l
§ email: (NSString*) e;
§ -(void) setFirst: (NSString*) f last: (NSString*) l;
§ -(void) print;
@end
-
-
- AddressCard.m
-
§ #import "AddressCard.h"
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ @implementation AddressCard
§ -(AddressCard*) initWithFirst: (NSString*) f
§ last: (NSString*) l
§ email: (NSString*) e {
§ self = [super init];
§
§ if ( self ) {
§ [self setFirst: f last: l email: e];
§ }
§
§ return self;
§ }
§
§ -(NSString*) first {
§ return first;
§ }
§
§ -(NSString*) last {
§ return last;
§ }
§
§ -(NSString*) email {
§ return email;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setFirst: (NSString*) f {
§ [f retain];
§ [first release];
§ first = f;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setLast: (NSString*) l {
§ [l retain];
§ [last release];
§ last = l;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setEmail: (NSString*) e {
§ [e retain];
§ [email release];
§ email = e;
§ }
§
§ -(void) setFirst: (NSString*) f
§ last: (NSString*) l
§ email: (NSString*) e {
§ [self setFirst: f];
§ [self setLast: l];
§ [self setEmail: e];
§ }
§
§ -(void) setFirst: (NSString*) f last: (NSString*) l {
§ [self setFirst: f];
§ [self setLast: l];
§ }
§
§ -(void) print {
§ printf( "%s %s <%s>", [first cString],
§ [last cString],
§ [email cString] );
§ }
§
§ -(void) dealloc {
§ [first release];
§ [last release];
§ [email release];
§
§ [super dealloc];
§ }
@end
-
-
- main.m
-
§ #import "AddressCard.h"
§ #import <Foundation/NSString.h>
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ NSString *first =[[NSString alloc] initWithCString: "Tom"];
§ NSString *last = [[NSString alloc] initWithCString: "Jones"];
§ NSString *email = [[NSString alloc] initWithCString: "tom@jones.com"];
§ AddressCard *tom = [[AddressCard alloc] initWithFirst: first
§ last: last
§ email: email];
§
§ // we‘re done with the strings, so we must dealloc them
§ [first release];
§ [last release];
§ [email release];
§
§ // print to show the retain count
§ printf( "Retain count: %i/n", [[tom first] retainCount] );
§ [tom print];
§ printf( "/n" );
§
§ // free memory
§ [tom release];
§
§ return 0;
}
-
-
- output
-
§ Retain count: 1
Tom Jones <tom@jones.com>
-
-
- 如 AddressCard.m,这个范例不仅展示怎样撰写一个 dealloc method,也展示了怎样 dealloc 成员变量。
- 每一个 set method 里的三个动作的顺序很重要。如果你把自己当參数传给一个自己的 method(有点怪,只是确实可能发生)。若你先 release,「然后」才 retain,你会把自己给解构(destruct,相对于建构)!这就是为什么应该要 1) retain 2) release 3) 设值 的原因。
- 通常我们不会用 C 形式字符串来初始化一个变量,由于它不支持 unicode。下一个 NSAutoreleasePool 的样例会用展示正确使用并初始化字符串的方式。
- 这仅仅是处理成员变量内存管理的一种方式,还有一种方式是在你的 set methods 里面建立一份拷贝。
- Autorelease Pool
- 当你想用 NSString 或其它 Foundation framework classes 来做很多其它程序设计工作时,你须要一个更有弹性的系统,也就是使用 Autorelease pools。
- 当开发 Mac Cocoa 应用程序时,autorelease pool 会自己主动地帮你设定好。
- 基于 "Programming in Objective-C," Copyright © 2004 by Sams Publishing一书中的范例,并经过同意而刊载。
- main.m
-
§ #import <Foundation/NSString.h>
§ #import <Foundation/NSAutoreleasePool.h>
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ NSAutoreleasePool *pool = [[NSAutoreleasePool alloc] init];
§ NSString *str1 = @"constant string";
§ NSString *str2 = [NSString stringWithString: @"string managed by the pool"];
§ NSString *str3 = [[NSString alloc] initWithString: @"self managed string"];
§
§ // print the strings
§ printf( "%s retain count: %x/n", [str1 cString], [str1 retainCount] );
§ printf( "%s retain count: %x/n", [str2 cString], [str2 retainCount] );
§ printf( "%s retain count: %x/n", [str3 cString], [str3 retainCount] );
§
§ // free memory
§ [str3 release];
§
§ // free pool
§ [pool release];
§ return 0;
}
-
-
- output
-
§ constant string retain count: ffffffff
§ string managed by the pool retain count: 1
self managed string retain count: 1
-
-
- 假设你运行这个程序,你会发现几件事:第一件事,str1 的 retainCount 为 ffffffff。
- 另一件事,尽管我仅仅有 release str3,整个程序却还是处于完美的内存管理下,原因是第一个常数字符串已经自己主动被加到 autorelease pool 里了。另一件事,字符串是由 stringWithString 产生的。这个 method 会产生一个 NSString class 型别的字符串,并自己主动加进 autorelease pool。
- 千万记得,要有良好的内存管理,像 [NSString stringWithString: @"String"] 这样的 method 使用了 autorelease pool,而 alloc method 如 [[NSString alloc] initWithString: @"String"] 则没有使用 auto release pool。
- 在 Objective-C 有两种管理内存的方法, 1) retain and release or 2) retain and release/autorelease。
- 对于每一个 retain,一定要相应一个 release 「或」一个 autorelease。
- 下一个范例会展示我说的这点。
- 基于 "Programming in Objective-C," Copyright © 2004 by Sams Publishing一书中的范例,并经过同意而刊载。
- Fraction.h
-
§ ...
§ +(Fraction*) fractionWithNumerator: (int) n denominator: (int) d;
§ ...
-
-
- Fraction.m
-
§ ...
§ +(Fraction*) fractionWithNumerator: (int) n denominator: (int) d {
§ Fraction *ret = [[Fraction alloc] initWithNumerator: n denominator: d];
§ [ret autorelease];
§
§ return ret;
§ }
...
-
-
- main.m
-
§ #import <Foundation/NSAutoreleasePool.h>
§ #import "Fraction.h"
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ NSAutoreleasePool *pool = [[NSAutoreleasePool alloc] init];
§ Fraction *frac1 = [Fraction fractionWithNumerator: 2 denominator: 5];
§ Fraction *frac2 = [Fraction fractionWithNumerator: 1 denominator: 3];
§
§ // print frac 1
§ printf( "Fraction 1: " );
§ [frac1 print];
§ printf( "/n" );
§
§ // print frac 2
§ printf( "Fraction 2: " );
§ [frac2 print];
§ printf( "/n" );
§
§ // this causes a segmentation fault
§ //[frac1 release];
§
§ // release the pool and all objects in it
§ [pool release];
§ return 0;
}
-
-
- output
-
§ Fraction 1: 2/5
Fraction 2: 1/3
-
-
- 在这个样例里,此 method 是一个 class level method。在对象建立后,在它上面呼叫 了 autorelease。在 main method 里面,我从未在此对象上呼叫 release。
- 这样行得通的原因是:对不论什么 retain 而言,一定要呼叫一个 release 或 autorelease。对象的 retainCount 从 1 起跳 ,然后我在上面呼叫 1 次 autorelease,表示 1 - 1 = 0。当 autorelease pool 被释放时,它会计算全部对象上的 autorelease 呼叫次数,而且呼叫同样次数的 [obj release]。
- 如同批注所说,不把那一行批注掉会造成分段错误(segment fault)。由于对象上已经呼叫过 autorelease,若再呼叫 release,在释放 autorelease pool 时会试图呼叫一个 nil 对象上的 dealloc,但这是不同意的。最后的算式会变为:1 (creation) - 1 (release) - 1 (autorelease) = -1
- 管理大量临时对象时,autorelease pool 能够被动态地产生。你须要做的仅仅是建立一个 pool,运行一堆会建立大量动态对象的程序代码,然后释放这个 pool。你可能会感到好奇,这表示可能同一时候有超过一个 autorelease pool 存在。
-
- Foundation framework classes
- Foundation framework 地位如同 C++ 的 Standard Template Library。只是 Objective-C 是真正的动态识别语言(dynamic types),所以不须要像 C++ 那样肥得可怕的样版(templates)。这个 framework 包括了对象组、网络、线程,还有很多其它好东西。
- NSArray
- 基于 "Programming in Objective-C," Copyright © 2004 by Sams Publishing一书中的范例,并经过同意而刊载。
- main.m
§ #import <Foundation/NSArray.h>
§ #import <Foundation/NSString.h>
§ #import <Foundation/NSAutoreleasePool.h>
§ #import <Foundation/NSEnumerator.h>
§ #import <stdio.h>
§
§ void print( NSArray *array ) {
§ NSEnumerator *enumerator = [array objectEnumerator];
§ id obj;
§
§ while ( obj = [enumerator nextObject] ) {
§ printf( "%s/n", [[obj description] cString] );
§ }
§ }
§
§ int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {
§ NSAutoreleasePool *pool = [[NSAutoreleasePool alloc] init];
§ NSArray *arr = [[NSArray alloc] initWithObjects:
§ @"Me", @"Myself", @"I", nil];
§ NSMutableArray *mutable = [[NSMutableArray alloc] init];
§
§ // enumerate over items
§ printf( "----static array/n" );
§ print( arr );
§
§ // add stuff
§ [mutable addObject: @"One"];
§ [mutable addObject: @"Two"];
§ [mutable addObjectsFromArray: arr];
§ [mutable addObject: @"Three"];
§
§ // print em
§ printf( "----mutable array/n" );
§ print( mutable );
§
§ // sort then print
§ printf( "----sorted mutable array/n" );
§ [mutable sortUsingSelector: @selector( caseInsensitiveCompare: )];
§ print( mutable );
§
§ // free memory
§ [arr release];
§ [mutable release];
§ [pool release];
§
§ return 0;
}
-
-
- output
-
§ ----static array
§ Me
§ Myself
§ I
§ ----mutable array
§ One
§ Two
§ Me
§ Myself
§ I
§ Three
§ ----sorted mutable array
§ I
§ Me
§ Myself
§ One
§ Three
Two
-
-
- 数组有两种(一般是 Foundation classes 中最数据导向的部分),NSArray 跟 NSMutableArray,顾名思义,mutable(善变的)表示能够被改变,而 NSArray 则不行。这表示你能够制造一个 NSArray 但却不能改变它的长度。
- 你能够用 Obj, Obj, Obj, ..., nil 为參数呼叫建构子来初始化一个数组,当中 nil 表示结尾符号。
- 排序(sorting)展示怎样用 selector 来排序一个对象,这个 selector 告诉数组用 NSString 的忽略大写和小写顺序来排序。假设你的对象有好几个排序方法,你能够使用这个 selector 来选择你想用的方法。
- 在 print method 里,我使用了 description method。它就像 Java 的 toString,会回传对象的 NSString 表示法。
- NSEnumerator 非常像 Java 的列举系统。while ( obj = [array objectEnumerator] ) 行得通的理由是 objectEnumerator 会回传最后一个对象的 nil。在 C 里 nil 通常代表 0,也就是 false。改用 ( ( obj = [array objectEnumerator] ) != nil )
-