import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;

public class ThreadPoolDemo1 {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // 创建一个可重用固定线程数的线程池
        ExecutorService pool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2);
        // 创建实现了Runnable接口对象，Thread对象当然也实现了Runnable接口
        Thread ta = new MyThread();
        Thread tb = new MyThread();
        Thread tc = new MyThread();
        Thread td = new MyThread();
        Thread te = new MyThread();
        // 将线程放入池中进行执行
        pool.execute(ta);
        pool.execute(tb);
        pool.execute(tc);
        pool.execute(td);
        pool.execute(te);
        // 关闭线程池
        pool.shutdown();
    }
}

class MyThread extends Thread {

    @Override
    public void run() {
        System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+ " is running.");
    }
}

pool-1-thread-1 is running.
pool-1-thread-1 is running.
pool-1-thread-1 is running.
pool-1-thread-1 is running.
pool-1-thread-2 is running.

/**
 * Creates a thread pool that reuses a fixed number of threads
 * operating off a shared unbounded queue.  At any point, at most
 * {@code nThreads} threads will be active processing tasks.
 * If additional tasks are submitted when all threads are active,
 * they will wait in the queue until a thread is available.
 * If any thread terminates due to a failure during execution
 * prior to shutdown, a new one will take its place if needed to
 * execute subsequent tasks.  The threads in the pool will exist
 * until it is explicitly {@link ExecutorService#shutdown shutdown}.
 *
 * @param nThreads the number of threads in the pool
 * @return the newly created thread pool
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code nThreads <= 0}
 */
public static ExecutorService newFixedThreadPool(int nThreads) {
    return new ThreadPoolExecutor(nThreads, nThreads,
                                  0L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,
                                  new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>());
}

public ThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize,
                          int maximumPoolSize,
                          long keepAliveTime,
                          TimeUnit unit,
                          BlockingQueue<Runnable> workQueue) {
    this(corePoolSize, maximumPoolSize, keepAliveTime, unit, workQueue,
         Executors.defaultThreadFactory(), defaultHandler);
}

public ThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize,
                          int maximumPoolSize,
                          long keepAliveTime,
                          TimeUnit unit,
                          BlockingQueue<Runnable> workQueue,
                          ThreadFactory threadFactory,
                          RejectedExecutionHandler handler) {
    if (corePoolSize < 0 ||
        maximumPoolSize <= 0 ||
        maximumPoolSize < corePoolSize ||
        keepAliveTime < 0)
        throw new IllegalArgumentException();
    if (workQueue == null || threadFactory == null || handler == null)
        throw new NullPointerException();
    // 核心池大小
    this.corePoolSize = corePoolSize;
    // 最大池大小
    this.maximumPoolSize = maximumPoolSize;
    // 线程池的等待队列
    this.workQueue = workQueue;
    this.keepAliveTime = unit.toNanos(keepAliveTime);
    // 线程工厂对象
    this.threadFactory = threadFactory;
    // 拒绝策略的句柄
    this.handler = handler;
}

public static ThreadFactory defaultThreadFactory() {
    return new DefaultThreadFactory();
}

static class DefaultThreadFactory implements ThreadFactory {
    private static final AtomicInteger poolNumber = new AtomicInteger(1);
    private final ThreadGroup group;
    private final AtomicInteger threadNumber = new AtomicInteger(1);
    private final String namePrefix;

    DefaultThreadFactory() {
        SecurityManager s = System.getSecurityManager();
        group = (s != null) ? s.getThreadGroup() :
                              Thread.currentThread().getThreadGroup();
        namePrefix = "pool-" +
                      poolNumber.getAndIncrement() +
                     "-thread-";
    }

    // 提供创建线程的API。
    public Thread newThread(Runnable r) {
        // 线程对应的任务是Runnable对象r
        Thread t = new Thread(group, r,
                              namePrefix + threadNumber.getAndIncrement(),
                              0);
        // 设为“非守护线程”
        if (t.isDaemon())
            t.setDaemon(false);
        // 将优先级设为“Thread.NORM_PRIORITY”
        if (t.getPriority() != Thread.NORM_PRIORITY)
            t.setPriority(Thread.NORM_PRIORITY);
        return t;
    }
}

private static final RejectedExecutionHandler defaultHandler = new AbortPolicy();

public static class AbortPolicy implements RejectedExecutionHandler {
    public AbortPolicy() { }

    // 抛出异常
    public void rejectedExecution(Runnable r, ThreadPoolExecutor e) {
        throw new RejectedExecutionException("Task " + r.toString() +
                                             " rejected from " +
                                             e.toString());
    }
}

public void execute(Runnable command) {
    // 如果任务为null，则抛出异常。
    if (command == null)
        throw new NullPointerException();
    // 获取ctl对应的int值。该int值保存了"线程池中任务的数量"和"线程池状态"信息
    int c = ctl.get();
    // 当线程池中的任务数量 < "核心池大小"时，即线程池中少于corePoolSize个任务。
    // 则通过addWorker(command, true)新建一个线程，并将任务(command)添加到该线程中；然后，启动该线程从而执行任务。
    if (workerCountOf(c) < corePoolSize) {
        if (addWorker(command, true))
            return;
        c = ctl.get();
    }
    // 当线程池中的任务数量 >= "核心池大小"时，
    // 而且，"线程池处于允许状态"时，则尝试将任务添加到阻塞队列中。
    if (isRunning(c) && workQueue.offer(command)) {
        // 再次确认“线程池状态”，若线程池异常终止了，则删除任务；然后通过reject()执行相应的拒绝策略的内容。
        int recheck = ctl.get();
        if (! isRunning(recheck) && remove(command))
            reject(command);
        // 否则，如果"线程池中任务数量"为0，则通过addWorker(null, false)尝试新建一个线程，新建线程对应的任务为null。
        else if (workerCountOf(recheck) == 0)
            addWorker(null, false);
    }
    // 通过addWorker(command, false)新建一个线程，并将任务(command)添加到该线程中；然后，启动该线程从而执行任务。
    // 如果addWorker(command, false)执行失败，则通过reject()执行相应的拒绝策略的内容。
    else if (!addWorker(command, false))
        reject(command);
}

private boolean addWorker(Runnable firstTask, boolean core) {
    retry:
    // 更新"线程池状态和计数"标记，即更新ctl。
    for (;;) {
        // 获取ctl对应的int值。该int值保存了"线程池中任务的数量"和"线程池状态"信息
        int c = ctl.get();
        // 获取线程池状态。
        int rs = runStateOf(c);

        // 有效性检查
        if (rs >= SHUTDOWN &&
            ! (rs == SHUTDOWN &&
               firstTask == null &&
               ! workQueue.isEmpty()))
            return false;

        for (;;) {
            // 获取线程池中任务的数量。
            int wc = workerCountOf(c);
            // 如果"线程池中任务的数量"超过限制，则返回false。
            if (wc >= CAPACITY ||
                wc >= (core ? corePoolSize : maximumPoolSize))
                return false;
            // 通过CAS函数将c的值+1。操作失败的话，则退出循环。
            if (compareAndIncrementWorkerCount(c))
                break retry;
            c = ctl.get();  // Re-read ctl
            // 检查"线程池状态"，如果与之前的状态不同，则从retry重新开始。
            if (runStateOf(c) != rs)
                continue retry;
            // else CAS failed due to workerCount change; retry inner loop
        }
    }

    boolean workerStarted = false;
    boolean workerAdded = false;
    Worker w = null;
    // 添加任务到线程池，并启动任务所在的线程。
    try {
        final ReentrantLock mainLock = this.mainLock;
        // 新建Worker，并且指定firstTask为Worker的第一个任务。
        w = new Worker(firstTask);
        // 获取Worker对应的线程。
        final Thread t = w.thread;
        if (t != null) {
            // 获取锁
            mainLock.lock();
            try {
                int c = ctl.get();
                int rs = runStateOf(c);

                // 再次确认"线程池状态"
                if (rs < SHUTDOWN ||
                    (rs == SHUTDOWN && firstTask == null)) {
                    if (t.isAlive()) // precheck that t is startable
                        throw new IllegalThreadStateException();
                    // 将Worker对象(w)添加到"线程池的Worker集合(workers)"中
                    workers.add(w);
                    // 更新largestPoolSize
                    int s = workers.size();
                    if (s > largestPoolSize)
                        largestPoolSize = s;
                    workerAdded = true;
                }
            } finally {
                // 释放锁
                mainLock.unlock();
            }
            // 如果"成功将任务添加到线程池"中，则启动任务所在的线程。 
            if (workerAdded) {
                t.start();
                workerStarted = true;
            }
        }
    } finally {
        if (! workerStarted)
            addWorkerFailed(w);
    }
    // 返回任务是否启动。
    return workerStarted;
}

public Future<?> submit(Runnable task) {
    if (task == null) throw new NullPointerException();
    RunnableFuture<Void> ftask = newTaskFor(task, null);
    execute(ftask);
    return ftask;
}

public void shutdown() {
    final ReentrantLock mainLock = this.mainLock;
    // 获取锁
    mainLock.lock();
    try {
        // 检查终止线程池的“线程”是否有权限。
        checkShutdownAccess();
        // 设置线程池的状态为关闭状态。
        advanceRunState(SHUTDOWN);
        // 中断线程池中空闲的线程。
        interruptIdleWorkers();
        // 钩子函数，在ThreadPoolExecutor中没有任何动作。
        onShutdown(); // hook for ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor
    } finally {
        // 释放锁
        mainLock.unlock();
    }
    // 尝试终止线程池
    tryTerminate();
}