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MySQL(MariaDB)的 SSL 加密复制

背景:

      在默认的主从复制过程或远程连接到MySQL/MariaDB所有的链接通信中的数据都是明文的,在局域网内连接倒问题不大;要是在外网里访问数据或则复制,则安全隐患会被放大很多。由于项目要求需要直接和外网的一台实例进行同步。所以本文介绍下通过SSL加密的方式进行复制的方法,来进一步提高数据的安全性。本文会一起介绍MySQL和MariaDB。

环境搭建:

默认情况下ssl都是关闭的,要是have_ssl显示NO,则表示数据库不支持SSL,需要重新编译安装来支持它,显示为DISABLED表示支持SSL,但没有开启。

>show variables like %ssl%;                                                                                                  +---------------+----------+| Variable_name | Value    |+---------------+----------+| have_openssl  | DISABLED || have_ssl      | DISABLED || ssl_ca        |          || ssl_capath    |          || ssl_cert      |          || ssl_cipher    |          || ssl_key       |          |+---------------+----------+

现在来开启SSL,在配置文件的mysqld选项组里面添加:

ssl

重启数据库,再次查看:

show variables like %ssl%;+---------------+-------+| Variable_name | Value |+---------------+-------+| have_openssl  | YES   || have_ssl      | YES   || ssl_ca        |       || ssl_capath    |       || ssl_cert      |       || ssl_cipher    |       || ssl_key       |       |+---------------+-------+

接着就是配置SSL的重点了:

1:在主服务器上创建CA证书:

openssl genrsa 2048 > ca-key.pemopenssl req -new -x509 -nodes -days 1000 -key ca-key.pem > ca-cert.pem

2:在主服务器上创建服务端的证书:

openssl req -newkey rsa:2048 -days 1000 -nodes -keyout server-key.pem > server-req.pemopenssl x509 -req -in server-req.pem -days 1000 -CA ca-cert.pem -CAkey ca-key.pem -set_serial 01 > server-cert.pem

3:在主服务器上创建客户端的证书:

openssl req -newkey rsa:2048 -days 1000 -nodes -keyout client-key.pem > client-req.pemopenssl x509 -req -in client-req.pem -days 1000 -CA ca-cert.pem -CAkey ca-key.pem -set_serial 01 > client-cert.pem

上面的操作都是在主上执行的,并且都在/etc/mysql/ 目录下执行的。这里需要注意的是MySQL和MariaDB不同:

MySQL在生成上面证书的时候需要输入大量用户信息,在CA上创建证书要注意所有的用户信息要和CA中的一致,从国家到部门都要相同,否则会造成证书无法使用,直接全部默认回车即可。要是用户信息一样则MariaDB会报错:

 ERROR 2026 (HY000): SSL connection error: error:00000001:lib(0):func(0):reason(1)

[ERROR] Slave I/O: error connecting to master ... - retry-time: 60  retries: 86400  message: SSL connection error: error:14090086:SSL routines:SSL3_GET_SERVER_CERTIFICATE:certificate verify failed, Internal MariaDB error code: 2026

MariaDB在生成上面证书的时候也是需要输入大量用户信息,和MySQL不同的是输入的用户信息服务端和客户端不能一致。即服务端输入和客户端输入不一样。具体原因见这里,最后可以通过:

openssl verify -CAfile /etc/mysql/ca-cert.pem /etc/mysql/server-cert.pem /etc/mysql/client-cert.pem

 验证MariaDB证书的有效性。好了,所有的证书已经生成,那么在主上需要修改配置文件,把生成的证书配置起来:

ssl-ca=/etc/mysql/ca-cert.pemssl-cert=/etc/mysql/server-cert.pemssl-key=/etc/mysql/server-key.pem

并且把生成的证书:ca-cert.pem,client-cert.pem,client-key.pem 复制给从服务器

重启主服务器,查看SSL的情况:

>show variables like %ssl%;+---------------+----------------------------+| Variable_name | Value                      |+---------------+----------------------------+| have_openssl  | DISABLED                   || have_ssl      | DISABLED                   || ssl_ca        | /etc/mysql/ca-cert.pem     || ssl_capath    |                            || ssl_cert      | /etc/mysql/server-cert.pem || ssl_cipher    |                            || ssl_key       | /etc/mysql/server-key.pem  |+---------------+----------------------------+

发现have_ssl变成了DISABLED,查看错误日志:

SSL error: Unable to get private key from /etc/mysql/server-key.pem141229 11:09:02 [Warning] Failed to setup SSL141229 11:09:02 [Warning] SSL error: Unable to get private key

发现服务端的key不可用,在网上到了解决办法,大家可以自己看:http://askubuntu.com/questions/194074/enabling-ssl-in-mysql,概括的说就是openssl新版本的变化导致的,这里有2个解决办法来重新生成server-key.pem:

方法1:openssl rsa

openssl rsa -in server-key.pem -out server-key.pem 

再次查看SSL情况:

>show variables like %ssl%;+---------------+----------------------------+| Variable_name | Value                      |+---------------+----------------------------+| have_openssl  | YES                        || have_ssl      | YES                        || ssl_ca        | /etc/mysql/ca-cert.pem     || ssl_capath    |                            || ssl_cert      | /etc/mysql/server-cert.pem || ssl_cipher    |                            || ssl_key       | /etc/mysql/server-key.pem  |+---------------+----------------------------+

方法2:这里也可以直接安装openssl的0.9.8x版本进行证书生成。

wget http://www.openssl.org/source/openssl-0.9.8x.tar.gz tar xvfz openssl-0.9.8x.tar.gz cd openssl-0.9.8x ./config --prefix=/usr/local/openssl-0.9.8 make make install

本文是通过方法1来进行解决的。

到此在主上的操作完成,再生成一个复制帐号:REQUIRE SSL

GRANT REPLICATION SLAVE ON *.* TO rep@192.168.200.% IDENTIFIED BY 123456 REQUIRE SSL;

接着就去从上配置。之前已经把生成的证书给了从服务器,那么在配置之前可以用SSL连接主服务器试试:

$mysql --ssl-ca=ca-cert.pem --ssl-cert=client-cert.pem --ssl-key=client-key.pem -h192.168.200.245 -urep -pEnter password: SSL error: Unable to get private key from client-key.pemERROR 2026 (HY000): SSL connection error

同理,也是SSL的问题导致的,重新生成client-key.pem,方法同重新生成server-key.pem一样:

openssl rsa -in client-key.pem -out client-key.pem 

继续用SSL测试连接:

$mysql --ssl-ca=ca-cert.pem --ssl-cert=client-cert.pem --ssl-key=client-key.pem -h192.168.200.245 -urep -pEnter password: Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.Your MySQL connection id is 763Server version: 5.5.35-0ubuntu0.12.04.2-log (Ubuntu)Copyright (c) 2000, 2014, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or itsaffiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respectiveowners.Type help; or \h for help. Type \c to clear the current input statement.mysql> \s--------------mysql  Ver 14.14 Distrib 5.5.37, for debian-linux-gnu (x86_64) using readline 6.2Connection id:        763Current database:    Current user:        rep@192.168.200.212SSL:            Cipher in use is DHE-RSA-AES256-SHACurrent pager:        stdoutUsing outfile:        ‘‘Using delimiter:    ;Server version:        5.5.35-0ubuntu0.12.04.2-log (Ubuntu)Protocol version:    10Connection:        192.168.200.245 via TCP/IPServer characterset:    utf8mb4Db     characterset:    utf8mb4Client characterset:    utf8Conn.  characterset:    utf8TCP port:        3306Uptime:            22 min 52 secThreads: 3  Questions: 2325  Slow queries: 1  Opens: 7483  Flush tables: 1  Open tables: 100  Queries per second avg: 1.694

SSL测试连接成功,并且登入的SSL协议是:Cipher in use is DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA

继续在从上配置SSL:

sslssl-ca=/etc/mysql/ca-cert.pemssl-cert=/etc/mysql/client-cert.pemssl-key=/etc/mysql/client-key.pem

查看SSL是否被支持:

>show variables like %ssl%;+---------------+----------------------------+| Variable_name | Value                      |+---------------+----------------------------+| have_openssl  | YES                        || have_ssl      | YES                        || ssl_ca        | /etc/mysql/ca-cert.pem     || ssl_capath    |                            || ssl_cert      | /etc/mysql/client-cert.pem || ssl_cipher    |                            || ssl_key       | /etc/mysql/client-key.pem  |+---------------+----------------------------+

从上SSL也被正确支持,那么最后开始配置主从replicate。在从上CHANGE:

CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST=192.168.200.245, MASTER_USER=rep, MASTER_PASSWORD=123456, MASTER_LOG_FILE=mysql-bin.000042, MASTER_LOG_POS=521, MASTER_SSL=1, MASTER_SSL_CA = /etc/mysql/ca-cert.pem, MASTER_SSL_CERT = /etc/mysql/client-cert.pem, MASTER_SSL_KEY = /etc/mysql/client-key.pem

测试:

M:

>create table tmp_1229(id int,name varchar(100))default charset utf8;>insert into tmp_1229 values(1,a),(2,b),(3,c);>select * from tmp_1229;+------+------+| id   | name |+------+------+|    1 | a    ||    2 | b    ||    3 | c    |+------+------+

S:

>select * from tmp_1229;+------+------+| id   | name |+------+------+|    1 | a    ||    2 | b    ||    3 | c    |+------+------+

以上同步成功。

总结:

      SSL(Secure Sockets Layer 安全套接层),及其继任者传输层安全(Transport Layer Security,TLS)是为网络通信提供安全及数据完整性的一种安全协议。复制默认是明文进行传输的,通过SSL加密可以大大提高数据的安全性。在上面的过程中,遇到一些问题:

1:openssl版本问题引起的证书不可用,文中已经说明解决办法。

2:MariaDB 证书的不可用,原因是生成服务端客户端证书的时候输入一致导致的,文中也说明了解决办法。

3:要是配置有问题,在用SSL登陆的时候,可以发现错误信息,可以直接定位到哪里出问题。

ssl登陆:
mysql --ssl-ca=ca-cert.pem --ssl-cert=client-cert.pem --ssl-key=client-key.pem -h192.168.200.245 -urep -p

4:在配置MariaDB的时候,在生成证书的时候可以直接先验证,查看是否有问题。

验证:
openssl verify -CAfile /etc/mysql/ca-cert.pem /etc/mysql/server-cert.pem /etc/mysql/client-cert.pem

/etc/mysql/server-cert.pem: OK
/etc/mysql/client-cert.pem: OK

5:要是openssl版本没有问题,不需要再次通过openssl rsa 再次生成,具体的安装配置方法参照本文章即可。


更多信息:

https://blog.marceloaltmann.com/en-mysql-replication-with-ssl-pt-replicacao-em-mysql-com-ssl/

http://www.zhengdazhi.com/?p=856

http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/replication-solutions-ssl.html

 

MySQL(MariaDB)的 SSL 加密复制