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Python 之 filecmp
Python 之 filecmp
2017年7月12日
参考书籍:《Python自动化运维 ——技术与最佳实践》 作者:李天斯
1.什么是filecmp
filecmp作为python的标准库,无需安装,作用是对文件,目录,遍历子目录的差异对比功能,它是一个轻量级的工具,在对linux服务器备份文件检验时非常有用。
2.filecmp的简单使用
2.1 cmp的简单使用
用法:filecmp.cmp(file1,file2),如果file1和file2相同的话,则会返回true,否则返回false,这就称为比较单文件的差异。
2.1.1 copy一个文件备份两次
1 # cp /etc/vnc.conf ./ 2 # cp /etc/vnc.conf ./vnc.conf.bak
2.1.2 编写python代码
1 # cat lcmp.py 2 3 #!/usr/bin/env python 4 5 import sys 6 7 import filecmp 8 9 import os 10 11 try: 12 13 file1 = sys.argv[1] 14 15 file2 = sys.argv[2] 16 17 except: 18 19 print ("Please follow the parameters") 20 21 sys.exit() 22 23 if os.path.isfile(file1) and os.path.isfile(file2) : 24 25 if filecmp.cmp(file1,file2): 26 27 print ("Match success") 28 29 else : 30 31 print ("Match failed") 32 33 else: 34 35 print ("Please check files") 36 37 sys.exit()
2.1.2 执行脚本输出
1 # python lcmp.py vnc.conf vnc.conf.bak 2 Match success
由上诉结果可以看出,文件是对比OK了的,现在修改vnc.conf.bak的内容,再执行脚本
2.1.3再次执行
1 # sed -i s/vnc/liwang.org/ vnc.conf.bak 2 # python lcmp.py vnc.conf vnc.conf.bak 3 Match failed
比对文件不成功,则输出了Match failed ,则证明脚本是ok的
2.2 cmpfiles的简单使用
用法:filecmp.cmpfiles(dir1,dir2,common[files...]),作用是对比dir1 和 dir2 目录的差异,该方法会返回三个list,分别是匹配,不匹配,错误。
2.2.1 复制文件
1 # mkdir -p dir1 dir2 2 # cp lcmp.py vnc.conf vnc.conf.bak dir1/ 3 # cp lcmp.py vnc.conf dir2/
2.2.2 编写python代码
1 # cat lcmpfiles.py 2 3 #!/usr/bin/env python 4 5 import os 6 7 import filecmp 8 9 import sys 10 11 dir1 = input("Please enter a folder to match:") 12 13 dir2 = input("Please enter a folder to match:") 14 15 files = [] 16 17 while True: 18 19 local_files = input("Please enter the file to compare:[n/N Exit the input]") 20 21 if local_files == ‘N‘ or local_files == ‘n‘: 22 23 break 24 25 elif local_files == ‘‘: 26 27 continue 28 29 else : 30 31 files.append(local_files) 32 33 try: 34 35 os.path.exists(dir1) 36 37 os.path.exists(dir2) 38 39 except: 40 41 print ("Pleae check the folder.") 42 43 sys.exit() 44 45 #print (filecmp.cmpfiles(dir1,dir2,files)[0]) 46 47 print ("It‘s file match:",filecmp.cmpfiles(dir1,dir2,files)[0]) 48 49 print ("The file does not match:",filecmp.cmpfiles(dir1,dir2,files)[1]) 50 51 print ("File does not exists:",filecmp.cmpfiles(dir1,dir2,files)[2])
2.2.3 用python3执行脚本(因为使用了input)
1 # python3 lcmpfiles.py 2 Please enter a folder to match:dir1 3 Please enter a folder to match:dir2 4 Please enter the file to compare:[n/N Exit the input]lcmp.py 5 Please enter the file to compare:[n/N Exit the input]vnc.conf 6 Please enter the file to compare:[n/N Exit the input]vnc.conf.bak 7 Please enter the file to compare:[n/N Exit the input]n 8 It‘s file match: [‘lcmp.py‘, ‘vnc.conf‘] 9 The file does not match: [] 10 File does not exists: [‘vnc.conf.bak‘]
可以看出,lcmp.py 和 vnc.conf 在dir1 和dr2都有,且文件内容相同,而vnc.conf.bak在dir1有,dir没有,故输出,文件匹配:lcmp.py和vnc.conf ,文件不存在:vnc.conf.bak,文件不相同:无
2.2 dircmp的简单使用
语法:dircmp(a,b,[,ignore[,hide]]) 其中a,b是文件名,ignore是可以忽略的列表,hide代表隐藏列表,dircmp可以获得目录比较详细的信息,同时还支持递归。
dircmp提供了三个输出方法:
report() 比较当前指定目录中的内容
report_full_closure() 递归比较所有指定文件的内容
2.2.1 模拟环境
1 # ls dir1/ dir2/ 2 dir1/: 3 hosts ld.so.conf sysconfig 4 5 dir2/: 6 hosts ld.so.conf sysconfig
其中,sysconfig 是一个目录 hosts 和 ld.so.conf都是文件,且hosts内容不一致 sysconfig中的文件也不一样
2.2.2 编写python代码
2.2.2.1 dircmp.report()
1 # cat simple_filecmp.py 2 3 #!/usr/bin/env python 4 5 import filecmp 6 7 dir1 = "/root/python/d_2_filecmp/cmp/dir2" 8 9 dir2 = "/root/python/d_2_filecmp/cmp/dir1" 10 11 dirobj = filecmp.dircmp(dir1,dir2) 12 13 print (dirobj.report())
2.2.2.2 执行脚本
1 # python simple_filecmp.py 2 diff /root/python/d_2_filecmp/cmp/dir2 /root/python/d_2_filecmp/cmp/dir1 3 Identical files : [‘ld.so.conf‘] 4 Differing files : [‘hosts‘] 5 Common subdirectories : [‘sysconfig‘] 6 None 7 [root@localhost cmp]# cat simple_filecmp.py
由上面的结果,我们可以看出,report只能比对脚本的首层目录,而无法对子文件夹下的目录进行匹配
2.2.2.3 report_full_closure()
1 # cat simple_filecmp_2.py 2 3 #!/usr/bin/env python 4 5 import filecmp 6 7 dir1 = "/root/python/d_2_filecmp/cmp/dir1/" 8 9 dir2 = "/root/python/d_2_filecmp/cmp/dir2/" 10 11 dirobj = filecmp.dircmp(dir1,dir2) 12 13 print (dirobj.report_full_closure())
2.2.2.4 执行脚本
1 diff /root/python/d_2_filecmp/cmp/dir1/ /root/python/d_2_filecmp/cmp/dir2/ 2 Identical files : [‘ld.so.conf‘] 3 Differing files : [‘hosts‘] 4 Common subdirectories : [‘sysconfig‘] 5 6 diff/root/python/d_2_filecmp/cmp/dir1/sysconfig /root/python/d_2_filecmp/cmp/dir2/sysconfig 7 ......
由此可见差别report()和report_full_closure()的差别在于
3.filecmp案例
3.1 需求
需求:1.备份etc 文件夹下所有的内容,并且保持实时备份,如果有新的文件,则copy至备份文件中,如果有新的,则update之
3.2 流程图
3.2.1 初步流程图:
3.2.2 对比文件差异流程图
3.3 代码编写:
3.3.1 补充知识:
dircmp.left_only
只在左边出现的文件
1 # cat simple_filecmp_3.py 2 3 #!/usr/bin/env python 4 5 import filecmp 6 7 dir1 = "/root/python/d_2_filecmp/cmp/dir1/" 8 9 dir2 = "/root/python/d_2_filecmp/cmp/dir2/" 10 11 dirobj = filecmp.dircmp(dir1,dir2) 12 13 print (dirobj.diff_files)
执行结果
1 # ls dir1 dir2/ 2 dir1: 3 hosts ld.so.conf sysconfig teacher 4 5 dir2/: 6 hosts ld.so.conf sysconfig 7 [root@localhost cmp]# python simple_filecmp_3.py 8 [‘teacher‘]
由上诉可见,当teacher只出现在dir1时,则会被抓取出来,所谓的left和right是相对于filecmp.dircmp而言的
dircmp.diff_files
返回不能匹配额文件
1 # cat simple_filecmp_3.py 2 3 #!/usr/bin/env python 4 5 import filecmp 6 7 dir1 = "/root/python/d_2_filecmp/cmp/dir1/" 8 9 dir2 = "/root/python/d_2_filecmp/cmp/dir2/" 10 11 dirobj = filecmp.dircmp(dir1,dir2) 12 13 print (dirobj.diff_files) 14 15 #print (dirobj.left_only)
执行结果
1 [root@localhost cmp]# ls dir1 dir2 2 dir1: 3 hosts ld.so.conf sysconfig teacher 4 5 dir2: 6 hosts ld.so.conf sysconfig 7 [root@localhost cmp]# python simple_filecmp_3.py 8 [‘hosts‘] 9 [root@localhost cmp]#
之前我们修改过hosts的文件,文件内容已经不一致,现在已经被抓取出来了
3.3.2 编写自动备份脚本
1 # cat d_7_12_filecmp.py 2 #!/usr/bin/env python 3 4 import filecmp 5 import os 6 import sys 7 import shutil 8 9 source_files = "/root/python/d_2_filecmp/dir1" 10 target_files = "/root/python/d_2_filecmp/dir2" 11 12 def check_common_dirs(source_files,target_files): 13 dirsobj = filecmp.dircmp(source_files , target_files) 14 15 common_dirs_list = dirsobj.common_dirs 16 17 for common_line in common_dirs_list : 18 files_contrast(‘/‘+source_files+‘/‘+common_line,‘/‘+target_files+‘/‘+common_line) 19 20 def files_contrast(dir1,dir2) : 21 22 dirobj = filecmp.dircmp(dir1,dir2) 23 24 no_exists_files = dirobj.left_only 25 no_diff_files = dirobj.diff_files 26 27 for exists_files in no_exists_files : 28 29 if os.path.isfile(exists_files) : 30 shutil.copyfile (‘/‘+dir1+‘/‘+exists_files , ‘/‘+dir2+‘/‘+exists_files) 31 else : 32 print ("%s is dirctory" %(exists_files)) 33 os.makedirs(‘/‘+dir2+‘/‘+exists_files) 34 print ("%s is mkdirs" %(‘/‘+target_files+‘/‘+exists_files)) 35 36 try : 37 print ("values : %s %s" %(‘/‘+dir1+‘/‘+exists_files , ‘/‘+dir2+‘/‘+exists_files)) 38 files_contrast(‘/‘+dir1+‘/‘+exists_files , ‘/‘+dir2+‘/‘+exists_files) 39 except : 40 return 41 42 for diff_files in no_diff_files : 43 if os.path.isfile(diff_files) : 44 os.remove(‘/‘+dir2+‘/‘+diff_files) 45 shutil.copyfile (‘/‘+dir1+‘/‘+diff_files , ‘/‘+dir2+‘/‘+diff_files) 46 47 if os.path.exists(source_files) : 48 49 if os.path.exists(target_files) == "False" : 50 os.makedirs(target_files) 51 52 files_contrast(source_files,target_files) 53 check_common_dirs(source_files,target_files) 54 55 else : 56 print ("Soure files no exists") 57 sys.exit()
3.4 执行脚本输出
3.4.1 查看文件
可知 dir2下没有任何文件
1 # tree dir1/ dir2/ 2 dir1/ 3 ├── 123 4 │ └── 123456 5 ├── 4556 6 │ └── 789 7 │ └── d 8 ├── lcmp.py 9 ├── vnc.conf 10 └── vnc.conf.bak 11 dir2/ 12 13 3 directories, 5 files
3.4.2 执行脚本
1 root@localhost d_2_filecmp]# python d_7_12_filecmp.py 2 4556 is dirctory 3 //root/python/d_2_filecmp/dir2/4556 is mkdirs 4 values : //root/python/d_2_filecmp/dir1/4556 //root/python/d_2_filecmp/dir2/4556 5 789 is dirctory 6 //root/python/d_2_filecmp/dir2/789 is mkdirs 7 values : ///root/python/d_2_filecmp/dir1/4556/789 ///root/python/d_2_filecmp/dir2/4556/789 8 d is dirctory 9 //root/python/d_2_filecmp/dir2/d is mkdirs 10 values : ////root/python/d_2_filecmp/dir1/4556/789/d ////root/python/d_2_filecmp/dir2/4556/789/d 11 123 is dirctory 12 //root/python/d_2_filecmp/dir2/123 is mkdirs 13 values : //root/python/d_2_filecmp/dir1/123 //root/python/d_2_filecmp/dir2/123 14 123456 is dirctory 15 //root/python/d_2_filecmp/dir2/123456 is mkdirs 16 values : ///root/python/d_2_filecmp/dir1/123/123456 ///root/python/d_2_filecmp/dir2/123/123456
可以看出,备份的信息,前面的多个/可以不必理会,linux只识别一个/
3.4.3 查看备份效果
1 # tree dir1/ dir2/ 2 dir1/ 3 ├── 123 4 │ └── 123456 5 ├── 4556 6 │ └── 789 7 │ └── d 8 ├── lcmp.py 9 ├── vnc.conf 10 └── vnc.conf.bak 11 dir2/ 12 ├── 123 13 │ └── 123456 14 ├── 4556 15 │ └── 789 16 │ └── d 17 ├── lcmp.py 18 ├── vnc.conf 19 └── vnc.conf.bak 20 21 8 directories, 8 files
由上,可知,备份完全成功,针对于定时执行python脚本,可以将脚本写入crontab中,开启定时任务即可。
Python 之 filecmp