首页 > 代码库 > 类的使用---进阶编程篇(四)

类的使用---进阶编程篇(四)

  很多讲解编程的书籍在介绍类的时候就直接介绍属性,字段,方法,事件等等,然后说下多态性,继承性,等等,所有的这些东西对于初学者来说实在是虚无缥缈,对于什么地方该用类,该怎么设计类仍然是很模糊的,需要经验大量的编程实践才能摸索到里面的经验,所以本节在讲解的时候,会侧重于举例子来说明,为什么需要使用类,怎么使用类,至于类的继承也会针对特定的情况来说明,让大家对于类有个清晰的概念。

 

为什么需要使用类

  理解这个问题对于学习编程的人非常的关键,对于有经验的人来说,可能会回答,类可以分离功能,形成功能模块,进而实现模块开发,易于调试和代码维护。对于初学者来说,鬼知道你在说什么啊!根本理解不了,需要多写几次类以后才能深刻的理解这些思想,所以此处会从更基础的情况进行说明,假设我们有一台设备,上面有5个参数需要实时在软件上显示,作为初学者,我们会这么写:(1s定时器模拟了读取设备的场景)

技术分享

 

代码如下所示:

 1 using System;
 2 using System.Collections.Generic;
 3 using System.ComponentModel;
 4 using System.Data;
 5 using System.Drawing;
 6 using System.Linq;
 7 using System.Text;
 8 using System.Threading.Tasks;
 9 using System.Windows.Forms;
10 
11 namespace WindowsFormsApp1
12 {
13     public partial class Form1 : Form
14     {
15         public Form1()
16         {
17             InitializeComponent();
18         }
19 
20         private Timer TimerReadMachine = null;
21 
22         private void Form1_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
23         {
24             //初始化时钟
25             TimerReadMachine = new Timer();
26             TimerReadMachine.Interval = 1000;
27             TimerReadMachine.Tick += TimerReadMachine_Tick;
28         }
29 
30         private void TimerReadMachine_Tick(object sender, EventArgs e)
31         {
32             Random r = new Random();
33             label1.Text = "温度1:" + r.Next(100, 300) + "";
34             label2.Text = "温度2:" + r.Next(100, 300) + "";
35             label3.Text = "温度3:" + r.Next(100, 300) + "";
36             label4.Text = "温度4:" + r.Next(100, 300) + "";
37             label5.Text = "温度5:" + r.Next(100, 300) + "";
38         }
39 
40         private void Form1_Shown(object sender, EventArgs e)
41         {
42             //启动定时器
43             TimerReadMachine.Start();
44         }
45 
46         private void Form1_FormClosing(object sender, FormClosingEventArgs e)
47         {
48             if (MessageBox.Show("是否真的退出窗口?", "退出确认", MessageBoxButtons.YesNo) == DialogResult.No)
49             {
50                 e.Cancel = true;
51             }
52         }
53 
54         private void Form1_FormClosed(object sender, FormClosedEventArgs e)
55         {
56         }
57 
58 
59         private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
60         {
61             Button button = new Button();
62             button.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(328, 42);
63             button.Name = "button2";
64             button.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(75, 23);
65             button.TabIndex = 0;
66             button.Text = "button2";
67             button.UseVisualStyleBackColor = true;
68             button.Click += Button_Click;
69 
70             this.Controls.Add(button);
71         }
72 
73         private void Button_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
74         {
75             MessageBox.Show("你点击了button2");
76         }
77 
78 
79 
80     }
81 }

  上述的代码有部分是上一章节的代码,所以自行忽略,如果碰到上述的情况,只是将数据显示一下就完事了还算简单了,但实际情况更加复杂,通常需要缓存这五个温度的数据,一遍根据需要进行获取计算其他的需求,比如说,温度的幅度区间,最大值最小值,温度的平均值,温度变大了还是变小了判定,等等情况,所以我们会将代码改成下面这样的:

 1 using System;
 2 using System.Collections.Generic;
 3 using System.ComponentModel;
 4 using System.Data;
 5 using System.Drawing;
 6 using System.Linq;
 7 using System.Text;
 8 using System.Threading.Tasks;
 9 using System.Windows.Forms;
10 
11 namespace WindowsFormsApp1
12 {
13     public partial class Form1 : Form
14     {
15         public Form1()
16         {
17             InitializeComponent();
18         }
19 
20         private Timer TimerReadMachine = null;
21 
22         private void Form1_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
23         {
24             //初始化时钟
25             TimerReadMachine = new Timer();
26             TimerReadMachine.Interval = 1000;
27             TimerReadMachine.Tick += TimerReadMachine_Tick;
28         }
29 
30         int Temperature1 = 0;
31         int Temperature2 = 0;
32         int Temperature3 = 0;
33         int Temperature4 = 0;
34         int Temperature5 = 0;
35 
36         private void TimerReadMachine_Tick(object sender, EventArgs e)
37         {
38             Random r = new Random();
39             int temp1 = r.Next(100, 300);
40             int temp2 = r.Next(100, 300);
41             int temp3 = r.Next(100, 300);
42             int temp4 = r.Next(100, 300);
43             int temp5 = r.Next(100, 300);
44             label1.Text = "温度1:" + temp1 + "" + (temp1 > Temperature1 ? "变大了" : "变小了");
45             label2.Text = "温度2:" + temp2 + "" + (temp2 > Temperature2 ? "变大了" : "变小了");
46             label3.Text = "温度3:" + temp3 + "" + (temp3 > Temperature3 ? "变大了" : "变小了");
47             label4.Text = "温度4:" + temp4 + "" + (temp4 > Temperature4 ? "变大了" : "变小了");
48             label5.Text = "温度5:" + temp5 + "" + (temp5 > Temperature5 ? "变大了" : "变小了");
49 
50             Temperature1 = temp1;
51             Temperature2 = temp2;
52             Temperature3 = temp3;
53             Temperature4 = temp4;
54             Temperature5 = temp5;
55         }
56 
57         private void Form1_Shown(object sender, EventArgs e)
58         {
59             //启动定时器
60             TimerReadMachine.Start();
61         }
62 
63         private void Form1_FormClosing(object sender, FormClosingEventArgs e)
64         {
65             if (MessageBox.Show("是否真的退出窗口?", "退出确认", MessageBoxButtons.YesNo) == DialogResult.No)
66             {
67                 e.Cancel = true;
68             }
69         }
70 
71         private void Form1_FormClosed(object sender, FormClosedEventArgs e)
72         {
73         }
74 
75 
76         private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
77         {
78             Button button = new Button();
79             button.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(328, 42);
80             button.Name = "button2";
81             button.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(75, 23);
82             button.TabIndex = 0;
83             button.Text = "button2";
84             button.UseVisualStyleBackColor = true;
85             button.Click += Button_Click;
86 
87             this.Controls.Add(button);
88         }
89 
90         private void Button_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
91         {
92             MessageBox.Show("你点击了button2");
93         }
94 
95 
96 
97     }
98 }

  效果如下:

技术分享

 

  在实际的开发中,一台设备的参数通常是几十个或是上百个的数量级,或许你会说,我可以定义100个label啊,假设要监视100台设备呢,还要定义10000个label吗,显示是不可能的,再想想如果以后碰到需要追加一个参数的时候怎么办(或许你会说,我会和工艺部门再三确认这些参数是不是足够了,别人也保证了以后不再添加参数,事实上这根本没什么卵用),再添加一台设备呢,你还要再定义那么多数据吗?

  为了解决上述留下来的编程困难,我们需要用到类的知识来解决,我们想要一种什么样子的解决方案呢,首先肯定不希望重复定义那么多的参数吧,定义一台设备也就算了,2台的话,勉强复制下算了,超过10台,即时是复制粘贴也会受不了,其次希望多一台设备的情况下,稍微修改下代码就可以实现。

  我们把一台设备定义一个类,那么属性就很多解决了,无非就是5个参数点,那么这个类就设计完成了:

 

1     public class HslMachine
2     {
3         public int Temperature1 { get; set; }
4         public int Temperature2 { get; set; }
5         public int Temperature3 { get; set; }
6         public int Temperature4 { get; set; }
7         public int Temperature5 { get; set; }
8     }

 

  设计好类后,接着开始改造代码,把原先的代码改造成使用类完成的:

  1 using System;
  2 using System.Collections.Generic;
  3 using System.ComponentModel;
  4 using System.Data;
  5 using System.Drawing;
  6 using System.Linq;
  7 using System.Text;
  8 using System.Threading.Tasks;
  9 using System.Windows.Forms;
 10 
 11 namespace WindowsFormsApp1
 12 {
 13     public partial class Form1 : Form
 14     {
 15         public Form1()
 16         {
 17             InitializeComponent();
 18         }
 19 
 20         private Timer TimerReadMachine = null;
 21 
 22         private void Form1_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
 23         {
 24             //初始化时钟
 25             TimerReadMachine = new Timer();
 26             TimerReadMachine.Interval = 1000;
 27             TimerReadMachine.Tick += TimerReadMachine_Tick;
 28         }
 29 
 30         HslMachine machine1 = new HslMachine();
 31 
 32         private void TimerReadMachine_Tick(object sender, EventArgs e)
 33         {
 34             Random r = new Random();
 35             int temp1 = r.Next(100, 300);
 36             int temp2 = r.Next(100, 300);
 37             int temp3 = r.Next(100, 300);
 38             int temp4 = r.Next(100, 300);
 39             int temp5 = r.Next(100, 300);
 40             label1.Text = "温度1:" + temp1 + "" + (temp1 > machine1.Temperature1 ? "变大了" : "变小了");
 41             label2.Text = "温度2:" + temp2 + "" + (temp2 > machine1.Temperature2 ? "变大了" : "变小了");
 42             label3.Text = "温度3:" + temp3 + "" + (temp3 > machine1.Temperature3 ? "变大了" : "变小了");
 43             label4.Text = "温度4:" + temp4 + "" + (temp4 > machine1.Temperature4 ? "变大了" : "变小了");
 44             label5.Text = "温度5:" + temp5 + "" + (temp5 > machine1.Temperature5 ? "变大了" : "变小了");
 45 
 46             machine1.Temperature1 = temp1;
 47             machine1.Temperature2 = temp2;
 48             machine1.Temperature3 = temp3;
 49             machine1.Temperature4 = temp4;
 50             machine1.Temperature5 = temp5;
 51         }
 52 
 53         private void Form1_Shown(object sender, EventArgs e)
 54         {
 55             //启动定时器
 56             TimerReadMachine.Start();
 57         }
 58 
 59         private void Form1_FormClosing(object sender, FormClosingEventArgs e)
 60         {
 61             if (MessageBox.Show("是否真的退出窗口?", "退出确认", MessageBoxButtons.YesNo) == DialogResult.No)
 62             {
 63                 e.Cancel = true;
 64             }
 65         }
 66 
 67         private void Form1_FormClosed(object sender, FormClosedEventArgs e)
 68         {
 69         }
 70 
 71 
 72         private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
 73         {
 74             Button button = new Button();
 75             button.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(328, 42);
 76             button.Name = "button2";
 77             button.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(75, 23);
 78             button.TabIndex = 0;
 79             button.Text = "button2";
 80             button.UseVisualStyleBackColor = true;
 81             button.Click += Button_Click;
 82 
 83             this.Controls.Add(button);
 84         }
 85 
 86         private void Button_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
 87         {
 88             MessageBox.Show("你点击了button2");
 89         }
 90 
 91 
 92 
 93     }
 94 
 95 
 96     public class HslMachine
 97     {
 98         public int Temperature1 { get; set; }
 99         public int Temperature2 { get; set; }
100         public int Temperature3 { get; set; }
101         public int Temperature4 { get; set; }
102         public int Temperature5 { get; set; }
103     }
104 }

  或许你会说,你看嘛,根本没有方便多少,而且写的代码还更多了,在只有一台设备的情况下,确实如你所说,代码更难了,却没有实现更多的功能。但是,,,,,但是,,,,,你想想,如果你再增加一台设备呢???

1         HslMachine machine1 = new HslMachine();
2         HslMachine machine2 = new HslMachine();

  这样就解决拉!!!!!再增加一台的话,那就再实例化一个对象,可能你又会说,我要是有100台设备,还要实例化100个对象吗,要是如果10000台设备呢?接下来激动人心的时刻到了,假设我们有10000台设备,应该怎么做呢?

1         private HslMachine[] hslMachines = new HslMachine[10000];//声明10000台设备的对象

  这样一来,就算你有1亿台设备我也能实例化完成(假设一台设备1万元,总值1万亿,所以几乎不可能),需要注意的是,这个数组对象虽然实例化完成了,1万台设备还需要自己实例化,不然就是空引用。当设备比较多的时候,再初始化数据的地方我们也要修改,不然每台设备都这么写就要复制很多次了,这里精简的过程就是方法的提炼,我们让设备类支持自我初始化,所以新增一个方法:

 1     public class HslMachine
 2     {
 3         public int Temperature1 { get; set; }
 4         public int Temperature2 { get; set; }
 5         public int Temperature3 { get; set; }
 6         public int Temperature4 { get; set; }
 7         public int Temperature5 { get; set; }
 8 
 9         /// <summary>
10         /// 初始化数据
11         /// </summary>
12         /// <param name="r">假想r是传进来的设备底层数据</param>
13         public void Initialization(Random r)
14         {
15             int temp1 = r.Next(100, 300);
16             int temp2 = r.Next(100, 300);
17             int temp3 = r.Next(100, 300);
18             int temp4 = r.Next(100, 300);
19             int temp5 = r.Next(100, 300);
20 
21             Temperature1 = temp1;
22             Temperature2 = temp2;
23             Temperature3 = temp3;
24             Temperature4 = temp4;
25             Temperature5 = temp5;
26         }
27     }

  但是这样做了又发生一个问题,我们在窗体程序中就不知道一个数据的状态是变大变小还是不变了,所以我们需要改造温度的数据。使得温度的数据也是一个类,这样可以使得温度数据包含更多的特性,甚至是最大值,最小值,参数名称

 1  public class MachineParameter
 2     {
 3         public string ParameterName { get; set; }
 4         public int Temperature { get; set; }
 5         public int Status { get; set; }
 6 
 7         public int TemperatureMax { get; set; } = int.MinValue;
 8 
 9         public int TemperatureMin { get; set; } = int.MaxValue;
10     }
11 
12     public class HslMachine
13     {
14         public MachineParameter Temperature1 = new MachineParameter()
15         {
16             ParameterName = "温度1"
17         };
18         public MachineParameter Temperature2 = new MachineParameter()
19         {
20             ParameterName = "温度2"
21         };
22         public MachineParameter Temperature3 = new MachineParameter()
23         {
24             ParameterName = "温度3"
25         };
26         public MachineParameter Temperature4 = new MachineParameter()
27         {
28             ParameterName = "温度4"
29         };
30         public MachineParameter Temperature5 = new MachineParameter()
31         {
32             ParameterName = "温度5"
33         };
34 
35         /// <summary>
36         /// 初始化数据
37         /// </summary>
38         /// <param name="r">假想r是传进来的设备底层数据</param>
39         public void Initialization(Random r)
40         {
41             int temp1 = r.Next(100, 300);
42             int temp2 = r.Next(100, 300);
43             int temp3 = r.Next(100, 300);
44             int temp4 = r.Next(100, 300);
45             int temp5 = r.Next(100, 300);
46 
47             SetValue(Temperature1, temp1);
48             SetValue(Temperature2, temp2);
49             SetValue(Temperature3, temp3);
50             SetValue(Temperature4, temp4);
51             SetValue(Temperature5, temp5);
52         }
53 
54         private void SetValue(MachineParameter para,int value)
55         {
56             if(para.Temperature>value)
57             {
58                 para.Status = 1;
59             }
60             else if(para.Temperature == value)
61             {
62                 para.Status = 0;
63             }
64             else
65             {
66                 para.Status = -1;
67             }
68 
69 
70             if (para.TemperatureMax < value) para.TemperatureMax = value;
71             if (para.TemperatureMin > value) para.TemperatureMin = value;
72 
73             para.Temperature = value;
74         }
75     }

 

  到此为止,设备的类已经初具成形了,如果参数想要支持更多的特性,也方便进行扩充,如果再添加一些其他的参数信息,这个类编写的就相当棒了。接下来就是显示了,这次假设有50台设备,只显示一台设备,不同的设备进行手动切换显示,并显示参数变大变小区别。界面重新调整:

技术分享

 

  然后界面的代码重新设计:

  1 namespace WindowsFormsApp1
  2 {
  3     public partial class Form1 : Form
  4     {
  5         public Form1()
  6         {
  7             InitializeComponent();
  8         }
  9 
 10         private Timer TimerReadMachine = null;
 11 
 12         private void Form1_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
 13         {
 14             //初始化时钟
 15             TimerReadMachine = new Timer();
 16             TimerReadMachine.Interval = 1000;
 17             TimerReadMachine.Tick += TimerReadMachine_Tick;
 18 
 19             int[] datas = new int[hslMachines.Length];
 20             //设备实例化
 21             for (int i = 0; i < hslMachines.Length; i++)
 22             {
 23                 hslMachines[i] = new HslMachine();
 24                 datas[i] = i + 1;
 25             }
 26             //初始化组合框
 27             comboBox1.SelectedIndexChanged += ComboBox1_SelectedIndexChanged;
 28             comboBox1.DataSource = datas;
 29         }
 30 
 31         private void ComboBox1_SelectedIndexChanged(object sender, EventArgs e)
 32         {
 33             //选择发生了变化
 34             ShowSpecifiedMachine();
 35         }
 36 
 37         private HslMachine[] hslMachines = new HslMachine[50];//声明10000台设备的对象
 38 
 39         private void TimerReadMachine_Tick(object sender, EventArgs e)
 40         {
 41             Random r = new Random();
 42 
 43             for (int i = 0; i < hslMachines.Length; i++)
 44             {
 45                 hslMachines[i].Initialization(r);
 46             }
 47 
 48             ShowSpecifiedMachine();
 49         }
 50 
 51         private void ShowSpecifiedMachine()
 52         {
 53             int i = comboBox1.SelectedIndex;
 54             HslMachine machine = hslMachines[i];
 55             ShowTemperatureChange(label1, label10, machine.Temperature1);
 56             ShowTemperatureChange(label2, label9, machine.Temperature2);
 57             ShowTemperatureChange(label3, label8, machine.Temperature3);
 58             ShowTemperatureChange(label4, label7, machine.Temperature4);
 59             ShowTemperatureChange(label5, label6, machine.Temperature5);
 60         }
 61 
 62         private void ShowTemperatureChange(Label label_1, Label label_2,MachineParameter para)
 63         {
 64             label_1.Text = para.ParameterName + "" + para.Temperature + "";
 65             switch (para.Status)
 66             {
 67                 case -1: label_2.BackColor = Color.LimeGreen; break;
 68                 case 1: label_2.BackColor = Color.Tomato; break;
 69                 default: label_2.BackColor = SystemColors.Control; break;
 70             }
 71         }
 72 
 73         private void Form1_Shown(object sender, EventArgs e)
 74         {
 75             //启动定时器
 76             TimerReadMachine.Start();
 77         }
 78 
 79         private void Form1_FormClosing(object sender, FormClosingEventArgs e)
 80         {
 81             if (MessageBox.Show("是否真的退出窗口?", "退出确认", MessageBoxButtons.YesNo) == DialogResult.No)
 82             {
 83                 e.Cancel = true;
 84             }
 85         }
 86 
 87         private void Form1_FormClosed(object sender, FormClosedEventArgs e)
 88         {
 89         }
 90 
 91 
 92         private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
 93         {
 94             Button button = new Button();
 95             button.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(328, 42);
 96             button.Name = "button2";
 97             button.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(75, 23);
 98             button.TabIndex = 0;
 99             button.Text = "button2";
100             button.UseVisualStyleBackColor = true;
101             button.Click += Button_Click;
102 
103             this.Controls.Add(button);
104         }
105 
106         private void Button_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
107         {
108             MessageBox.Show("你点击了button2");
109         }
110 
111 
112 
113     }

  至此,已经将软件开发思路大致讲完,后面的类的多态性需要另开一片文章讲解,一个好的软件系统需要花大量的时间不停的去优化,调整,路漫漫其修远兮。

 

类的使用---进阶编程篇(四)