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MySQL5.5.21学习教程之二
现在来学习一下关于表的基本操作!主要是建立表和基本的约束,之后会继续讲解介绍索引的问题!
#列--也称为属性列,在具体创建表的时候,必须指定列的名字和数据类型 #索引--是指根据指定的数据库列表列建立起来的顺序,提供了快速访问数据的途径 #------可监督表的数据,使其索引所指向的列中的数据不重复 #触发器--是指用户定义的命令的集合,当对一个表中的数据进行插入,更新或者删除时这组命令就会自动 #--------自动执行,可以用来确保数据的完整性和安全性 create database company; show databases; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | company | | mysql | | performance_schema | | test | +--------------------+ use company; create table t_dept(deptno INTEGER,dname VARCHAR(20),loc VARCHAR(40)); describe t_dept; +--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | deptno | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | | dname | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | | | loc | varchar(40) | YES | | NULL | | +--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ show create table t_dept \G *************************** 1. row *************************** Table: t_dept Create Table: CREATE TABLE `t_dept` ( `deptno` int(11) DEFAULT NULL, `dname` varchar(20) DEFAULT NULL, `loc` varchar(40) DEFAULT NULL ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 drop table t_dept; show tables; Empty set (0.00 sec) alter table t_dept rename tab_dept; show tables; +-------------------+ | Tables_in_company | +-------------------+ | tab_dept | +-------------------+ alter table tab_dept rename t_dept; desc t_dept; +--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | deptno | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | | dname | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | | | loc | varchar(40) | YES | | NULL | | +--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ alter table t_dept add descri VARCHAR(20); #在表的首部添加一个字段 #alter table t_dept add descri VARCHAR(20) first; #在表的某个字段后面添加一个字段 #alter table t_dept add descri VARCHAR(20) after deptno; desc t_dept; +--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | deptno | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | | dname | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | | | loc | varchar(40) | YES | | NULL | | | descri | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | | +--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ alter table t_dept drop descri; desc t_dept; +--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | deptno | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | | dname | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | | | loc | varchar(40) | YES | | NULL | | +--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ alter table t_dept modify deptno VARCHAR(20); desc t_dept; +--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | deptno | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | | | dname | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | | | loc | varchar(40) | YES | | NULL | | +--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ alter table t_dept modify deptno INTEGER; desc t_dept; +--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | deptno | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | | dname | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | | | loc | varchar(40) | YES | | NULL | | +--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ #alter table table_name change 旧属性名 新属性名 旧数据类型 #alter table table_name change 旧属性名 新属性名 新数据类型 alter table t_dept change loc location VARCHAR(40); desc t_dept; +----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | deptno | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | | dname | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | | | location | varchar(40) | YES | | NULL | | +----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ alter table t_dept modify location VARCHAR(40) first; desc t_dept; +----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | location | varchar(40) | YES | | NULL | | | deptno | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | | dname | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | | +----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ MySQL软件支持的完整性约束 NOT NULL--设置约束字段不能为空 DEFAULT--设置字段的默认值 UNIQUE KEY--约束字段的值唯一 PRIMARY KEY--约束字段为表的主键,可以作为该表记录的唯一约束 AUTO_INCREMENT--约束字段的值为自动增加 FOREIGN KEY--约束字段为表的外键 alter table t_dept modify deptno INTEGER NOT NULL; +----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | location | varchar(40) | YES | | NULL | | | deptno | int(11) | NO | | NULL | | | dname | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | | +----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ alter table t_dept modify location VARCHAR(40) default 'NWPU'; +----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | location | varchar(40) | YES | | NWPU | | | deptno | int(11) | NO | | NULL | | | dname | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | | +----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ alter table t_dept modify dname VARCHAR(20) unique; desc t_dept; +----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | location | varchar(40) | YES | | NWPU | | | deptno | int(11) | NO | | NULL | | | dname | varchar(20) | YES | UNI | NULL | | +----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ drop table t_dept; show tables; 如果想给字段dname上的UK约束设置一个名字,可以执行SQL语句constraint 下面是创建表t_dept的语句: create table t_dept( deptno INTEGER, dname VARCHAR(20), loc VARCHAR(40), constraint uk_dname unique(dname) ); 在具体的设置主键约束时,必须满足主键字段的值是唯一的、非空的。 由于主键可以是单一字段,也可以是多个字段,因此分为单字段主键和多字段主键 create table t_dept( deptno INTEGER primary key, dname VARCHAR(20), loc VARCHAR(40), constraint uk_dname unique(dname) ); 设置多字段主键 create table t_dept( deptno INTEGER, dname VARCHAR(20), loc VARCHAR(40), constraint uk_dname unique(dname), constraint pk_dname_depno primary key(deptno,dname) ); show tables; desc t_dept; +--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | deptno | int(11) | NO | PRI | 0 | | | dname | varchar(20) | NO | PRI | | | | loc | varchar(40) | YES | | NULL | | +--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ drop table t_dept; 设置字段值自动增加 create table t_dept( deptno INTEGER auto_increment, dname VARCHAR(20), loc VARCHAR(40), constraint uk_dname unique(dname), constraint pk_dname_depno primary key(deptno,dname) ); desc t_dept; +--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | deptno | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | | dname | varchar(20) | NO | PRI | | | | loc | varchar(40) | YES | | NULL | | +--------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ 设置外键约束通常能表示多个表之间的参照性的完整性约束,即构建于两个 表的两个字段之间的参照关系 设置外键约束的两个表之间会具有父子关系,即子表中某个字段的取值范围由 父表决定,表示一种部门和雇员关系,即每个部分有多少雇员。 首先应该有两个表:部门表和雇员表,雇员表中有一个字段表示部门编号的字段deptno 其依赖于部门表的主键,这样字段deptno就是雇员表的外键,通过该字段部门编号的字段deptno 其依赖于部门表的主键,这样字段deptno就是雇员表的外键。 create table table_name ( 属性名 数据类型, 属性名 数据类型, ...... constraint 外键约束名 foreign key (属性名1) references 表明(属性名2) ); create table t_employee( empno INTEGER primary key, ename VARCHAR(20), job VARCHAR(20), MGR INTEGER, Hiredate date, sal double(10,2), comm double(10,2), deptno INTEGER, constraint fk_deptno foreign key(deptno) references t_dept(deptno) ); show tables; +-------------------+ | Tables_in_company | +-------------------+ | t_dept | | t_employee | +-------------------+ desc t_employee; +----------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +----------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | empno | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | | | ename | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | | | job | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | | | MGR | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | | Hiredate | date | YES | | NULL | | | sal | double(10,2) | YES | | NULL | | | comm | double(10,2) | YES | | NULL | | | deptno | int(11) | YES | MUL | NULL | | +----------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
MySQL5.5.21学习教程之二
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