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Karrigell的基本用法，文章写的清晰简洁

Since Python is not specifically designed for web development, a number of technologies created by Python users exist that aim to provide a web development environment. While the exact approach to the situation varies among each framework, a few of these frameworks really stand out in the crowd. One such framework is Karrigell. Read on to learn more.

Introduction

While Karrigell is very powerful and flexible, offering multiple solutions to web development, it is surprisingly simple to set up and work with. Python novices won’t find any obstacles when working with Karrigell, and Python experts won’t feel too limited. It offers its own web server that gets the job done, but it also can be easily integrated with technologies such as Apache, so you do not have to sacrifice the use of other technologies when choosing Karrigell.

This article will guide you through the installation of Karrigell and will explore some of the capabilities of the web framework.

Installing Karrigell

Fortunately, there really isn’t any complicated magic involved with the installation of Karrigell. The obvious first step is to obtain the web framework, available at SourceForge:

http://sourceforge.net/projects/karrigell

Once you’ve downloaded Karrigell, extract it to an easily accessible directory, such as . Next, then simply execute Karrigell.py to start the built-in server. If you only want to run the included server and not set up Karrigell to work with another web server, your work is done, and you may safely skip to the next section. 

Otherwise, you’ll need to configure your web server to interact with Karrigell. We’ll take a look at Apache. We’ll need the Karrigell web server to run behind Apache, so that Apache can pass off the relevant requests to Karrigell.

Since Apache will likely be running on port 80, you will need to set the Karrigell server on another port. You can either do this through the command line or by editing Karrigell’s configuration file. We’ll use port 8080 for Karrigell. The first method works something like this:

C:Karrigell>Karrigell.py -P 8080

To change Karrigell’s configuration file to set a default port, simply add this to Karrigell.ini:

port=8080

Now we have to configure Apache to redirect requests for Karrigell. Likely, you will want Apache to deal with all the static files of your website, along with other technologies such as PHP. To do this, you can create identical directory structures in both Karrigell and Apache – or at least for the directors where you want to utilize Karrigell – and configure Apache to redirect requests to Karrigell-associated files to the Karrigell server. All you need to do to set this up is add these lines to Apache’s httpd.conf file:

RewriteEngine On
RewriteRule ^/(.*).py(.*) http://localhost:8080/$1.py$2 [L,P]
RewriteRule ^/(.*).ks(.*) http://localhost:8080/$1.ks$2 [L,P]
RewriteRule ^/(.*).hip(.*) http://localhost:8080/$1.hip$2 [L,P]
RewriteRule ^/(.*).pih(.*) http://localhost:8080/$1.pih$2 [P]

If you want to, you can also set Apache to redirect all of the particular files in a directory to Karrigell. We’ll be using a directory called testarea throughout this article, so to configure Apache to redirect all requests to a file within that directory to Karrigell, add this to httpd.conf:

RewriteEngine On
RewriteRule ^/testarea(.*) http://localhost:8080/testarea$1 [P]

You could also modify the first set of configuration directives so that they only apply to a certain directory:

RewriteEngine On
RewriteRule ^/testarea/(.*).py(.*)
http://localhost:8080/testarea/$1.py$2 [L,P]
RewriteRule ^/testarea/(.*).ks(.*)
http://localhost:8080/testarea/$1.ks$2 [L,P]
RewriteRule ^/testarea/(.*).hip(.*)
http://localhost:8080/testarea/$1.hip$2 [L,P]
RewriteRule ^/testarea/(.*).pih(.*)
http://localhost:8080/testarea/$1.pih$2 [P]

{mospagebreak title=Scripts and Services}

The first two methods Karrigell presents to developers are scripts and services. A script is simply a Python script that uses print to output to the user’s browser. If you haven’t done so already, create a testarea directory, and we can begin our first script. Create the file test.py:

print “<center>”
print “Hello!”
print “<br /><br />”
print “Karrigell is configured and working.”
print “</center>”

Point your browser to the file, and if you have Karrigell set up as described above, you should see the message described above.

Form data is fairly easy to handle with Python scripts. Let’s create a simple script whose output differs depending on whether the user has specified his or her name in a form. Name it askName.py:

if QUERY.has_key ( “name” ):
   print “Your name is”, _name + “.”
else:
   print “What is your name?<br />”
   print “<form>”
   print “<input type=’text’ name=’name’ /><br />”
   print “<input type=’submit’ value=http://www.mamicode.com/’Proceed’ />”
   print “</form>”

Services are written like Python scripts, too. However, they are designed to map requests to functions defined by the user. The desired function is passed along in the URL after the name of the service. For example, the following URL would call the test function of the service test.ks:

http://localhost/testarea/test.ks/test

Let’s actually create the test.ks service:

def index():
   print “Index function.”
def test():
   print “Test function.”

If you call the script without passing a function name, then you will be redirected to the index function. If you call the script passing the test function name, then the test function will be executed. Attempting to call a function not defined will produce an error.

Configuring services to accept form data is quite easy. Let’s recreate askName.py as the service askName.ks:

def index():
   print “What is your name?<br />”
   print “<form action=’nameSubmit’>”
   print “<input type=’text’ name=’name’ /><br />”
   print “<input type=’submit’ value=http://www.mamicode.com/’Proceed’ />”
   print “</form>”
def nameSubmit ( name ):
   print “Your name is”, name + “.”

Of course, making every single one of your service’s functions accessible to the outside world could be a security hazard. To prevent users from accessing certain functions, simply prefix them with an underscore:

def _private():
   pass

Attempting to access the _private function will result in an error message.

{mospagebreak title=Being HIP}

In askName.py, one thing seems to be very noticeable: there are a lot of printstatements in the code. Wouldn’t it be nice if we could eliminate them? Fortunately, Karrigell provides a method that does just that. It’s called HTML Inside Python, and it allows all those nasty print statements to be eliminated. It isn’t very hard to convert askName.py to an HTML in Python file, either. We simply need to remove the print statements and change the extension. Delete askName.py’s print statements and rename it to askName.hip:

if QUERY.has_key ( “name” ):
   “Your name is”, _name + “.”
else:
   “What is your name?<br />”
   “<form method=’POST’>”
   “<input type=’text’ name=’name’ /><br />”
   “<input type=’submit’ value=http://www.mamicode.com/’Proceed’ />”
   “</form>”

Truthfully, that’s all there is to HTML Inside Python. Karrigell will examine your file and add print statements when necessary. HTML Inside Python is a wonderful demonstration of the simplicity of Karrigell.

Python Inside HTML

Since Karrigell features HTML Inside Python, it’s only logical to contain Python Inside HTML. The underlying idea – and even the look of the finished code – is common, and it’s been featured in other frameworks. Special tags are wrapped around Python code, and the overall result is sent to the user’s browser. Let’s create a simple example, random.pih:

<% import random %>
Random number: <b><% print random.random() %></b>

As you can see, the concept behind Python Inside HTML is pretty simple. Also, note that the block of code that prints the random number could be shortened even more:

<%= random.random() %>

However, what about more complex operations, such as handling form data? Form data can be accessed just like it can be in Python scripts. Here is a recreation of the askName.py script, called askName.pih:

<% if QUERY.has_key ( “name” ): %>
   Your name is <%= _name %>.
<% end %>
<% else: %>
   What is your name?<br />
   <form method=’POST’>
   <input type=’text’ name=’name’ /><br />
   <input type=’submit’ value=http://www.mamicode.com/’Proceed’ />
   </form>
<% end %>

Notice the use of <% end %>. This simply marks the end of a block of indentation, such as the indentation called for by our conditional statement. An alternative is the indent tag, which uses the indentation present in the code:

<indent>
<% if QUERY.has_key ( “name” ): %>
   Your name is <%= _name %>.
<% else: %>
   What is your name?<br />
   <form method=’POST’>
   <input type=’text’ name=’name’ /><br />
   <input type=’submit’ value=http://www.mamicode.com/’Proceed’ />
   </form>
</indent>

{mospagebreak title=A Few More Features}

Although I’m not a huge fan of the practice, tags can be generated within Python scripts, as shown here in tagTest.py:

from HTMLTags import *

print CENTER ( B ( “Test.” ) )

Sessions are also possible with Karrigell, and Karrigell presents a nice, object-oriented approach to sessions. Let’s create a simple script that demonstrates sessions in Karrigell. Upon accessing the script for the first time, the user will receive a “lucky number” of sorts. If the user refreshes, the same number will still appear since it will be stored inside of a session. However, the user will be given the option of resetting his or her lucky number by closing the session. Create a Karrigell service named luckyNumber.ks in which to house this script:

import random

user = Session()

def index():
   if not “luckyNumber” in dir ( user ):
      user.luckyNumber = random.randint ( 0, 20 )
   print “Your lucky number:”, user.luckyNumber
   print “<br /><br />”
   print “<a href=http://www.mamicode.com/’reset’>Reset Lucky Number”
def reset():
   user.close()
   print “Your lucky number has been reset.”
   print “<br /><br />”
   print “<a href=http://www.mamicode.com/’index’>Back”

Conclusion

Karrigell offers four methods of web development using Python: Python scripts, Karrigell services, HTML Inside Python and Python Inside HTML. Each method is unique and has its benefits, but they all share one thing in common: each method is very simple to employ in applications. Karrigell approaches web development in a straightforward manner, presenting simple solutions to a simple problem. Even installing Karrigell and configuring Apache and Karrigell to interact is a surprisingly simple process. Because of all this, Karrigell appeals to both newcomers and experts in Python alike.

Karrigell for Python(老外的一篇介绍)