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OS X: Keyboard shortcuts

You can use keyboard shortcuts to do things on your Mac by pressing a combination of keys on your keyboard.

Using keyboard shortcuts

To use a keyboard shortcut, press a modifier key at the same time as a character key. For example, pressing the Command key (it has a ⌘ symbol) and then the "c" key copies whatever is currently selected to the Clipboard. This is also known as the Command-C keyboard shortcut. You can see the keys that map to many shortcuts by looking in an app‘s menus.

A modifier key is a part of many keyboard shortcuts. A modifier key alters the way other keystrokes or mouse/trackpad clicks are interpreted by OS X. Modifier keys include: Command, Shift, Option, Control, Caps Lock, and the fn key. These keys are represented by special symbols when you see them in menus and other parts of OS X:

⌘

Command key

⌃

Control key

⌥

Option key

⇧

Shift Key

⇪

Caps Lock

fn

Function Key

When the fn key is used with the top row of keys on your keyboard, it makes them perform a different function. For example, if a keyboard shortcut is Control-F2, you can press fn-Control-Brightness on your keyboard.. If you look closely at the Brightness key at the top of your keyboard, there is an F2 symbol indicating that this key works as a function ey (F2 or function 2) when you hold fn on the keyboard.

If you use a non-Apple keyboard that includes a Windows key, the Alt key is the same thing as pressing Option, and the Windows key is the same thing as the Command key. You can change how these keys are interpreted from the Keyboard pane of System Preferences. 

Cut, copy and paste

You can use these shortcuts in most apps to cut, copy, or paste a selected item. This includes text, pictures, music, and more. You can even copy and paste files in the Finder to copy them to a new location.

Key combination

What it does

Command-C

Copy the selected data to the Clipboard

Command-X

Remove the selected item and place a copy on the Clipboard

Command-V

Place a copy of (paste) the Clipboard contents into the current document or app

Taking screenshots

Use these shortcuts to take a picture of what you see on your screen. You can also use Grab to take screenshots, an app located in the Utilities folder.

Key combination

What it does

Command-Shift-3

Capture the screen to a file

Command-Shift-Control-3

Capture the screen to the Clipboard

Command-Shift-4

Capture a selection of the screen to a file, or press the spacebar to capture just a window

Command-Shift-Control-4

Capture a selection of the screen to the Clipboard, or press the spacebar to capture just a window

Startup shortcuts

Use these key combinations to change how your computer starts up. Press and hold the key or combination of keys immediately after starting your Mac until the expected function occurs or appears. For example, press and hold the Option key during startup until the Startup Manager appears.

Note: If you‘re using a keyboard manufactured by someone other than Apple, the Alt key is usually the same key as the Option key. If this modifier doesn‘t appear to work, try using an Apple keyboard instead.

Key or key combination

What it does

Option or Alt

Display all startup volumes (Startup Manager)

Shift

Start up in Safe Mode

C

Start from bootable media (DVD, CD, USB thumb drive)

T

Start up in Target disk mode

N

Start from a NetBoot server

X

Force OS X startup (when non-OS X startup volumes are available)

D

Use Apple Hardware Test

Command-R

Use OS X Recovery (OS X Lion or later)

Command-Option-R

Use Internet Recovery on supported computers

Command-V

Start up in Verbose Mode

Command-S

Start up in Single User Mode

Command-Option-P-R

Reset NVRAM

Hold down the Media Eject (⏏) key, F12 key, or mouse or trackpad button

Eject removable discs

Sleep, shut down, and log out shortcuts

Use these key combinations after your Mac has started up to sleep, shut down, log out of, or restart your computer.

Key or key combination

What it does

Power button

Tap to power on. Once powered on, tap the power button to wake or sleep your Mac.

Hold down the power button for 1.5 seconds

Show the restart / sleep / shut down dialog

Hold down the power button for 5 seconds

Force the Mac to power off

Control-Power button

Show the restart / sleep / shut down dialog

Command-Control-power button

Force the Mac to restart

Command-Option-Power button

Put the computer to sleep

Command-Control-Power button

Quit all apps (after giving you a chance to save changes to open documents), then restart the computer

Command-Option-Control-Power button

Quit all apps (after giving you a chance to save changes to open documents), then shut down the computer

Shift-Control-Power button

Put all displays to sleep

Command-Shift-Q

Log Out

Command-Shift-Option-Q

Log Out immediately

App shortcuts

These keyboard shortcuts work in most apps.

Key combination

What it does

Command-A

Select all items or text in the frontmost window

Command-Z

Undo the previous command (some apps allow you to undo multiple times)

Command-Shift-Z

Redo, puts back the last change made with undo (some apps allow you to redo multiple times)

Command-Space bar

Show or hide the Spotlight search field

(if multiple languages are being used simultaneously, this shortcut may rotate through enabled script systems instead)

Command-Option-Space bar

Show the Spotlight search results window (if multiple languages are installed, may rotate through keyboard layouts and input methods within a script)

Command-Tab

Move forward to the next most recently used app in a list of open apps

Option-Media Eject (⏏)

Eject from secondary optical media drive (if one is installed)

Command-Brightness down (F1)

Toggle "Mirror Displays" on multi-monitor configurations

Command-Brightness up (F2)

Toggle Target Display Mode

Command-Mission Control  (F3)

Show Desktop

Command-F5

Toggle VoiceOver On or Off

Option-Brightness (F2)

Opens "Displays" System Preference

Option-Mission Control (F3)

Open Mission Control preferences

Option-Volume key (F12)

Open Sound preferences

Command-Minus (–)

Decrease the size of the selected item

Command-Colon (:)

Display the Spelling and Grammar window

Command-Semicolon (;)

Find misspelled words in the document

Command-Comma (,)

Open the front app‘s preferences window

Command-Question Mark (?)

Open the Help menu

Command-plus (+)

or Command-Shift-Equals (=)

Increase the size of the selected item

Command-Option-D

Show or hide the Dock

Command-Control-D

Show or hide the definition of a selected word

Command-D

Selects the Desktop folder in Open and Save dialogs

Command-Delete

Selects Don‘t Save in dialogs that contain a Delete or Don‘t Save button

Command-E

Use the selection for a find

Command-F

Open a Find window or find text in a document

Command-Option-F

Move to the search field control

Command-G

Find the next occurrence of the selection

Command-Shift-G

Find the previous occurrence of the selection

Command-H

Hide the windows of the currently running app

Command-Option-H

Hide the windows of all other running apps

Command-Option-I

Display an inspector window

Command-M

Minimize the active window to the Dock

Command-Option-M

Minimize all windows of the active app to the Dock

Command-N

Create a new document in the frontmost app

Command-O

Display a dialog for choosing a document to open in the frontmost app

Command-P

Print the current document

Command-Shift-P

Display a window for specifying document parameters (Page Setup)

Command-Q

Quit the frontmost app

Command-S

Save the active document

Command-Shift-S

Display the Save As dialog or duplicate the current document

Command-Option-T

Show or hide a toolbar

Command-W

Close the frontmost window

Command-Option-W

Close all windows in the current app

Command-Z

Undo previous command (some apps allow for multiple Undos)

Command-Shift-Z

Redo, puts back last change made using undo (some apps allow for multiple Redos)

Command-Option-esc

choose an app to Force Quit

Command-Shift-Option-Esc (hold for three seconds)

Force Quit the front-most app

Working with Text

Use these key combinations when editing text in a field or document.

Key combination

What it does

Command-B

Bold the selected text or toggle bold text on or off

Command-I

Italicize the selected text or toggle italic text on or off

Command-U

Underline the selected text or toggle underline on or off

Command-T

Show or hide the Fonts window

fn-Delete

Forward Delete (on a portable Mac‘s built-in keyboard)

fn-Up Arrow

Scroll up one page (same as Page Up key)

fn-Down Arrow

Scroll down one page (same as Page Down key)

fn-Left Arrow

Scroll to the beginning of a document (same as Home key)

fn-Right Arrow

Scroll to the end of a document (same as End key)

Command-Right Arrow

Move the text insertion point to the end of the current line

Command-Left Arrow

Move the text insertion point to the beginning of the current line

Command-Down Arrow

Move the text insertion point to the end of the document

Command-Up Arrow

Move the text insertion point to the beginning of the document

Option-Right Arrow

Move the text insertion point to the end of the next word

Option-Left Arrow

Move the text insertion point to the beginning of the previous word

Option-Delete

Delete the word that is left of the cursor, as well as any spaces or punctuation after the word

Command-Shift-Right Arrow

Select text between the insertion point and the end of the current line (*)

Command-Shift-Left Arrow

Select text between the insertion point and the beginning of the current line (*)

Command-Shift-Up Arrow

Select text between the insertion point and the beginning of the document (*)

Command-Shift-Down Arrow

Select text between the insertion point and the end of the document (*)

Shift-Left Arrow

Extend text selection one character to the left (*)

Shift-Right Arrow

Extend text selection one character to the right (*)

Shift-Up Arrow

Extend text selection to the line above, to the nearest character boundary at the same horizontal location (*)

Shift-Down Arrow

Extend text selection to the line below, to the nearest character boundary at the same horizontal location (*)

Shift-Option-Right Arrow

Extend text selection to the end of the current word, then to the end of the following word if pressed again (*)

Shift-Option-Left Arrow

Extend text selection to the beginning of the current word, then to the beginning of the following word if pressed again (*)

Shift-Option-Down Arrow

Extend text selection to the end of the current paragraph, then to the end of the following paragraph if pressed again (*)

Shift-Option-Up Arrow

Extend text selection to the beginning of the current paragraph, then to the beginning of the following paragraph if pressed again (*)

Control-A

Move to beginning of line or paragraph

Control-B

Move one character backward

Control-D

Delete the character in front of the cursor

Control-E

Move to the beginning of a line or paragraph

Control-F

Move one character forward

Control-H

Delete the character behind the cursor

Control-K

Delete from the character in front of the cursor to the end of the line or paragraph

Control-L

Center the cursor or selection in the visible area

Control-N

Move down one line

Control-O

Insert a new line after the cursor

Control-P

Move up one line

Control-T

Transpose the character behind the cursor and the character in front of the cursor

Control-V

Move down 

Command-{

Left-align a selection

Command-}

Right-align a selection

Command-|

Center-align a selection

Command-Option-C

Copy the formatting settings of the selected item and store on the Clipboard

Command-Option-V

Apply the style of one object to the selected object (Paste Style)

Command-Shift-Option-V

Apply the style of the surrounding text to the inserted object (Paste and Match Style)

Command-Control-V

Apply formatting settings to the selected object (Paste Ruler)

Accessibility

These keyboard shortcuts help you control your Mac with your keyboard or assistive devices. Some of these shortcuts need to be enabled in the Keyboard pane or Accessibility pane of System Preferences.

Accessibility and VoiceOver keyboard commands

Key combination

What it does

Command-Option-F5

Display Accessibility Options

Command-F5 or fn-Command-F5

Turn VoiceOver on or off

Option-Control-F8 or fn-Option-Control-F8

Open VoiceOver Utility (if VoiceOver is on)

Command-Option-8

Turn Zoom on or off

Command-Option-Plus (+)

Zoom In

Command-Option-Minus (–)

Zoom Out

Command-Option-Control-8

Invert/revert the screen colors

Command-Option-Control-Comma (,)

Reduce contrast 

Command-Option-Control-Period (.)

Increase contrast

Note: You may need to enable "Use all F1, F2, etc. keys as standard keys" in Keyboard preferences for the VoiceOver menu and utility to work.

Full keyboard access

Full keyboard access lets you use your keyboard to navigate and interact with items on the screen. Use these shortcuts to select and adjust controls such as text fields and sliders. This setting can be toggled by pressing Control-F7, or by selecting Full Keyboard Access from the Shortcuts pane of Keyboard preferences in System Preferences. 

Key combination

What it does

Tab

Move to the next control

Shift-Tab

Move to the previous control

Control-Tab

Move to the next control when a text field is selected

Shift-Control-Tab

Move focus to the previous grouping of controls

Arrow keys

Move to the adjacent item in a list, tab group, or menu or

Move sliders and adjusters (vertical up and down arrows used to increase and decrease values)

Control-Arrow keys

Move to a control adjacent to the text field

Space bar

Select the highlighted menu item

Return or Enter

Click the default button or perform the default action

Esc

Click the Cancel button or

Close a menu without choosing an item

Shift-Control-F6

Move focus to the previous panel

Control-F7

Temporarily override the current keyboard access mode in windows and dialogs

Control-F8

Move to the status menus in the menu bar

Command-Accent (`)

Activate the next open window in the frontmost app

Command-Shift-Accent (`)

Activate the previous open window in the frontmost app

Command-Option-Accent (`)

Move focus to the window drawer

You can navigate the menus in the menu bar without using a mouse or trackpad. To put the focus in the menu bar, press Control-F2 (fn-Control-F2 on portable keyboards). Then use the key combinations listed below.

Key combination

What it does

Left Arrow and Right Arrow

Move from menu to menu

Return

Open a selected menu

Up Arrow and Down Arrow

Move to menu items in the selected menu

Type the menu item’s name

Jump to a menu item in the selected menu

Return

Select a menu item

Accessibility - Mouse Keys

When Mouse Keys is turned on in Accessibility preferences, you can use the keyboard or numeric keypad keys to move the mouse pointer. 

Key combination

What it does

8 or numeric keypad 8

Move Up

K or numeric keypad 2

Move Down

U or numeric keypad 4

Move Left

O or numeric keypad 6

Move Right

J or numeric keypad 1

Move Diagonally Bottom Left

L or numeric keypad 3

Move Diagonally Bottom Right

7 or numeric keypad 7

Move Diagonally Top Left

9 or numeric keypad 9

Move Diagonally Top Right

I or numeric keypad 5

Press Mouse Button

M or numeric keypad 0

Hold Mouse Button

. (period key)

Release Hold Mouse Button

Finder shortcuts

Key combination

What it does

Command-A

Select all files in the frontmost window

Command-Option-A

Deselect all items

Command-C

Copy selected files, then use Paste or Move to move the files.

Command-D

Duplicate the selected files

Command-E

Eject

Command-F

Find any matching Spotlight attribute

Command-I

Show the Get Info window for a selected file

Command-Shift-C

Open the Computer window

Command-Shift-D

Open the desktop folder

Command-Shift-F

Show the All My Files window

Command-Shift-G

Go to Folder

Command-Shift-H

Open the Home folder of the currently logged-in user account

Command-Shift-I

Open iCloud Drive

Command-Shift-K

Open the Network window

Command-Shift-L

Open the Downloads folder

Command-Shift-O

Open the Documents folder

Command-Shift-R

Open the AirDrop window

Command-Shift-U

Open the Utilities folder

Command-Control-T

Add to Sidebar (OS X Mavericks)

Command-Option-I

Show or hide the Inspector window

Command-Control-I

Get Summary Info

Command-Option-P

Hide or show the path bar

Command-Option-S

Hide or show the Sidebar

Command-forward slash (/)

Hide or show the status bar

Command-J

Show View Options

Command-K

Connect to Server

Command-L

Make alias of the selected item

Command-N

New Finder window

Command-Shift-N

New folder

Command-Option-N

New Smart Folder

Command-O

Open selected item

Command-R

Show original (of alias)

Command-T

Show or hide the tab bar when a single tab is open in the current Finder window

Command-Shift-T

Show or hide Finder tab 

Command-Option-T

Hide or Show Toolbar when a single tab is open in the current Finder window

Command-V

Paste copies of files you‘ve placed on the clipboard to the current location.

Command-Option-V

Move the files you‘ve placed on the clipboard from their original location to the current location.

Command-Option-Y

View a QuickLook slideshow of your selected files.

Command-1

View as Icon

Command-2

View as List

Command-3

View as Columns

Command-4

View as Cover Flow (Mac OS X v10.5 or later)

Command-Comma (,)

Open Finder preferences

Command-Left Bracket ([)

Go to the previous folder

Command-Right Bracket (])

Go to the next folder

Command-Up Arrow

Open the folder that contains the current folder

Command-Control-Up Arrow

Open the folder that contains the current folder in a new window

Command-Down Arrow

Open highlighted item

Right Arrow (in List view)

Open the selected folder

Left Arrow (in List view)

Close the selected folder

Option-click the disclosure triangle (in List view)

Open all folders within the selected folder

Option–double-click

Open a folder in a separate window, closing the current window

Command–double-click

Open a folder in a separate tab or window

Command-click the window title

See the folders that contain the current window

Command-Delete

Move to Trash

Command-Shift-Delete

Empty Trash

Command-Shift-Option-Delete

Empty Trash without confirmation dialog

Space bar (or Command-Y)

Quick Look selected files

Command key while dragging

Move the dragged item to another volume or location

(the pointer changes while key is held)

Option key while dragging

Copy the dragged item

(the pointer changes while key is held)

Command-Option key combination while dragging

Make an alias of the dragged item

(the pointer changes while key is held)

Learn more

To learn more about this feature of OS X, search the Help menu for "keyboard shortcuts". The following articles also provide information about keyboard shortcuts.

• Creating your own keyboard shortcuts for apps

• If a keyboard shortcut doesn’t work

• Resolving VoiceOver key command conflicts

• How to Add a Spoken Command for a Keyboard Shortcut

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