Riak VClock

这样只会丢掉一些向量时钟的信息，即数据更新过程的信息，但是不会丢掉实实在在的数据。只有当一种情况会有问题，就是一个客户端保持了一个很久之前的向量时钟，然后继承于这个向量时钟提交了一个数据，此时就会有冲突，因为服务器这边已经没有这个很久之前的向量时钟信息了，已经被剪枝掉了可能，所以客户端提交的此次数据，在服务端无法找到一个祖先，此时就会创建一个sibling。

所以这个剪枝的策略是一个权衡tradeoff，一方面是无限增长的向量时钟的空间，另一方面是偶尔的会有"false merge"，对，但肯定的是，不会悄无声息的丢数据。综上，为了防止向量时钟空间的无限增长，剪枝还是比用server标识向量时钟工作的更好。

 @doc """
  Combine all VClock in the input list into their least possible common descendant
  """
  @spec merge(list, list) :: list
  def merge([]), do: []
  def merge([singevclock]), do: singevclock
  ## first is a list, eg [:a, {1, 1234}]
  # rest is list of list, eg [[{:a, {1, 233}}, {:b, {3, 124}}]]
  def merge([first|rest])  do
    merge(rest, :lists.keysort(1, first))
  end
  def merge([], nclock), do: nclock
  def merge([aclock|vclocks], nclock)  do
    merge(vclocks, merge(:lists.keysort(1, aclock), nclock, []))
  end
  def merge([], [], accclock), do: :lists.reverse(accclock)
  def merge([], left, accclock), do: :lists.reverse(accclock, left)
  def merge(left, [], accclock), do: :lists.reverse(accclock, left)
  def merge(v = [{node1, {ctr1, ts1} = ct1} = nct1 | vclock],
            n = [{node2, {ctr2, ts2} = ct2} = nct2 | nclock], accclock) do
    cond do
      node1 < node2 ->
        merge(vclock, n, [nct1|accclock]);
      node1 > node2 ->
        merge(v, nclock, [nct2|accclock]);
      true ->
        ({_ctr, _ts} = ct) = cond do
                            ctr1 > ctr2 ->
                              ct1;
                            ctr1 < ctr2 ->
                              ct2;
                            true ->
                              {ctr1, :erlang.max(ts1, ts2)}
                          end
        merge(vclock, nclock, [{node1, ct}|accclock])
    end
  end

@doc """
  Possibly shrink the size of a vclock, depending on current age and size
  """
  @spec prune(v :: list, now :: integer, bucketprops :: any) :: list
  def prune(v, now, bucketprops) do
    ## This sort need to be deterministic, to avoid spurious merge conflicts later,
    # We achieve this by using the node ID as secondary key
    sortv = :lists.sort(fn({n1, {_, t1}}, {n2, {_, t2}}) -> {t1, n1} < {t2, n2} end, v)
    prune_vclock1(sortv, now, bucketprops)
  end

  def prune_vclock1(v, now, bprops) do
    case get_property(:small_vclock, bprops) >= :erlang.length(v) do
      true -> v;
      false ->
        {_, {_, headtime}} = hd(v)
        case (now - headtime) < get_property(:young_vclock, bprops) do
          true -> v;
          false -> prune_vclock1(v, now, bprops, headtime)
        end
    end
  end

  def prune_vclock1(v, now, bprops, headtime) do
    # has a precondition that v is longer than small and older than young
    case (:erlang.length(v) > get_property(:big_vclock, bprops)) or ((now - headtime) > get_property(:old_vclock, bprops)) do
        true -> prune_vclock1(tl(v), now, bprops);
        false -> v
    end
  end

  def get_property(key, pairlist) do
    case :lists.keyfind(key, 1, pairlist) do
      {_key, value} ->
        value;
      false ->
        :undefined
    end
  end

defmodule VClock do
  @moduledoc """
    this is !!!!!!!!
  """
  @vsn 0.1

  @spec fresh() :: []
  def fresh do
    []
  end

  # return true if va is a direct descendant of vb, else false -- remember, a vclock is its own descendant!
  @spec descends(any, []) :: (true|false)
  def descends(_, []) do
    true
  end

  @type va :: list()
  @spec descends(any, any) :: (false|true)
  def descends(va, vb) do
    [{nodeb, {ctrb, _}} | resetb] = vb
    case :lists.keyfind(nodeb, 1, va) do
      false ->
        false;
      {_, {ctra, _tsa}} ->
        (ctra >= ctrb) && descends(va, resetb)
    end
  end

  @doc """
  Combine all VClock in the input list into their least possible common descendant
  """
  @spec merge(list, list) :: list
  def merge([]), do: []
  def merge([singevclock]), do: singevclock
  ## first is a list, eg [:a, {1, 1234}]
  # rest is list of list, eg [[{:a, {1, 233}}, {:b, {3, 124}}]]
  def merge([first|rest])  do
    merge(rest, :lists.keysort(1, first))
  end
  def merge([], nclock), do: nclock
  def merge([aclock|vclocks], nclock)  do
    merge(vclocks, merge(:lists.keysort(1, aclock), nclock, []))
  end
  def merge([], [], accclock), do: :lists.reverse(accclock)
  def merge([], left, accclock), do: :lists.reverse(accclock, left)
  def merge(left, [], accclock), do: :lists.reverse(accclock, left)
  def merge(v = [{node1, {ctr1, ts1} = ct1} = nct1 | vclock],
            n = [{node2, {ctr2, ts2} = ct2} = nct2 | nclock], accclock) do
    cond do
      node1 < node2 ->
        merge(vclock, n, [nct1|accclock]);
      node1 > node2 ->
        merge(v, nclock, [nct2|accclock]);
      true ->
        ({_ctr, _ts} = ct) = cond do
                            ctr1 > ctr2 ->
                              ct1;
                            ctr1 < ctr2 ->
                              ct2;
                            true ->
                              {ctr1, :erlang.max(ts1, ts2)}
                          end
        merge(vclock, nclock, [{node1, ct}|accclock])
    end
  end

  @doc """
  get the counter value in vclock set from node
  """
  @spec get_counter(node :: atom, vclock::list) :: (integer|:undefined)
  def get_counter(node, vclock) do
    case :lists.keytake(node, 1, vclock) do
      {_, {c, _}} -> c;
      false -> :undefined
    end
  end

  @doc """
  Get the timestamp value in a VClock set from node
  """
  @spec get_timestamp(node :: atom, vclock :: list) :: (integer | :undefined)
  def get_timestamp(node, vclock) do
    case :lists.keytake(node, 1, vclock) do
      {_, {_, ts}} -> ts;
      false -> :undefined
    end
  end
  @doc """
    increment VClock at node
  """
  @spec increment(atom, list) :: integer
  def increment(node, vclock) do
    increment(node, timestamp(), vclock)
  end
  @spec increment(atom, integer, list) :: list
  def increment(node, incts, vclock) do
    IO.puts "#{inspect node}, #{inspect incts}, #{inspect vclock}"
    {{_ctr, _ts} = c1, newv} = case :lists.keytake(node, 1, vclock) do
                                  false ->
                                    {{1, incts}, vclock};
                                  {:value, {_n, {c, _t}}, modv} ->
                                    {{c + 1, incts}, modv}
                               end
    [{node, c1} | newv]
  end

  # retrun the list of all nodes that have ever incremented VClock
  @spec all_nodes(vclock :: list) :: (list)
  def all_nodes(vclock) do
    vclock |> Enum.map(fn({x, {_, _}}) -> x end)
  end
  @days_from_gergorian_base_to_epoch (1978 * 365 + 478)
  @seconds_from_gergorian_base_to_epoch (@days_from_gergorian_base_to_epoch * 24 * 60 * 60)
  @spec timestamp() :: integer
  def timestamp do
    {megaseconds, seconds, _} = :os.timestamp()
    @days_from_gergorian_base_to_epoch + megaseconds * 1000000 + seconds
  end

  @doc """
   Compares two VClock for equality
  """
  @spec equal(va :: list, vb :: list) :: (true | false)
  def equal(va, vb) do
    Enum.sort(va) === Enum.sort(vb)
  end

  @doc """
  Possibly shrink the size of a vclock, depending on current age and size
  """
  @spec prune(v :: list, now :: integer, bucketprops :: any) :: list
  def prune(v, now, bucketprops) do
    ## This sort need to be deterministic, to avoid spurious merge conflicts later,
    # We achieve this by using the node ID as secondary key
    sortv = :lists.sort(fn({n1, {_, t1}}, {n2, {_, t2}}) -> {t1, n1} < {t2, n2} end, v)
    prune_vclock1(sortv, now, bucketprops)
  end

  def prune_vclock1(v, now, bprops) do
    case get_property(:small_vclock, bprops) >= :erlang.length(v) do
      true -> v;
      false ->
        {_, {_, headtime}} = hd(v)
        case (now - headtime) < get_property(:young_vclock, bprops) do
          true -> v;
          false -> prune_vclock1(v, now, bprops, headtime)
        end
    end
  end

  def prune_vclock1(v, now, bprops, headtime) do
    # has a precondition that v is longer than small and older than young
    case (:erlang.length(v) > get_property(:big_vclock, bprops)) or ((now - headtime) > get_property(:old_vclock, bprops)) do
        true -> prune_vclock1(tl(v), now, bprops);
        false -> v
    end
  end

  def get_property(key, pairlist) do
    case :lists.keyfind(key, 1, pairlist) do
      {_key, value} ->
        value;
      false ->
        :undefined
    end
  end

end