1 def line_conf(a, b):
2     def line(x):
3         return a*x + b
4     return line
5 
6 line1 = line_conf(1, 1)
7 line2 = line_conf(4, 5)
8 print(line1(5), line2(5))

  1 /* MIT License
  2 
  3 Copyright (c) 2017 Yuandong-Chen
  4 
  5 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
  6 of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
  7 in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
  8 to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
  9 copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
 10 furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
 11 
 12 The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
 13 copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 14 
 15 THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
 16 IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
 17 FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
 18 AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
 19 LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
 20 OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
 21 SOFTWARE. */
 22 
 23 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 24 
 25 // Note: The C program is almost equivalent to the Python program as follows:
 26 // def line_conf(a, b):
 27 //     def line(x):
 28 //         return a*x + b
 29 //     return line
 30 //
 31 // line1 = line_conf(1, 1)
 32 // line2 = line_conf(4, 5)
 33 // print(line1(5), line2(5))
 34 
 35 #include <stdio.h> 
 36 #include <stdlib.h> 
 37 #include <unistd.h> 
 38 #include <stdarg.h>
 39 
 40 typedef int Func();
 41 
 42 Func *line_conf(int x, int y,...)
 43 { 
 44     va_list ap; 
 45     va_start(ap, y);
 46 
 47     asm volatile(
 48         "push %%eax\n\t"
 49         "subl $40, %%esp\n\t"
 50         "movl 8(%%ebp), %%eax\n\t"
 51         "movl %%eax, -36(%%ebp)\n\t"
 52         "movl 12(%%ebp), %%eax\n\t"
 53         "movl %%eax, -40(%%ebp)\n\t"
 54         "addl $40, %%esp\n\t"
 55         "pop %%eax\n\t"
 56         :::"memory"
 57         );
 58 
 59 if(va_arg(ap,int) == 1){
 60 
 61 LINE:
 62 
 63     asm volatile(
 64         "push %%ebp\n\t"
 65         "movl %%esp, %%ebp\n\t"
 66         "movl 8(%%ebp), %%eax\n\t"
 67         "imul -36(%%ebp), %%eax\n\t"
 68         "addl -40(%%ebp), %%eax\n\t"
 69         "movl %%ebp, %%esp\n\t"
 70         "pop %%ebp\n\t"
 71         "ret\n\t"
 72         :::"memory","%eax"
 73         );
 74 }   
 75 __END:  
 76     va_end(ap);
 77     return (Func *)(&&LINE);
 78 }
 79 
 80 int main(int argc, const char *argv[]){  
 81     printf("====TEST START====\n");
 82     printf("34*234+6 ?= %d\n",line_conf(34,6)(234));
 83     printf("1*3+2 ?= %d; 324*65+3 ?= %d; 13*66+2 ?= %d\n",line_conf(1,2)(3),line_conf(324,3)(65),line_conf(13,2)(66));
 84 
 85     int fd = line_conf(1,6)(4);
 86     Func *fun = line_conf(3,3);
 87     int a = 1;  // Limited point
 88     printf("3*3+3 ?= %d; 1*4+6 ?= %d\n",fun(3),fd);
 89     printf("====TEST END====\n");
 90     return 0;  
 91 }
 92 
 93 // Compile it by the following command:
 94 // gcc -m32 -O0 -fno-stack-protector CFunctional.c; ./a.out
 95 // The terminal output should looks like:
 96 // ====TEST START====
 97 // 34*234+6 ?= 7962
 98 // 1*3+2 ?= 5; 324*65+3 ?= 21063; 13*66+2 ?= 860
 99 // 3*3+3 ?= 12; 1*4+6 ?= 10
100 // ====TEST END====
101 //Note: The limitation happens between line 86 and line 88, we cannot insert any function here
102 // whose stack is larger than 40 bytes.(Why is 40? check the inline assembler language)