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Codeforces Round #177 (Div. 2) 题解
【前言】咦？现在怎么流行打CF了？于是当一帮大爷在执着的打div 1的时候，我偷偷的在刷div 2。至于怎么决定场次嘛，一般我报一个数字A，随便再拉一个人选一个数字B。然后开始做第A^B场。如果觉得机密性不高，来点取模吧。然后今天做的这场少有的AK了。（其实模拟赛只做完了4题，最后1题来不及打了）
等等，话说前面几题不用写题解了？算了，让我难得风光一下啦。
【A】
Little penguin Polo adores integer segments, that is, pairs of integers [l; r] (l?≤?r).
He has a set that consists of n integer segments: [l1; r1],?[l2; r2],?...,?[ln; rn]. We know that no two segments of this set intersect. In one move Polo can either widen any segment of the set 1 unit to the left or 1 unit to the right, that is transform [l; r] to either segment[l?-?1; r], or to segment [l; r?+?1].
The value of a set of segments that consists of n segments [l1; r1],?[l2; r2],?...,?[ln; rn] is the number of integers x, such that there is integer j, for which the following inequality holds, lj?≤?x?≤?rj.
Find the minimum number of moves needed to make the value of the set of Polo‘s segments divisible by k.
The first line contains two integers n and k (1?≤?n,?k?≤?105). Each of the following n lines contain a segment as a pair of integers li andri (?-?105?≤?li?≤?ri?≤?105), separated by a space.
It is guaranteed that no two segments intersect. In other words, for any two integers i,?j (1?≤?i?<?j?≤?n) the following inequality holds,min(ri,?rj)?<?max(li,?lj).
In a single line print a single integer — the answer to the problem.
2 3 1 2 3 4
2
3 7 1 2 3 3 4 7
0
#include<cstdio>
using namespace std;
int n,k,i,ans,x,y;
int main()
{
scanf("%d%d",&n,&k);
for (i=1;i<=n;i++)
scanf("%d%d",&x,&y),ans+=y-x+1;
if (ans%k==0) puts("0");
else printf("%d",k-ans%k);
return 0;
}【B】
Little penguin Polo has an n?×?m matrix, consisting of integers. Let‘s index the matrix rows from 1 to n from top to bottom and let‘s index the columns from 1 to m from left to right. Let‘s represent the matrix element on the intersection of row i and column j as aij.
In one move the penguin can add or subtract number d from some matrix element. Find the minimum number of moves needed to make all matrix elements equal. If the described plan is impossible to carry out, say so.
The first line contains three integers n, m and d (1?≤?n,?m?≤?100,?1?≤?d?≤?104) — the matrix sizes and the d parameter. Next n lines contain the matrix: the j-th integer in the i-th row is the matrix element aij (1?≤?aij?≤?104).
In a single line print a single integer — the minimum number of moves the penguin needs to make all matrix elements equal. If that is impossible, print "-1" (without the quotes).
2 2 2 2 4 6 8
4
1 2 7 6 7
-1
题意是给出N*M个带权方格，每次操作只能对每个格子+或-d。求把所有方块变成相同的权值最小操作次数，无解输出-1。判是否有解解很简单，只要权值A%d是否是定值，或者ΔA%d是否=0。如果有解的话一定是改成中位数。
#include<cstdio>
#include<algorithm>
using namespace std;
int a[100005],num,n,m,d,i,j,tot,ans;
int main()
{
scanf("%d%d%d",&n,&m,&d);
scanf("%d",&a[tot=1]);num=a[1]%d;
for (i=1;i<=n;i++)
for (j=1;j<=m;j++)
{
if (i==1&&j==1) continue;
scanf("%d",&a[++tot]);
if (a[tot]%d!=num) {puts("-1");return 0;}
}
sort(a+1,a+tot+1);
for (i=1;i<=tot;i++)
ans+=abs(a[i]-a[(tot+1)>>1])/d;
printf("%d",ans);
return 0;
}【C】
Little penguin Polo adores strings. But most of all he adores strings of length n.
One day he wanted to find a string that meets the following conditions:
- The string consists of n lowercase English letters (that is, the string‘s length equals n), exactly k of these letters are distinct.
- No two neighbouring letters of a string coincide; that is, if we represent a string as s?=?s1s2... sn, then the following inequality holds,si?≠?si?+?1(1?≤?i?<?n).
- Among all strings that meet points 1 and 2, the required string is lexicographically smallest.
Help him find such string or state that such string doesn‘t exist.
String x?=?x1x2... xp is lexicographically less than string y?=?y1y2... yq, if either p?<?q and x1?=?y1,?x2?=?y2,?... ,?xp?=?yp, or there is such number r (r?<?p,?r?<?q), that x1?=?y1,?x2?=?y2,?... ,?xr?=?yr and xr?+?1?<?yr?+?1. The characters of the strings are compared by their ASCII codes.
A single line contains two positive integers n and k (1?≤?n?≤?106,?1?≤?k?≤?26) — the string‘s length and the number of distinct letters.
In a single line print the required string. If there isn‘t such string, print "-1" (without the quotes).
7 4
ababacd
4 7
-1
构造题。构造一个字典序最小的小写字符串，使得相邻两个字母不同，而且恰好只按顺序出现了K个字母。大概的想法就是前面一直a和b交替，后来K-2位一直沿着c，d，e放下去。
注意这道题是有
cha点的。如果K=1，显然是无解，因为相邻两个不能相同。但是当N=1时还是正确的：‘a‘！
#include<cstdio>
#define PR ({puts("-1");return 0;})
using namespace std;
int n,i,m;
int main()
{
scanf("%d%d",&n,&m);
if (m==1&&n==1) {putchar('a');return 0;}
if (m>n||m==1) PR;
for (i=1;i<=n-(m-2);i++)
if (i&1) putchar('a');else putchar('b');
for (i=1;i<=m-2;i++) putchar((char)(i+98));
return 0;
}【D】
Little penguin Polo loves his home village. The village has n houses, indexed by integers from 1 to n. Each house has a plaque containing an integer, the i-th house has a plaque containing integer pi (1?≤?pi?≤?n).
Little penguin Polo loves walking around this village. The walk looks like that. First he stands by a house number x. Then he goes to the house whose number is written on the plaque of house x (that is, to house px), then he goes to the house whose number is written on the plaque of house px (that is, to house ppx), and so on.
We know that:
- When the penguin starts walking from any house indexed from 1 to k, inclusive, he can walk to house number 1.
- When the penguin starts walking from any house indexed from k?+?1 to n, inclusive, he definitely cannot walk to house number 1.
- When the penguin starts walking from house number 1, he can get back to house number 1 after some non-zero number of walks from a house to a house.
You need to find the number of ways you may write the numbers on the houses‘ plaques so as to fulfill the three above described conditions. Print the remainder after dividing this number by 1000000007 (109?+?7).
The single line contains two space-separated integers n and k (1?≤?n?≤?1000,?1?≤?k?≤?min(8,?n)) — the number of the houses and the number k from the statement.
In a single line print a single integer — the answer to the problem modulo 1000000007 (109?+?7).
5 2
54
7 4
1728
开始还以为是DP，然后题意看了半天。大意是有N个房子，让你给每个房子加一个“索引”P，当你到了X后，你下一次去Px。再给定一个数K，对索引有下列三个要求：
①从1号点走出去后必须能回到1号点。
②从前K号点走出去后必须能回到1号点。（为什么觉得上面一个是多余的？）
③从K+1~N号点走出去后必须不能回到1号点。
求所有索引的方案取模10^9+7的值。
对于K+1~N号点，显然和1~K是隔绝的，因此方案数是简单的计算(N-K)^(N-K)。
对于1号点，显然它可以填K种索引。
对于2~K号点，开始我束手无策。后来发现K<=8!那么只要简单的dfs一下，再验证一下即可。
最后用乘法原理把三者乘起来。
#include<cstdio>
#include<cstring>
using namespace std;
typedef long long LL;
const LL P=1000000007ll;
int a[10],f[10],i;
LL num,ans,n,k;
int work(int k,int flag)
{
f[k]=flag;if (k==1) return 1;
if (f[a[k]]!=flag) return work(a[k],flag);
return 0;
}
inline void check()
{
int ok=1;memset(f,0,sizeof(f));
for (int i=2;i<=k&&ok;i++)
ok&=work(i,i);
if (ok) num++;
}
void dfs(int now)
{
if (now==k+1) {check();return;}
for (int i=1;i<=k;i++)
a[now]=i,dfs(now+1);
}
int main()
{
scanf("%I64d%I64d",&n,&k);ans=k;
for (i=1;i<=n-k;i++)
(ans*=(n-k))%=P;
dfs(2);
if (num) (ans*=num)%=P;
printf("%I64d",ans);
return 0;
}【E】
Little penguin Polo likes permutations. But most of all he likes permutations of integers from 0 to n, inclusive.
For permutation p?=?p0,?p1,?...,?pn, Polo has defined its beauty — number 
.
Expression 
means applying the operation of bitwise excluding "OR" to numbers x and y. This operation exists in all modern programming languages, for example, in language C++ and Java it is represented as "^" and in Pascal — as "xor".
Help him find among all permutations of integers from 0 to n the permutation with the maximum beauty.
The single line contains a positive integer n (1?≤?n?≤?106).
In the first line print integer m the maximum possible beauty. In the second line print any permutation of integers from 0 to n with the beauty equal to m.
If there are several suitable permutations, you are allowed to print any of them.
4
20 0 2 1 4 3
开始以为是从大到小枚举i，在字母树中贪心地找与它尽量能匹配的。后来打表后发现是一一对应的，不用这么麻烦。如果i没有被匹配过，我们可以构造出k<i，且k和i匹配的值=k+i。然后扫一遍即可。
这里是打表程序：
#include<cstdio>
#include<algorithm>
#include<cstring>
using namespace std;
int n,sum,t,now,ans,i,wri[10005][105],a[105];
int main()
{
freopen("1.txt","w",stdout);
for (n=3;n<=9;n++)
{
sum=1;int F=0;
for (i=0;i<=n;i++)
a[i]=i,sum*=(n+1-i);
ans=0;
for (t=1;t<=sum;t++)
{
now=0;
for (i=0;i<=n;i++)
now+=(i^a[i]);
if (now>ans)
ans=now,F=1,memcpy(wri[1],a,sizeof(a));
else if (now==ans) memcpy(wri[++F],a,sizeof(a));
next_permutation(a,a+n+1);
}
printf("%d %d\n",n,ans);
for (int j=1;j<=F;j++)
{
for (i=0;i<=n;i++) printf("%d ",wri[j][i]);
puts("");
}
puts("");
}
return 0;
}这里是AC程序：
#include<cstdio>
#include<cmath>
using namespace std;
int a[25],f[1000005],x,k,i,n;long long ans=0;
int main()
{
scanf("%d",&n);
for (i=n;i;i--)
if (!f[i])
{
k=(int)(log2(i))+1;x=(1<<k)-1-i;
f[x]=1;a[i]=x;a[x]=i;ans+=(long long)((1<<k)-1)<<1;
}
printf("%I64d\n",ans);
for (i=0;i<=n;i++) printf("%d ",a[i]);
}