从网上找到如下资料：
$sudo gedit /etc/mysql/my.cnf

[client]下添加：

default-character-set=utf8

[mysqld]下添加：

default-character-set=utf8

然后保存退出

$ /etc/init.d/mysql restart

结果出现了:

Since the script you are attempting to invoke has been converted to an
Upstart job, you may also use the stop(8) and then start(8) utilities,
e.g. stop mysql ; start mysql. The restart(8) utility is also available.
start: Job failed to start

可能是版本的问题，查5.5以后的版本对字符编码方式修改的办法，发现[mysqld]修改方法变了：

[mysqld]下添加的应该为：

character-set-server=utf8

collation-server=utf8_general_ci

保存退出

$ /etc/init.d/mysql restart

成功

进入MySQL控制台：

show variables like ‘character%‘;

+———————————–+———————————–+

| Variable_name | Value |

+———————————–+———————————–+

| character_set_client | utf8 |

| character_set_connection | utf8 |

| character_set_database | utf8 |

| character_set_filesystem | binary |

| character_set_results | utf8 |

| character_set_server | utf8 |

| character_set_system | utf8 |

| character_sets_dir | /usr/share/mysql/charsets/ |

+————————————+———————————–+

8 rows in set (0.00 sec)