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第一个WebAPI项目

2024-08-22 18:22:55   228人阅读

（1）新建一个ASP.NET MVC项目，取名为：MyMvcWebAPIDemo，项目类型选择WebAPI。

（2）在Models中新增一个类，取名为：Product，作为我们要测试的实体模型。

 
 
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public class Product
    {
        public int Id { get; set; }
        public string Name { get; set; }
        public string Category { get; set; }
        public decimal Price { get; set; }
    }

（3）在Controllers中新增一个控制器，并选择“空WebAPI”类型模板，取名为：ProductController。

技术分享

（4）为了方便进行数据测试，这里定义一个静态的产品集合。当然，在实际应用中，我们可能会从数据库中读取数据集合，并对其进行增删查改及各种查询操作。

 
 
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static List<Product> products = new List<Product>
        {
            new Product { Id = 1, Name = "Nokia Lumia 1520", Category = "移动电话", Price = 3500 },
            new Product { Id = 2, Name = "Lenovo Thinkpad T430S", Category = "便携式计算机", Price = 8000 },
            new Product { Id = 3, Name = "锤子手机", Category = "移动电话", Price = 3300 } ,
            new Product { Id = 4, Name = "Wii", Category = "电视游戏机", Price = 1000 },
            new Product { Id = 5, Name = "Xbox 360", Category = "电视游戏机", Price = 3200 }
        };

（5）定义一些方法，用于对产品集合的各种操作：

 
 
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public class ProductController : ApiController
    {
        static List<Product> products = new List<Product>
        {
            new Product { Id = 1, Name = "Nokia Lumia 1520", Category = "移动电话", Price = 3500 },
            new Product { Id = 2, Name = "Lenovo Thinkpad T430S", Category = "便携式计算机", Price = 8000 },
            new Product { Id = 3, Name = "锤子手机", Category = "移动电话", Price = 3300 } ,
            new Product { Id = 4, Name = "Wii", Category = "电视游戏机", Price = 1000 },
            new Product { Id = 5, Name = "Xbox 360", Category = "电视游戏机", Price = 3200 }
        };
 
        /// <summary>
        /// GET
        /// </summary>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public IEnumerable<Product> GetAllProducts()
        {
            return products.OrderBy(p => p.Id);
        }
 
        /// <summary>
        /// GET
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="id"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public Product GetProductById(int id)
        {
            Product product = products.FirstOrDefault(p => p.Id == id);
            if (product == null)
            {
                var resp = new HttpResponseMessage(HttpStatusCode.NotFound);
                throw new HttpResponseException(resp);
            }
 
            return product;
        }
 
        /// <summary>
        /// GET
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="productName">产品名</param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public Product GetProductByName(string productName)
        {
            Product product = products.FirstOrDefault(p => p.Name.Contains(productName));
            if (product == null)
            {
                var resp = new HttpResponseMessage(HttpStatusCode.NotFound);
                throw new HttpResponseException(resp);
            }
 
            return product;
        }
 
        /// <summary>
        /// GET
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="category">类型名称</param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public IEnumerable<Product> GetAllProductsByCategory(string category)
        {
            if (category.Equals("--请选择--"))
            {
                return products;
            }
 
            IEnumerable<Product> productList = products.Where(
                p => string.Equals(p.Category, category, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase));
            return productList.OrderBy(p => p.Id);
        }
 
        /// <summary>
        /// POST
        /// </summary>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public bool PostProduct(Product product)
        {
            int index = products.FindIndex(p => p.Name == product.Name);
            if (index != -1)
            {
                return false;
            }
            product.Id = products.Max(p => p.Id) + 1;
            products.Add(product);
            return true;
        }
 
        /// <summary>
        /// PUT
        /// </summary>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public bool PutProduct(int id, [FromBody]Product product)
        {
            int index = products.FindIndex(p => p.Id == id);
            if (index == -1)
            {
                return false;
            }
 
            products.RemoveAt(index);
            products.Add(product);
            return true;
        }
 
        /// <summary>
        /// DELETE
        /// </summary>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public bool DeleteProduct(int id)
        {
            Product product = products.FirstOrDefault(p => p.Id == id);
            if (product == null)
            {
                return false;
            }
 
            products.Remove(product);
            return true;
        }
    }

一般来说，Http的四种访问类型中，Get：一般用作查询，多次操作得到结果一致；Post：一般用于修改、添加多次重复操作得到结果不一致。Put：一般用于修改，多次操作得到结果一致。Delete：一般用于删除数据，多次操作得到结果一致。

现在，我们来看一下我们写的这些方法：

①用于GET方式获取的方法有：

GetAllProducts用于获取所有产品的集合；GetProductById用于返回指定Id的产品对象；

GetProductByName用户返回指定Name的产品对象；GetAllProductsByCategory则用户返回指定Category（种类）的产品集合；

②用于POST方式的方法有：

PostProduct用于增加一个产品信息；

③用于PUT方式的方法有：

PutProduct用于修改一个指定的产品信息；

④用于DELETE方式的方法有：

DeleteProduct用于删除一个选择的产品信息；

以上GET、POST、PUT、DELETE则构成了我们通过HTTP协议对资源的各种操作了。具体的代码，这里我就不过多赘述，相信大家都能看懂。

（6）此时，我们有了一个能工作的Web API了。该控制器上的每个方法都映射到一个URI，例如下表中所示的前三个方法所对应的URI：

Controller Method
控制器方法		URI
GetAllProducts /api/product
GetProductById /api/product/id
GetProductsByCategory /api/product/?category=category

客户端可以通过URI来访问我们的控制器已达到对资源的操作，那么，我们可以设计一个页面来发送AJAX请求来实践一下。

（7）在Views中的默认Home/Index这个页面中，加入以下代码：

 
 
 
 
 
 
XHTML
 
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<link href="~/Content/themes/easyui/bootstrap/easyui.css" rel="stylesheet" />
<link href="~/Content/themes/easyui/icon.css" rel="stylesheet" />
<header>
    <div class="content-wrapper">
        <div class="float-left">
            <p class="site-title">
                <a href="~/">ASP.NET Web API</a>
            </p>
        </div>
    </div>
</header>
<div id="body">
    <section class="featured">
        <div class="content-wrapper">
            @*<hgroup class="title">
                <h1>欢迎使用 ASP.NET Web API!</h1>
                <h2>这是一个简单的WebAPI入门Demo.</h2>
            </hgroup>*@
            <p>
                <strong>搜索：</strong>
                ①产品类型：
                    <select id="productTypes" name="productTypes" style="width: 120px; height: 34px;">
                        <option value="-1">--请选择--</option>
                        <option value="0">移动电话</option>
                        <option value="1">便携式计算机</option>
                        <option value="2">电视游戏机</option>
                    </select>
                ②产品名称：<input id="productName" name="productName" type="text" />
                <input id="btnSearchByName" name="btnSearchByName" type="button" value="搜 索" />
                <input id="btnSearchAll" name="searchAll" type="button" value="全 部" />
            </p>
            <p>
                <strong>新增：</strong>
                <br />
                产品名称：<input id="newProductName" name="newProductName" type="text" />
                产品类型：<select id="newProductType" name="newProductType" style="width: 120px; height: 34px;">
                    <option value="-1">--请选择--</option>
                    <option value="0">移动电话</option>
                    <option value="1">便携式计算机</option>
                    <option value="2">电视游戏机</option>
                </select>
                <br />
                产品价格：<input id="newProductPrice" name="newProductPrice" type="text" />
                <input id="btnPostProduct" name="btnPostProduct" type="button" value="新 增" />
            </p>
        </div>
    </section>
    <section class="content-wrapper main-content clear-fix">
        <h3>下面是从WebAPI获取的数据集:</h3>
        <div id="result">
        </div>
        @*<ol class="round">
            <li class="one">
                <h5>开始使用</h5>
                ASP.NET Web API  是一个框架，您可以通过该框架轻松生成可访问
                多种客户端(包括浏览器和移动设备)的 HTTP 服务。ASP.NET Web API
                是一个用于在 .NET Framework 之上生成 REST 样式的应用程序的理想平台。
                <a href="http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=245160">了解详细信息...</a>
            </li>
        </ol>*@
    </section>
</div>
<!-- jBox modal -->
<div id="myMsgModal" class="notshow">
</div>
<!-- jBox edit modal -->
<div id="myEditModal" class="notshow">
    <input id="hiddProductId" type="hidden" />
    <table width="100%">
        <tr>
            <td align="right">产品名称：</td>
            <td>
                <input id="editProductName" name="editProductName" type="text" /></td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td align="right">产品类型：</td>
            <td>
                <select id="editProductType" name="editProductType" style="width: 120px; height: 34px;">
                    <option value="-1">--请选择--</option>
                    <option value="0">移动电话</option>
                    <option value="1">便携式计算机</option>
                    <option value="2">电视游戏机</option>
                </select>
            </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td align="right">产品价格：</td>
            <td>
                <input id="editProductPrice" name="editProductPrice" type="text" />
            </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
            <td colspan="2" align="center">
                <a id="btnPutProduct" href="#" class="easyui-linkbutton">确定</a>
                <a id="btnCloseModal" href="#" class="easyui-linkbutton">关闭</a>
            </td>
        </tr>
    </table>
</div>
@section scripts{
    <script src="~/Scripts/jquery-1.7.1.min.js"></script>
    <script src="~/Content/themes/easyui/jquery.easyui.min.js"></script>
    <script src="~/Content/themes/easyui/easyui-lang-zh_CN.js"></script>
    <script type="text/javascript">
        $(function () {
            initData();
            bindClick();
        });
 
        function initData() {
            $.getJSON("api/Product", function (data) {
                if (data != null) {
                    if ($("#resultList").length > 0) {
                        $("#resultList").remove();
                    }
 
                    var html = "<ol id=‘resultList‘ class=‘round‘>";
                    $.each(data, function (key, value) {
                        html += "<li class=‘one‘><h5>" + value.Name + "</h5>类型：" + value.Category
                            + " 价格：" + value.Price + "  | <a href=http://www.mamicode.com/‘#‘ onclick=‘editProduct(" + value.Id + ")‘>编辑</a><a href=http://www.mamicode.com/‘#‘ onclick=‘deleteProduct(" + value.Id + ")‘>删除</a></li>";
                    });
                    html += "</ol>";
                    $("#result").append(html);
                }
            });
        }
 
        function bindClick() {
            // 01.按产品类型搜索产品
            $("#productTypes").bind("change", function () {
                $.getJSON("api/Product", { category: $(this).find("option:selected").text() }, function (data) {
                    if (data != null) {
                        $("#resultList").remove();
                        var html = "<ol id=‘resultList‘ class=‘round‘>";
                        $.each(data, function (key, value) {
                            html += "<li class=‘one‘><h5>" + value.Name + "</h5>类型：" + value.Category
                                + " 价格：" + value.Price + "  | <a href=http://www.mamicode.com/‘#‘ onclick=‘editProduct(" + value.Id + ")‘>编辑</a><a href=http://www.mamicode.com/‘#‘ onclick=‘deleteProduct(" + value.Id + ")‘>删除</a></li>";
                        });
                        html += "</ol>";
                        $("#result").append(html);
                    }
                });
            });
            // 02.按产品名搜索产品
            $("#btnSearchByName").bind("click", function () {
                var searchName = $("#productName").val();
                if (searchName == "") {
                    showMsg("提示", "您还没有输入要搜索的产品名称");
                }
                $.getJSON("api/Product", { productName: searchName }, function (data) {
                    if (data != null) {
                        $("#resultList").remove();
                        var html = "<ol id=‘resultList‘ class=‘round‘>";
                        html += "<li class=‘one‘><h5>" + data.Name + "</h5>类型：" + data.Category
                                + " 价格：" + data.Price + "  | <a href=http://www.mamicode.com/‘#‘ onclick=‘editProduct(" + data.Id + ")‘>编辑</a><a href=http://www.mamicode.com/‘#‘ onclick=‘deleteProduct(" + data.Id + ")‘>删除</a></li>";
                        html += "</ol>";
                        $("#result").append(html);
                        clearText();
                    }
                });
            });
            // 03.搜索全部产品信息
            $("#btnSearchAll").bind("click", initData);
            // 04.新增一个产品信息
            $("#btnPostProduct").bind("click", function () {
                var productName = $("#newProductName").val();
                var productCategory = $("#newProductType").find("option:selected").text();
                var productPrice = $("#newProductPrice").val();
 
                if (productName == "") {
                    showMsg("提示", "请输入产品名称");
                }
                else if (productCategory == "" || productCategory == "--请选择--") {
                    showMsg("提示", "请选择产品类型");
                }
                else if (productPrice == "") {
                    showMsg("提示", "请输入产品价格");
                }
                else if (isNaN(productPrice)) {
                    showMsg("提示", "产品价格请输入数字类型");
                }
                else {
                    $.post("api/Product", {
                        Name: productName,
                        Category: productCategory,
                        Price: productPrice
                    }, function (data) {
                        if (data != null && data == true) {
                            initData();
                            clearText();
                            showMsg("提示", "添加新产品操作成功");
                        }
                        else {
                            showMsg("提示", "添加新产品操作失败");
                        }
                    });
                }
            });
            // 07.修改一个产品信息
            $("#btnPutProduct").bind("click", function () {
                var productId = $("#hiddProductId").val();
                $.ajax({
                    type: "PUT",
                    url: "/api/Product/" + productId,
                    data: {
                        Id: productId,
                        Name: $("#editProductName").val(),
                        Category: $("#editProductType").find("option:selected").text(),
                        Price: $("#editProductPrice").val()
                    },
                    success: function (data) {
                        if (data == true) {
                            initData();
                            $("#myEditModal").window("close");
                            showMsg("提示", "您已成功修改那玩意");
                        }
                        else {
                            showMsg("提示", "修改那玩意操作失败");
                        }
                    }
                });
            });
            // 关闭模态对话框
            $("#btnCloseModal").bind("click", function () {
                $("#myEditModal").window("close");
            });
        }
        // 05.编辑一个产品信息
        function editProduct(productId) {
            $.getJSON("api/Product", { id: productId }, function (data) {
                if (data != null) {
                    $("#hiddProductId").val(data.Id);
                    $("#editProductName").val(data.Name);
                    switch (data.Category) {
                        case "移动电话":
                            $("#editProductType").val("0");
                            break;
                        case "便携式计算机":
                            $("#editProductType").val("1");
                            break;
                        case "电视游戏机":
                            $("#editProductType").val("2");
                            break;
                    }
                    $("#editProductPrice").val(data.Price);
                }
            });
            $("#myEditModal").show();
            $("#myEditModal").window({
                title: "编辑产品信息",
                modal: true,
                collapsible: true,
                minimizable: false,
                maximizable: false,
                resizable: false,
                width: 500,
                height: 220
            });
        }
        // 06.删除一个产品信息
        function deleteProduct(productId) {
            $.messager.confirm("提示", "您确定要删除这玩意？", function (r) {
                if (r) {
                    $.ajax({
                        type: "DELETE",
                        url: "/api/Product/" + productId,
                        data: {},
                        success: function (data) {
                            if (data == true) {
                                initData();
                                showMsg("提示", "您已成功删除那玩意");
                            }
                            else {
                                showMsg("提示", "删除那玩意操作失败");
                            }
                        }
                    });
                }
            });
        }
 
        function showMsg(title, msg) {
            $.messager.alert(title, msg, "info");
        }
 
        function clearText() {
            $("input[type=text]").val("");
        }
    </script>
}

通过调试运行，可以看到以下页面效果，并可以看到，由于我们在页面中加入了获取产品列表的GET请求，于是产品信息被加载到了页面中：

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其对应的JS语句为：可以看到，我们通过api/Product调用了API控制器中的GetAllProducts方法，获取了所有产品信息。

 
 
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$.getJSON("api/Product", function (data) {
                if (data != null) {
                    if ($("#resultList").length > 0) {
                        $("#resultList").remove();
                    }
 
                    var html = "<ol id=‘resultList‘ class=‘round‘>";
                    $.each(data, function (key, value) {
                        html += "<li class=‘one‘><h5>" + value.Name + "</h5>类型：" + value.Category
                            + " 价格：" + value.Price + "  | <a href=http://www.mamicode.com/‘#‘ onclick=‘editProduct(" + value.Id + ")‘>编辑</a><a href=http://www.mamicode.com/‘#‘ onclick=‘deleteProduct(" + value.Id + ")‘>删除</a></li>";
                    });
                    html += "</ol>";
                    $("#result").append(html);
                }
});

（8）下面我们可以来试试其他的API方法：

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3.4 第一个RestClient客户端项目

有了我们上面的WebAPI项目的支持，我们可以在客户端（如：WindowsForm项目、Windows Phone项目等等）对WebAPI项目中的资源进行访问和操作，现在我们就来实现一个RestClient控制台项目模拟一个客户端对WebAPI发起HTTP访问请求。

（1）新建一个控制台项目，取名为：MyConsoleRestClientDemo。

（2）新建一个类，取名为：RestClient.cs。它封装了我们常用的HTTP操作，如GET、POST、PUT、DELETE方式。

 
 
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public class RestClient
    {
        private string BaseUri;
        public RestClient(string baseUri)
        {
            this.BaseUri = baseUri;
        }
 
        #region Delete方式
        public string Delete(string data, string uri)
        {
            return CommonHttpRequest(data, uri, "DELETE");
        }
 
        public string Delete(string uri)
        {
            //Web访问对象64
            string serviceUrl = string.Format("{0}/{1}", this.BaseUri, uri);
            HttpWebRequest myRequest = (HttpWebRequest)WebRequest.Create(serviceUrl);
            myRequest.Method = "DELETE";
            // 获得接口返回值68
            HttpWebResponse myResponse = (HttpWebResponse)myRequest.GetResponse();
            StreamReader reader = new StreamReader(myResponse.GetResponseStream(), Encoding.UTF8);
            //string ReturnXml = HttpUtility.UrlDecode(reader.ReadToEnd());
            string ReturnXml = reader.ReadToEnd();
            reader.Close();
            myResponse.Close();
            return ReturnXml;
        }
        #endregion
 
        #region Put方式
        public string Put(string data, string uri)
        {
            return CommonHttpRequest(data, uri, "PUT");
        }
        #endregion
 
        #region POST方式实现
 
        public string Post(string data, string uri)
        {
            return CommonHttpRequest(data, uri, "POST");
        }
 
        public string CommonHttpRequest(string data, string uri, string type)
        {
            //Web访问对象，构造请求的url地址
            string serviceUrl = string.Format("{0}/{1}", this.BaseUri, uri);
 
            //构造http请求的对象
            HttpWebRequest myRequest = (HttpWebRequest)WebRequest.Create(serviceUrl);
            //转成网络流
            byte[] buf = System.Text.Encoding.GetEncoding("UTF-8").GetBytes(data);
            //设置
            myRequest.Method = type;
            myRequest.ContentLength = buf.Length;
            myRequest.ContentType = "application/json";
            myRequest.MaximumAutomaticRedirections = 1;
            myRequest.AllowAutoRedirect = true;
            // 发送请求
            Stream newStream = myRequest.GetRequestStream();
            newStream.Write(buf, 0, buf.Length);
            newStream.Close();
            // 获得接口返回值
            HttpWebResponse myResponse = (HttpWebResponse)myRequest.GetResponse();
            StreamReader reader = new StreamReader(myResponse.GetResponseStream(), Encoding.UTF8);
            string ReturnXml = reader.ReadToEnd();
            reader.Close();
            myResponse.Close();
            return ReturnXml;
        }
        #endregion
 
        #region GET方式实现
        public string Get(string uri)
        {
            //Web访问对象64
            string serviceUrl = string.Format("{0}/{1}", this.BaseUri, uri);
 
            //构造一个Web请求的对象
            HttpWebRequest myRequest = (HttpWebRequest)WebRequest.Create(serviceUrl);
            // 获得接口返回值68
            //获取web请求的响应的内容
            HttpWebResponse myResponse = (HttpWebResponse)myRequest.GetResponse();
 
            //通过响应流构造一个StreamReader
            StreamReader reader = new StreamReader(myResponse.GetResponseStream(), Encoding.UTF8);
            //string ReturnXml = HttpUtility.UrlDecode(reader.ReadToEnd());
            string ReturnXml = reader.ReadToEnd();
            reader.Close();
            myResponse.Close();
            return ReturnXml;
        }
        #endregion
    }

（3）在Program.cs中的Main方法中，调用RestClient类为我们提供的方法对WebAPI服务器（这里是本机：http://localhost:8080/）发起访问：

 
 
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class Program
    {
        static string restfulServiceUri = "http://localhost:8080/";
 
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            RestClient restClient = new RestClient(restfulServiceUri);
 
            #region 01.Get方式无参数请求
            Console.WriteLine("----------------------获取所有产品列表-----------------------");
            string getResult = restClient.Get("api/Product");
            Console.WriteLine(getResult);
            Console.WriteLine();
            #endregion
 
            #region 02.Get方式带参数请求
            Console.WriteLine("----------------------获取Id=1的产品信息-----------------------");
            string getByIdResult = restClient.Get("api/Product/1");
            Console.WriteLine(getByIdResult);
            Console.WriteLine();
            Console.WriteLine("----------------------获取Name=锤子手机的产品信息-----------------------");
            string getByNameResult = restClient.Get("api/Product/?productName=锤子手机");
            Console.WriteLine(getByNameResult);
            Console.WriteLine();
            Console.WriteLine("----------------------获取Category=移动电话的产品信息-----------------------");
            string getByTypeResult = restClient.Get("api/Product/?category=移动电话");
            Console.WriteLine(getByTypeResult);
            Console.WriteLine();
            #endregion
 
            #region 03.Post方式请求结果
            //Console.WriteLine("----------------------新增一个产品信息-----------------------");
            //string jsonParam = @"{Id:""250"",Name:""小米2S"",Category:""移动电话"",Price:""1800""}";
            //string postResult = restClient.Post(jsonParam, "api/Product");
            //Console.WriteLine(postResult);
            //getResult = restClient.Get("api/Product");
            //Console.WriteLine(getResult);
            //Console.WriteLine();
            #endregion
 
            #region 04.Delete方式请求结果
            //Console.WriteLine("----------------------删除一个产品信息-----------------------");
            //string deleteId = "6";
            //string deleteResult = restClient.Delete("api/Product/" + deleteId);
            //Console.WriteLine(deleteResult);
            //getResult = restClient.Get("api/Product");
            //Console.WriteLine(getResult);
            //Console.WriteLine();
            #endregion
 
            #region 05.Put方式请求结果
            Console.WriteLine("----------------------修改一个产品信息-----------------------");
            string jsonParam = @"{Id:""5"",Name:""PlayStation 3"",Category:""电视游戏机"",Price:""3200""}";
            string putResult = restClient.Put(jsonParam, "api/Product/5");
            Console.WriteLine(putResult);
            getResult = restClient.Get("api/Product");
            Console.WriteLine(getResult);
            Console.WriteLine();
            #endregion
 
            Console.ReadKey();
        }
    }

（4）调试运行，查看访问结果如下：可以看出，返回的均为JSON格式的数据，和我们在浏览器中访问指定URI的结果一致。

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3.5 初探小结

ASP.NET Web API 是一种框架，用于轻松构建可以访问多种客户端（包括浏览器和移动设备）的 HTTP 服务。 ASP.NET Web API 是一种用于在 .NET Framework 上构建 RESTful 应用程序的理想平台。

第一个WebAPI项目


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