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mysql-7 数据检索(5)
联结(join)
SQL最强大的功能之一就是能在数据检索查询的执行中联结(join)表。联结就是利用SQL的SELECT能执行的最重要的操作。
例子:此例子包含两个表,一个表是vendors , vendors表包含所有供应商信息,每个供应商占一行,每个供应商具有唯一的标识,此标识称为主键,可以是供应商ID或任何其他唯一值。
products表只存储产品信息,它除了存储供应商ID(vendors表的主键)外不存储其他供应商信息,vendors表的主键又叫做products的外键,它将vendors表与products表关联,利用供应商ID能从vnedors表中找出相应供应商详细信息。
SELECT * FROM products;
SELECT * FROM vendors;
SELECT * FROM orderitems;
两个表联结
SELECT vend_name , prod_name , prod_price FROM vendors , products WHERE vendors.`vend_id` = products.`vend_id` ORDER BY vend_name,prod_name;
SELECT vend_name , prod_name , prod_price FROM vendors INNER JOIN products ON vendors.`vend_id` = products.`vend_id`;
多个表联结
SELECT prod_name , vend_name ,prod_price , quantity FROM orderitems , products , vendors WHERE products.`vend_id` = vendors.`vend_id` AND orderitems.`prod_id` = products.`prod_id` AND order_num = 20005;
使用表别名
SELECT CONCAT(RTRIM(vend_name),‘(‘,RTRIM(vend_country),‘)‘) AS vend_title FROM vendors ORDER BY vend_name;
创建高级联结,使用表别名
SELECT cust_name , cust_contact FROM customers AS c , orders AS o ,orderitems AS oi WHERE c.`cust_id` = o.`cust_id` AND oi.`order_num` = o.`order_num` AND prod_id = ‘TNT2‘;
自联结
SELECT prod_id,prod_name FROM products WHERE vend_id = (SELECT vend_id FROM products WHERE prod_id = ‘DTNTR‘); 自查询
SELECT p1.prod_id,p1.prod_name FROM products AS p1, products AS p2 WHERE p1.`vend_id`=p2.`vend_id` AND p2.`prod_id`= ‘DTNTR‘; 自联结
自然联结
SELECT c.* , o.order_num ,o.order_date, oi.prod_id, oi.quantity, OI.item_price FROM customers AS c ,orders AS o, orderitems AS oi WHERE c.`cust_id` =o.`cust_id` AND oi.`order_num` = o.`order_num` AND prod_id = ‘FB‘;
外部联结
SELECT customers.`cust_id`,orders.`order_num` FROM customers LEFT OUTER JOIN orders ON customers.`cust_id` = orders.`cust_id`;
SELECT vend_name , prod_name , prod_price FROM vendors , products WHERE vendors.`vend_id` = products.`vend_id` ORDER BY vend_name,prod_name; SELECT vend_name , prod_name , prod_price FROM vendors INNER JOIN products ON vendors.`vend_id` = products.`vend_id`; SELECT prod_name , vend_name ,prod_price , quantity FROM orderitems , products , vendors WHERE products.`vend_id` = vendors.`vend_id` AND orderitems.`prod_id` = products.`prod_id` AND order_num = 20005; SELECT CONCAT(RTRIM(vend_name),‘(‘,RTRIM(vend_country),‘)‘) AS vend_title FROM vendors ORDER BY vend_name; SELECT cust_name , cust_contact FROM customers AS c , orders AS o ,orderitems AS oi WHERE c.`cust_id` = o.`cust_id` AND oi.`order_num` = o.`order_num` AND prod_id = ‘TNT2‘; SELECT prod_id,prod_name FROM products WHERE vend_id = (SELECT vend_id FROM products WHERE prod_id = ‘DTNTR‘); SELECT p1.prod_id,p1.prod_name FROM products AS p1, products AS p2 WHERE p1.`vend_id`=p2.`vend_id` AND p2.`prod_id`= ‘DTNTR‘; SELECT c.* , o.order_num ,o.order_date, oi.prod_id, oi.quantity, OI.item_price FROM customers AS c ,orders AS o, orderitems AS oi WHERE c.`cust_id` =o.`cust_id` AND oi.`order_num` = o.`order_num` AND prod_id = ‘FB‘; SELECT customers.`cust_id`,orders.`order_num` FROM customers LEFT OUTER JOIN orders ON customers.`cust_id` = orders.`cust_id`;
mysql-7 数据检索(5)
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