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史上最全的ASP.NET MVC路由配置
MVC将一个Web应用分解为:Model、View和Controller。ASP.NET MVC框架提供了一个可以代替ASP.NETWebForm的基于MVC设计模式的应用。
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XD 首先说URL的构造。 其实这个也谈不上构造,只是语法特性吧。
一、命名参数规范+匿名对象
routes.MapRoute(name: "Default",url: "{controller}/{action}/{id}", defaults: new { controller = "Home", action = "Index", id = UrlParameter.Optional } );
构造路由然后添加
- Route myRoute = new Route("{controller}/{action}", new MvcRouteHandler());
- routes.Add("MyRoute", myRoute);
二、直接方法重载+匿名对象
- routes.MapRoute("ShopSchema", "Shop/{action}", new { controller = "Home" });
个人觉得第一种比较易懂,第二种方便调试,第三种写起来比较效率吧。各取所需吧。本文行文偏向于第三种。
1.默认路由(MVC自带)
- routes.MapRoute(
- "Default", // 路由名称
- "{controller}/{action}/{id}", // 带有参数的 URL
- new { controller = "Home", action = "Index", id = UrlParameter.Optional } // 参数默认值 (UrlParameter.Optional-可选的意思) );
2.静态URL段
- routes.MapRoute("ShopSchema2", "Shop/OldAction", new { controller = "Home", action = "Index" });
- routes.MapRoute("ShopSchema", "Shop/{action}", new { controller = "Home" });
- routes.MapRoute("ShopSchema2", "Shop/OldAction.js",
- new { controller = "Home", action = "Index" });
没有占位符路由就是现成的写死的。
比如这样写然后去访问http://localhost:XXX/Shop/OldAction.js,response也是完全没问题的。 controller , action , area这三个保留字就别设静态变量里面了。
3.自定义常规变量URL段
- routes.MapRoute("MyRoute2", "{controller}/{action}/{id}", new { controller = "Home", action = "Index", id = "DefaultId" });
这种情况如果访问 /Home/Index 的话,因为第三段(id)没有值,根据路由规则这个参数会被设为DefaultId
这个用viewbag给title赋值就能很明显看出
- ViewBag.Title = RouteData.Values["id"];
结果是标题显示为DefaultId, 注意要在控制器里面赋值,在视图赋值没法编译的。
4.再述默认路由
然后再回到默认路由。 UrlParameter.Optional这个叫可选URL段.路由里没有这个参数的话id为null。 照原文大致说法,这个可选URL段能用来实现一个关注点的分离。刚才在路由里直接设定参数默认值其实不是很好。照我的理解,实际参数是用户发来的,我们做的只是定义形式参数名。但是,如果硬要给参数赋默认值的话,建议用语法糖写到action参数里面。比如:
- public ActionResult Index(string id = "abcd"){ViewBag.Title = RouteData.Values["id"];return View();}
5.可变长度路由
- routes.MapRoute("MyRoute", "{controller}/{action}/{id}/{*catchall}", new { controller = "Home", action = "Index", id = UrlParameter.Optional });
在这里id和最后一段都是可变的,所以 /Home/Index/dabdafdaf 等效于 /Home/Index//abcdefdjldfiaeahfoeiho 等效于 /Home/Index/All/Delete/Perm/.....
6.跨命名空间路由
这个提醒一下记得引用命名空间,开启IIS网站不然就是404。这个非常非主流,不建议瞎搞。
- routes.MapRoute("MyRoute","{controller}/{action}/{id}/{*catchall}", new { controller = "Home", action = "Index", id = UrlParameter.Optional },new[] { "URLsAndRoutes.AdditionalControllers", "UrlsAndRoutes.Controllers" });
但是这样写的话数组排名不分先后的,如果有多个匹配的路由会报错。 然后作者提出了一种改进写法。
- routes.MapRoute("AddContollerRoute","Home/{action}/{id}/{*catchall}",new { controller = "Home", action = "Index", id = UrlParameter.Optional },new[] { "URLsAndRoutes.AdditionalControllers" });
- routes.MapRoute("MyRoute", "{controller}/{action}/{id}/{*catchall}", new { controller = "Home", action = "Index", id = UrlParameter.Optional },new[] { "URLsAndRoutes.Controllers" });
这样第一个URL段不是Home的都交给第二个处理 最后还可以设定这个路由找不到的话就不给后面的路由留后路啦,也就不再往下找啦。
- Route myRoute = routes.MapRoute("AddContollerRoute",
- "Home/{action}/{id}/{*catchall}",
- new { controller = "Home", action = "Index", id = UrlParameter.Optional },
- new[] { "URLsAndRoutes.AdditionalControllers" }); myRoute.DataTokens["UseNamespaceFallback"] = false;
7.正则表达式匹配路由
- routes.MapRoute("MyRoute", "{controller}/{action}/{id}/{*catchall}",
- new { controller = "Home", action = "Index", id = UrlParameter.Optional },
- new { controller = "^H.*"},
- new[] { "URLsAndRoutes.Controllers"});
约束多个URL
- routes.MapRoute("MyRoute", "{controller}/{action}/{id}/{*catchall}",
- new { controller = "Home", action = "Index", id = UrlParameter.Optional },
- new { controller = "^H.*", action = "^Index$|^About$"},
- new[] { "URLsAndRoutes.Controllers"});
8.指定请求方法
- routes.MapRoute("MyRoute", "{controller}/{action}/{id}/{*catchall}",
- new { controller = "Home", action = "Index", id = UrlParameter.Optional },
- new { controller = "^H.*", action = "Index|About", httpMethod = new HttpMethodConstraint("GET") },
- new[] { "URLsAndRoutes.Controllers" });
9.最后还是不爽的话自己写个类实现 IRouteConstraint的匹配方法。
- using System;
- using System.Collections.Generic;
- using System.Linq;
- using System.Web;
- using System.Web.Routing;
- /// <summary>
- /// If the standard constraints are not sufficient for your needs, you can define your own custom constraints by implementing the IRouteConstraint interface.
- /// </summary>
- public class UserAgentConstraint : IRouteConstraint
- {
- private string requiredUserAgent;
- public UserAgentConstraint(string agentParam)
- {
- requiredUserAgent = agentParam;
- }
- public bool Match(HttpContextBase httpContext, Route route, string parameterName,
- RouteValueDictionary values, RouteDirection routeDirection)
- {
- return httpContext.Request.UserAgent != null &&
- httpContext.Request.UserAgent.Contains(requiredUserAgent);
- }
- }
- routes.MapRoute("ChromeRoute", "{*catchall}",
- new { controller = "Home", action = "Index" },
- new { customConstraint = new UserAgentConstraint("Chrome") },
- new[] { "UrlsAndRoutes.AdditionalControllers" });
比如这个就用来匹配是否是用谷歌浏览器访问网页的。
10.访问本地文档
- routes.RouteExistingFiles = true;
- routes.MapRoute("DiskFile", "Content/StaticContent.html", new { controller = "Customer", action = "List", });
浏览网站,以开启 IIS Express,然后点显示所有应用程序-点击网站名称-配置(applicationhost.config)-搜索UrlRoutingModule节点
- <add name="UrlRoutingModule-4.0" type="System.Web.Routing.UrlRoutingModule" preCondition="managedHandler,runtimeVersionv4.0" />
把这个节点里的preCondition删除,变成
- <add name="UrlRoutingModule-4.0" type="System.Web.Routing.UrlRoutingModule" preCondition="" />
11.直接访问本地资源,绕过了路由系统
- routes.IgnoreRoute("Content/{filename}.html");
文件名还可以用 {filename}占位符。
IgnoreRoute方法是RouteCollection里面StopRoutingHandler类的一个实例。路由系统通过硬-编码识别这个Handler。如果这个规则匹配的话,后面的规则都无效了。 这也就是默认的路由里面routes.IgnoreRoute("{resource}.axd/{*pathInfo}");写最前面的原因。
三、路由测试(在测试项目的基础上,要装moq)
- PM> Install-Package Moq
- using System;
- using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
- using System.Web;
- using Moq;
- using System.Web.Routing;
- using System.Reflection;
- [TestClass]
- public class RoutesTest
- {
- private HttpContextBase CreateHttpContext(string targetUrl = null, string HttpMethod = "GET")
- {
- // create the mock request
- Mock<HttpRequestBase> mockRequest = new Mock<HttpRequestBase>();
- mockRequest.Setup(m => m.AppRelativeCurrentExecutionFilePath)
- .Returns(targetUrl);
- mockRequest.Setup(m => m.HttpMethod).Returns(HttpMethod);
- // create the mock response
- Mock<HttpResponseBase> mockResponse = new Mock<HttpResponseBase>();
- mockResponse.Setup(m => m.ApplyAppPathModifier(
- It.IsAny<string>())).Returns<string>(s => s);
- // create the mock context, using the request and response
- Mock<HttpContextBase> mockContext = new Mock<HttpContextBase>();
- mockContext.Setup(m => m.Request).Returns(mockRequest.Object);
- mockContext.Setup(m => m.Response).Returns(mockResponse.Object);
- // return the mocked context
- return mockContext.Object;
- }
- private void TestRouteMatch(string url, string controller, string action, object routeProperties = null, string httpMethod = "GET")
- {
- // Arrange
- RouteCollection routes = new RouteCollection();
- RouteConfig.RegisterRoutes(routes);
- // Act - process the route
- RouteData result = routes.GetRouteData(CreateHttpContext(url, httpMethod));
- // Assert
- Assert.IsNotNull(result);
- Assert.IsTrue(TestIncomingRouteResult(result, controller, action, routeProperties));
- }
- private bool TestIncomingRouteResult(RouteData routeResult, string controller, string action, object propertySet = null)
- {
- Func<object, object, bool> valCompare = (v1, v2) =>
- {
- return StringComparer.InvariantCultureIgnoreCase
- .Compare(v1, v2) == 0;
- };
- bool result = valCompare(routeResult.Values["controller"], controller)
- && valCompare(routeResult.Values["action"], action);
- if (propertySet != null)
- {
- PropertyInfo[] propInfo = propertySet.GetType().GetProperties();
- foreach (PropertyInfo pi in propInfo)
- {
- if (!(routeResult.Values.ContainsKey(pi.Name)
- && valCompare(routeResult.Values[pi.Name],
- pi.GetValue(propertySet, null))))
- {
- result = false;
- break;
- }
- }
- }
- return result;
- }
- private void TestRouteFail(string url)
- {
- // Arrange
- RouteCollection routes = new RouteCollection();
- RouteConfig.RegisterRoutes(routes);
- // Act - process the route
- RouteData result = routes.GetRouteData(CreateHttpContext(url));
- // Assert
- Assert.IsTrue(result == null || result.Route == null);
- }
- [TestMethod]
- public void TestIncomingRoutes()
- {
- // check for the URL that we hope to receive
- TestRouteMatch("~/Admin/Index", "Admin", "Index");
- // check that the values are being obtained from the segments
- TestRouteMatch("~/One/Two", "One", "Two");
- // ensure that too many or too few segments fails to match
- TestRouteFail("~/Admin/Index/Segment");//失败
- TestRouteFail("~/Admin");//失败
- TestRouteMatch("~/", "Home", "Index");
- TestRouteMatch("~/Customer", "Customer", "Index");
- TestRouteMatch("~/Customer/List", "Customer", "List");
- TestRouteFail("~/Customer/List/All");//失败
- TestRouteMatch("~/Customer/List/All", "Customer", "List", new { id = "All" });
- TestRouteMatch("~/Customer/List/All/Delete", "Customer", "List", new { id = "All", catchall = "Delete" });
- TestRouteMatch("~/Customer/List/All/Delete/Perm", "Customer", "List", new { id = "All", catchall = "Delete/Perm" });
- }
- }
最后还是再推荐一下Adam Freeman写的apress.pro.asp.net.mvc.4这本书。稍微熟悉MVC的从第二部分开始读好了。
【编辑推荐】
- 使用静态路由的优点
- 链路状态路由协议
- 互联网流量超出路由器上限 未来数周或断网
史上最全的ASP.NET MVC路由配置