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2024-08-12 06:28:05   213人阅读

转自：oracle TDE学习系列 (1) — wallet 使用管理

关于oracle wallet，通常称为oracle钱夹，说的通俗一点，oracle wallet是一个用口令加密的PKCS#12文件，PKCS#12是一个个人信息交换的语法标准，该公钥密码标准由RSA security 涉及和发布。我们知道11g的表空间加密依赖于oracle wallet以及wallet中的密钥，对于wallet分为如下2种：1. 手动打开的wallet （每次数据库启动以后，需要手动打开wallet）2. 启动打开的wallet （每次数据库启动以后会启动打开）如何设置数据库启动以后wallet启启动呢？很简单，通过owm去修改属性即可。如果是DG环境，oracle推荐使自动的wallet（11g TDE支持dataguard）创建wallet的方法分别有如下几种：  --> 手动调用OWM 进行GUI图形界面进行操作  --> 手工运行mkstore命令创建  --> alter system set encryption key identified by "xxxxx";当然我这里图方便直接调用OWM进行创建了，如果是用mkstore命令，那么如下：  --> mkstore -wrl /home/ora11g/admin/roger/wallet -create  --> 输入密码（此时的密码是主密钥）  --> 确认密码我们这里已经有一个wallet，所以我就直接打开即可，如下：
 
SQL> ALTER SYSTEM SET ENCRYPTION KEY IDENTIFIED BY "roger007~!@";ALTER SYSTEM SET ENCRYPTION KEY IDENTIFIED BY "roger007~!@"*ERROR at line 1:ORA-28368: cannot auto-CREATE wallet
如果出现上面错误，那么可以说手工指定wallet路径，添加如下信息到sqlnet.ora中：
 
NAMES.DIRECTORY_PATH=(TNSNAMES,EZCONNECT)ENCRYPTION_WALLET_LOCATION=(SOURCE=(METHOD=FILE)(METHOD_DATA=http://www.mamicode.com/(DIRECTORY=/home/ora11g/admin/roger/wallet )))
当然，这里的method_data路径必须存在，否则会报错：
 
SQL> ALTER SYSTEM SET ENCRYPTION KEY IDENTIFIED BY "roger007~!@";ALTER SYSTEM SET ENCRYPTION KEY IDENTIFIED BY "roger007~!@"*ERROR at line 1:ORA-28368: cannot auto-CREATE wallet
错误依旧，突然发现该目录是不存在的，手工mkdir创建以下，即可：
 
[ora11g@11gr2test admin]$ mkdir -p  /home/ora11g/admin/roger/wallet SQL> ALTER SYSTEM SET ENCRYPTION KEY IDENTIFIED BY "roger007~!@"; System altered.
下面我们手工通过mkstore命令来看看（如下操作我是10204环境中进行）：
 
[ora10g@killdb ~]$ mkstore -wrl $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin/wallet -create Enter password: ****** Enter password again: ****** ==== 这里我输入的wallet密码是www.killdb.com ====  ==== 将数据库用户roger用户认证信息加入到wallet进行管理 ====  [ora10g@killdb admin]$ cat tnsnames.ora # tnsnames.ora Network Configuration File: /home/ora10g/product/10.2//network/admin/tnsnames.ora# Generated by Oracle configuration tools. TEST_10G =  (DESCRIPTION =    (ADDRESS_LIST =      (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.2.110)(PORT = 1521))    )    (CONNECT_DATA =      http://www.mamicode.com/(SERVICE_NAME = roger)>
[ora10g@killdb admin]$ mkstore -wrl $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin/wallet -createCredential  TEST_10G roger "roger" Enter wallet password: ****** Create credential oracle.security.client.connect_string1 ==== 这里输入的wallet同样是我们前面的www.killdb.com ====  [ora10g@killdb admin]$ mkstore -wrl $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin/wallet -createCredential  TEST_10G scott "tiger" Enter wallet password:    Create credential Secret Store error occured: oracle.security.pki.OracleSecretStoreException: Credential already exists ==== 报错了，提示存在？====
google了一下，原理是每个连接字符串只能对应一个数据库用户，那我们就收工在tnsnames.ora中再添加一个即可，如下：
 
[ora10g@killdb admin]$ cat tnsnames.ora # tnsnames.ora Network Configuration File: /home/ora10g/product/10.2//network/admin/tnsnames.ora# Generated by Oracle configuration tools. TEST_10G =  (DESCRIPTION =    (ADDRESS_LIST =      (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.2.110)(PORT = 1521))    )    (CONNECT_DATA =      http://www.mamicode.com/(SERVICE_NAME = roger)>
[ora10g@killdb admin]$ mkstore -wrl $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin/wallet -createCredential  TEST_SCOTT scott "tiger" Enter wallet password: ****** Create credential oracle.security.client.connect_string2 ==== 创建成功 ====  ==== 到这里可能有人会问，如何知道哪些用户认证加到wallet了呢？oracle当然也提供了命令，如下：====  [ora10g@killdb admin]$ mkstore -wrl $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin/wallet -listCredential Enter wallet password: ******    List credential (index: connect_string username)1: TEST_10G roger2: TEST_SCOTT scott
我们可以发现，目前有2个数据库用户认证加入到wallet了，那么有什么用处呢？请看：首先我们还得修改sqlnet.ora，添加如下内容：
 
[ora10g@killdb admin]$ cat sqlnet.ora SQLNET.WALLET_OVERRIDE=TRUENAMES.DIRECTORY_PATH=(TNSNAMES,EZCONNECT)WALLET_LOCATION=(SOURCE=(METHOD=FILE)(METHOD_DATA=http://www.mamicode.com/(DIRECTORY=/home/ora10g/product/10.2/network/admin/wallet)))
[ora10g@killdb admin]$ sqlplus /@test_scott SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.5.0 - Production ON Wed Oct 12 08:26:27 2011Copyright (c) 1982, 2010, Oracle.  ALL Rights Reserved. Connected TO:Oracle DATABASE 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.5.0 - ProductionWITH the Partitioning, OLAP, DATA Mining AND REAL Application Testing options SQL> SHOW USERUSER IS "SCOTT" ==== 我们可以发现，实现无密码登陆 ====  到最后，我想大家会跟我一样还会有个疑问，那就是：如果scott用户更改密码了呢？那还会有用吗？如果没用的话，是不是需要重建用户的认证呢？答案是否，oracle还提供了MODIFY功能，如下： SQL> SHOW USERUSER IS "SCOTT" SQL> ALTER USER scott IDENTIFIED BY scott; USER altered. SQL> exit Disconnected FROM Oracle DATABASE 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.5.0 - ProductionWITH the Partitioning, OLAP, DATA Mining AND REAL Application Testing options [ora10g@killdb admin]$ sqlplus /@test_scott SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.5.0 - Production ON Wed Oct 12 08:29:41 2011 Copyright (c) 1982, 2010, Oracle.  ALL Rights Reserved. ERROR:ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied Enter user-name:   ==== 下面进行修改wallet中的scott用户密码认证：====  [ora10g@killdb admin]$ mkstore -wrl $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin/wallet/ -modifyCredential TEST_SCOTT scott "scott" Enter wallet password:    MODIFY credential MODIFY 2 [ora10g@killdb admin]$ sqlplus /@test_scott SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.5.0 - Production ON Wed Oct 12 08:31:51 2011Copyright (c) 1982, 2010, Oracle.  ALL Rights Reserved. Connected TO:Oracle DATABASE 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.5.0 - ProductionWITH the Partitioning, OLAP, DATA Mining AND REAL Application Testing options ==== 既然有了MODIFY，那是否有DELETE呢？当然有，如下：====  [ora10g@killdb admin]$ mkstore -wrl $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin/wallet/ -deleteCredential TEST_SCOTT Enter wallet password: ****** DELETE credential DELETE 2 [ora10g@killdb admin]$ mkstore -wrl $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin/wallet -listCredential Enter wallet password: ******   List credential (INDEX: connect_string username)1: TEST_10G roger
最后来看看如何设置新的密钥？首先这里我们要弄清楚2个概念：wallet密码跟我们这里要修改的master key不是一个东西，wallet密码仅仅是你登陆owm或进行wallet时需要输入的密码，而master key是存在wallet中，用于加密解密数据库的加密列或加密表空间的。另外还有一个表密钥，如果一个表有多个列需要进行加密，那么在该表上也只会生成一个表级密钥，当前段用户从该表中取回数据时，会首先取出表密钥然后再取出存在wallet中的master key进行对表密钥的解密，最后用解密后的表密钥去解密加密的列或表空间数据，最终返回明文数据给用户。更改wallet key很简单，可以通过owm gui界面进行或如下命令：orapki wallet change_pwd -wallet <wallet_location>这里主要测试下master key的更改。
 
SQL> SELECT * FROM V$ENCRYPTION_WALLET; WRL_TYPE             WRL_PARAMETER                                                STATUS-------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------ ---------file                 /home/ora10g/product/10.2/network/admin/wallet               CLOSED SQL> ALTER system SET encryption wallet OPEN IDENTIFIED BY "www.killdb.com"; System altered. SQL> SELECT * FROM V$ENCRYPTION_WALLET; WRL_TYPE             WRL_PARAMETER                                                STATUS-------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------ ---------file                 /home/ora10g/product/10.2/network/admin/wallet               OPEN SQL> conn roger/rogerConnected. SQL> CREATE TABLE ht01 (id NUMBER ENCRYPT,name varchar2(10));CREATE TABLE ht01 (id NUMBER ENCRYPT,name varchar2(10))*ERROR at line 1:ORA-28361: master KEY NOT yet SET  SQL> ALTER system SET encryption KEY IDENTIFIED BY "www.killdb.com"; System altered. SQL> CREATE TABLE ht01 (id NUMBER ENCRYPT,name varchar2(10)); TABLE created. SQL> INSERT INTO ht01 VALUES(1314,‘killdb‘); 1 ROW created. SQL> commit; Commit complete. SQL> SELECT * FROM DBA_ENCRYPTED_COLUMNS; OWNER        TABLE_NAME       COLUMN_NAME      ENCRYPTION_ALG                SAL INTEGRITY_AL------------ ---------------- ---------------- ----------------------------- --- ------------ROGER        HT01             ID               AES 192 bits KEY              YES SHA-1 SQL> ALTER system SET encryption KEY  IDENTIFIED BY "oraclemaster";ALTER system SET encryption KEY  IDENTIFIED BY "oraclemaster"*ERROR at line 1:ORA-28353: failed TO OPEN wallet SQL>  SELECT * FROM V$ENCRYPTION_WALLET; WRL_TYPE             WRL_PARAMETER                                                STATUS-------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------ ---------file                 /home/ora10g/product/10.2/network/admin/wallet               CLOSED SQL> ALTER system SET encryption wallet OPEN IDENTIFIED BY "www.killdb.com"; System altered. SQL> SELECT * FROM V$ENCRYPTION_WALLET; WRL_TYPE             WRL_PARAMETER                                                STATUS-------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------ ---------file                 /home/ora10g/product/10.2/network/admin/wallet               OPEN SQL>  SELECT obj#, mkeyid FROM sys.enc$;       OBJ# MKEYID---------- ----------------------------------------------------------------     51809 AcNbIDu9IE+6vzrrVp/L4qcAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA SQL> SELECT owner,object_name FROM dba_objects WHERE object_id=51809; OWNER                          OBJECT_NAME------------------------------ --------------------------------------------ROGER                          HT01 SQL> SELECT obj#, mkeyid FROM sys.enc$;       OBJ# MKEYID---------- ----------------------------------------------------------------     51809 AcNbIDu9IE+6vzrrVp/L4qcAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA SQL> SHOW USERUSER IS "ROGER" SQL> ALTER system SET encryption KEY IDENTIFIED BY "www.killdb.com"; System altered. SQL> SELECT a.owner, object_name, b.mkeyid  2    FROM sys.dba_objects a, sys.enc$ b  3   WHERE a.object_id = b.obj#; OWNER     OBJECT_NAME     MKEYID--------- --------------- -------------------------------------------------------ROGER     HT01            AUkm6RyZ2084v/KP0PwFGUwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA SQL>  ++++ 我们可以看到，master KEY已经更改。++++++++ 当然，当我们更改了master KEY以后，我们最好也同时更改下表级密钥。++++ SQL> SELECT * FROM ht01;         ID NAME---------- ----------      1314 killdb SQL> ALTER TABLE ht01  rekey; TABLE altered. SQL> SELECT * FROM ht01;         ID NAME---------- ----------      1314 killdb SQL> SELECT a.owner, object_name, b.mkeyid  2    FROM sys.dba_objects a, sys.enc$ b  3   WHERE a.object_id = b.obj#; OWNER              OBJECT_NAME     MKEYID------------------ --------------- -------------------------------------------------------ROGER              HT01            AUkm6RyZ2084v/KP0PwFGUwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA SQL> ALTER TABLE ht01  rekey; TABLE altered. SQL> SELECT a.owner, object_name, b.mkeyid  2    FROM sys.dba_objects a, sys.enc$ b  3   WHERE a.object_id = b.obj#; OWNER              OBJECT_NAME     MKEYID------------------ --------------- -------------------------------------------------------ROGER              HT01            AUkm6RyZ2084v/KP0PwFGUwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA  +++++ 既然wallet如此重要，那如何备份wallet？++++++ SQL> ALTER system SET encryption wallet close IDENTIFIED BY "www.killdb.com";ALTER system SET encryption wallet close IDENTIFIED BY "www.killdb.com"                                         *ERROR at line 1:ORA-28364: invalid wallet operation SQL> ALTER system SET wallet close; System altered. SQL> ALTER system SET wallet close; System altered. SQL> !
[ora10g@killdb ~]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/net*/admin[ora10g@killdb admin]$ ls -ltr total 48-rw-r--r--  1 ora10g oinstall  172 Dec 26  2003 shrept.lstdrwxr-x---  2 ora10g oinstall 4096 Sep 24 05:11 samplesdrwx------  2 ora10g oinstall 4096 Oct 12 08:06 wallet-rw-r--r--  1 ora10g oinstall  488 Oct 12 08:08 listener.ora-rw-r--r--  1 ora10g oinstall  712 Oct 12 08:20 tnsnames.ora-rw-r--r--  1 ora10g oinstall  181 Oct 12 08:25 sqlnet.ora [ora10g@killdb admin]$ mv wallet wallet_old[ora10g@killdb admin]$ ls -ltr total 48-rw-r--r--  1 ora10g oinstall  172 Dec 26  2003 shrept.lstdrwxr-x---  2 ora10g oinstall 4096 Sep 24 05:11 samplesdrwx------  2 ora10g oinstall 4096 Oct 12 08:06 wallet_old-rw-r--r--  1 ora10g oinstall  488 Oct 12 08:08 listener.ora-rw-r--r--  1 ora10g oinstall  712 Oct 12 08:20 tnsnames.ora-rw-r--r--  1 ora10g oinstall  181 Oct 12 08:25 sqlnet.ora [ora10g@killdb admin]$ exitexit
SQL> SELECT * FROM roger.ht01;SELECT * FROM roger.ht01                    *ERROR at line 1:ORA-28365: wallet IS NOT OPEN  SQL> ALTER system SET encryption wallet OPEN IDENTIFIED BY "www.killdb.com";ALTER system SET encryption wallet OPEN IDENTIFIED BY "www.killdb.com"*ERROR at line 1:ORA-28367: wallet does NOT exist SQL> !  [ora10g@killdb ~]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/net*/admin[ora10g@killdb admin]$ mv wallet_old wallet[ora10g@killdb admin]$ exitexit SQL> ALTER system SET encryption wallet OPEN IDENTIFIED BY "www.killdb.com"; System altered. SQL> SELECT * FROM roger.ht01;         ID NAME---------- ----------      1314 killdb ==== 对于wallet的备份，我们可以直接拷贝即可如下，当然我这里直接mv测试：====  [ora10g@killdb admin]$ cp -r wallet wallet_20111113
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