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便利构造器 单例模式

1.在声明时指定setter或getter方法,则用点运算符方法调用时默认调用的就是自己指定的方法
2.单例:唯一性,如:主席,同一时间只能有一个
3.便利构造器和单例模式
4.-减号代表实例方法,即对象方法,只能由对象调用
  +加号代表类方法,由类调用,不依赖于具体对象,相当于由static声明的方法,空间开辟先于其他方法,程序一加载就开辟空间
5.多参函数
-(void)setName:(NSString *)newName
              andAge:(int )newAge
       andAddress:(NSString *)newAddress
          andHobby:(NSString *)newHobby;
方便赋值使用,用这样一个方法同时赋值给多个实例变量。单用这个方法不方便在主函数中输出,主函数输出还是用点方法调用属性比较方便。
6.id代表任意类型指针,好比c中的(void *)
7.-(Student *)initName:(NSString *)newName//:冒号左边是方法名,右边是形参
        andAge:(int)newAge
    andAddress:(NSString *)newAddress
      andHobby:(NSString *)newHobby
{
    self=[super init];//父类初始化,再赋值给self
if(self){   //如果self非空,即父类初始化并给子类赋值成功,进入if判断语句
    self.name=newName;//用self指向调用函数传递过来的对象,self直接指向调用对象,不用再开辟空间
    if (newAge<18) {
        newAge=18;
    }
    self.age=newAge;
    self.address=newAddress;
    self.hobby=newHobby;
   }
    return self;   //如果没有进入if判断体,会返回一个空指针nil
}
self 代表当前调用对象,即哪个对象调用该方法,self就指向哪个对象,方法返回值为Student 类的对象,返回的是指向对象的指针,这里是self,即调用该方法的对象
8.便利构造器(工厂模式)
 +(id)studentWithName:(NSString *)newName//id代表任意类型指针,这里代表Student *,类方法
              andAge:(int)newAge
          andAddress:(NSString *)newAddress
            andHobby:(NSString *)newHobby
{
    Student *stu=[[Student alloc]initName:newName andAge:newAge andAddress:newAddress andHobby:newHobby];
    return [stu autorelease];//自动释放
}
9.单例模式
用static声明对象指针  static  Singleton *st;
(+)加号方法中,判断如果对象指针为nil,则开辟空间并初始化,返回单例对象指针
@implementation Singleton
static  Singleton *st;
+(id)instance{
@synchronized(self){  //关键字,同步,表示同一时间只能有一个线程在访问
if(!st){
st=[[Singleton alloc]init];
}
return  st;
}
}
个人理解:单例就是一种创建对象的方法,定义静态的类对象st,通过类方法来创建对象时,返回的是定义好的那个静态指针,所以内存地址是不变的。再调用此类方法创建对象时,指向的是同一块内存,因为方法中有判断语句,只要指针st非空,就直接返回指针st。

课上代码:
**************************************************************************
//  Student.h
//  oc_class3便利构造器和单例模式
//
//  Created by stjy on 13-1-17.
//  Copyright (c) 2013年 stjy. All rights reserved.
//

#import

@interface Student : NSObject
@property(assign,nonatomic)int age;
@property(retain,nonatomic) NSString *name,*address,*hobby;
+(id)instanceofStudent;
//方法功能是:给学生对象中的属性赋指定的值
//-减号代表实例方法,即方法只能由对象调用,方法名是setName:andAge:andAddress:andHobby:
//方法返回值是void
//方法形参(NSString *)newName 表示学生姓名,(int)newAge 表示学生年龄,(NSString *)newAddress 表示学生住址,(NSString *)newHobby 表示学生爱好。
-(void)setName:(NSString *)newName//:冒号左边是方法名,右边是形参
        andAge:(int)newAge
    andAddress:(NSString *)newAddress
      andHobby:(NSString *)newHobby;
//方法功能:针对学生类的自定义初始化函数,指定初始化内容,返回值为Student *,表示返回一个可用的学生对象
-(Student *)initName:(NSString *)newName//:冒号左边是方法名,右边是形参
        andAge:(int)newAge
    andAddress:(NSString *)newAddress
      andHobby:(NSString *)newHobby;
// 针对学生类的便利构造函数,方便创建学生对象的函数,省略了alloc init,(+)加号表示该方法是类方法,即只能由类名调用,由于相关对象未生成,但是我们想调用相关方法,只能调用类方法。方法名前缀一点是类名,首字 母小写studentWithName:andAge:andAddress:andHobby:。返回值id,表示返回的是任意类型的oc指针对象(很 像c中的void *)
+(id)studentWithName:(NSString *)newName//id代表任意类型指针,这里代表Student *
              andAge:(int)newAge
          andAddress:(NSString *)newAddress
            andHobby:(NSString *)newHobby;
-(void) sayHi;
@end




//
//  Student.m
//  oc_class3便利构造器和单例模式
//
//  Created by stjy on 13-1-17.
//  Copyright (c) 2013年 stjy. All rights reserved.
//

#import "Student.h"

@implementation Student
@synthesize age=_age,name=_name,address=_address,hobby=_hobby;
static Student *instance;
+(id)instanceofStudent{
    @synchronized(self){  //关键字,同步,表示同一时间只能有一个线程在访问。这里括号里的self是指针对谁同步,相当于属性里的atomic
        if (instance==nil) {
            instance=[[Student alloc]init];
        }
        return instance;
    }
}
-(void)setName:(NSString *)newName//:冒号左边是方法名,右边是形参
        andAge:(int)newAge
    andAddress:(NSString *)newAddress
      andHobby:(NSString *)newHobby
{
    _name=newName;
    if (newAge<18) {
        newAge=18;
    }
    _age=newAge;
    _address=newAddress;
    _hobby=newHobby;
}
-(Student *)initName:(NSString *)newName//:冒号左边是方法名,右边是形参
        andAge:(int)newAge
    andAddress:(NSString *)newAddress
      andHobby:(NSString *)newHobby
{
//    Student *stu =[Student alloc];
//    stu.name=newName;
//    if (newAge<18) {
//        newAge=18;
//    }
//    stu.age=newAge;
//    stu.address=newAddress;
//    stu.hobby=newHobby;
//    return stu;
    self=[super init];//通过父类初始化,初始化self继承的相关实例变量和实例方法
    if (self) {    //如果self非空,即父类初始化并给子类赋值成功,进入if判断语句
         self.name=newName;//用self指向调用函数传递过来的对象,self直接指向调用对象,不用再开辟空间
        if (newAge<18) {
            newAge=18;
        }
        self.age=newAge;
        self.address=newAddress;
        self.hobby=newHobby;
    }
    return self; //如果没有进入if判断体,会返回一个空指针nil

}
//便利构造器
+(id)studentWithName:(NSString *)newName//id代表任意类型指针,这里代表Student *,类方法
              andAge:(int)newAge
          andAddress:(NSString *)newAddress
            andHobby:(NSString *)newHobby
{
    Student *stu=[[Student alloc]initName:newName andAge:newAge andAddress:newAddress andHobby:newHobby];
    return [stu autorelease];//自动释放
}
-(void) sayHi{
    NSLog(@"我的名字叫%@,今年%d,来自%@,爱好%@",_name,_age,_address,_hobby);
}
@end

**************************************************************************
#import "Student.h"

#import

int main(int argc, const char * argv[])
{

    @autoreleasepool {
        Student *stu=[[Student alloc]init];
        [stu setName:@"zzh" andAge:20 andAddress:@"保定" andHobby:@"reading"];
        [stu sayHi];
        Student *stu2=[[Student alloc]initName:@"zht" andAge:21 andAddress:@"廊坊" andHobby:@"study"];//调用函数,直接开辟空间并赋值
        [stu2 sayHi];
        Student *stu3=[Student studentWithName:@"mmm" andAge:19 andAddress:@"石家庄" andHobby:@"playing"];
        [stu3 sayHi];
        //单例stu4/stu5/stu6
        Student *stu4=[Student instanceofStudent];//stu4/stu5/stu6指向的是同一块地址,赋值也相对于在给同一个值赋值。这就是单例,永远都只有一个对象
        stu4.name=@"白云";
        stu4.age=20;
        Student *stu5=[Student instanceofStudent];
        Student *stu6=[Student instanceofStudent];
        [stu5 sayHi];
        [stu6 sayHi];
    }
    return 0;
}


**************************************************************************







课件作业
**************************************************************************
父类


//
//  Men.h
//  课件作业
//
//  Created by stjy on 13-1-20.
//  Copyright (c) 2013年 huibao_er. All rights reserved.
//

#import

@interface Men : NSObject
@property(retain,nonatomic)NSString *name,*sex,*job;
@property(assign,nonatomic)int age;

-(void)sayHi;
+(id) menWithName:(NSString *) aName
           andSex:(NSString *) aSex
           andAge:(int)anAge
           andJob:(NSString *)aJob;

-(id)initWithName:(NSString *) aName
           andSex:(NSString *) aSex
           andAge:(int)anAge
           andJob:(NSString *)aJob;

@end





//
//  Men.m
//  课件作业
//
//  Created by stjy on 13-1-20.
//  Copyright (c) 2013年 huibao_er. All rights reserved.
//

#import "Men.h"

@implementation Men
@synthesize name,sex,age,job;


-(id)initWithName:(NSString *) aName
           andSex:(NSString *) aSex
           andAge:(int)anAge
           andJob:(NSString *)aJob
{
    if (self=[super init]) {
        self.name=aName;
        self.sex=aSex;
        self.age=anAge;
        if (self.age>100||self.age<0) {
            self.age=18;
        }
        self.job=aJob;
    }
    return self;
  
}//初始化方法

+(id) menWithName:(NSString *) aName
           andSex:(NSString *) aSex
           andAge:(int)anAge
           andJob:(NSString *)aJob
{
    Men *man=[[Men alloc]initWithName:aName andSex:aSex andAge:anAge andJob:aJob];
    return [man autorelease];
}




-(void)sayHi
{
    NSLog(@"我叫%@,性别是%@,年龄是%d,工作是%@。",self.name,self.sex,self.age,self.job);
}

@end
************************************************************************
//
//  King.h
//  课件作业
//
//  Created by stjy on 13-1-20.
//  Copyright (c) 2013年 huibao_er. All rights reserved.
//

#import
#import "Men.h"

@interface King : Men

+(id)instanceOfKing;
@end


//
//  King.m
//  课件作业
//
//  Created by stjy on 13-1-20.
//  Copyright (c) 2013年 huibao_er. All rights reserved.
//

#import "King.h"

@implementation King

static King *instance;
+(id)instanceOfKing
{
    @synchronized(self)
    {
        if (instance==nil) {
            instance=[[King alloc]init];
        }
        return instance;
    }
}//单例模式

@end
**************************************************************************
//
//  Worker.h
//  课件作业
//
//  Created by stjy on 13-1-20.
//  Copyright (c) 2013年 huibao_er. All rights reserved.
//

#import "Men.h"

@interface Worker : Men

@end




//
//  Worker.m
//  课件作业
//
//  Created by stjy on 13-1-20.
//  Copyright (c) 2013年 huibao_er. All rights reserved.
//

#import "Worker.h"

@implementation Worker

@end
**********************************************************************

//
//  Farmer.h
//  课件作业
//
//  Created by stjy on 13-1-20.
//  Copyright (c) 2013年 huibao_er. All rights reserved.
//

#import "Men.h"

@interface Farmer : Men

@end



//
//  Farmer.m
//  课件作业
//
//  Created by stjy on 13-1-20.
//  Copyright (c) 2013年 huibao_er. All rights reserved.
//

#import "Farmer.h"

@implementation Farmer

@end
************************************************************************
//
//  Actor.h
//  课件作业
//
//  Created by stjy on 13-1-20.
//  Copyright (c) 2013年 huibao_er. All rights reserved.
//

#import "Men.h"

@interface Actor : Men

@end


//
//  Actor.m
//  课件作业
//
//  Created by stjy on 13-1-20.
//  Copyright (c) 2013年 huibao_er. All rights reserved.
//

#import "Actor.h"

@implementation Actor

@end
*************************************************************************

转自:http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_bf9eee6f0101h6nh.html

便利构造器 单例模式