>>> import datetime>>> from django.utils import timezone>>> from polls.models import Question>>> # create a Question instance with pub_date 30 days in the future>>> future_question = Question(pub_date=timezone.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=30))>>> # was it published recently?>>> future_question.was_published_recently()True

import datetimefrom django.utils import timezonefrom django.test import TestCasefrom .models import Questionclass QuestionMethodTests(TestCase):    def test_was_published_recently_with_future_question(self):        """        was_published_recently() should return False for questions whose        pub_date is in the future.        """        time = timezone.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=30)        future_question = Question(pub_date=time)        self.assertIs(future_question.was_published_recently(), False)

python manage.py test polls

Creating test database for alias ‘default‘...F======================================================================FAIL: test_was_published_recently_with_future_question (polls.tests.QuestionMethodTests)----------------------------------------------------------------------Traceback (most recent call last):  File "/path/to/mysite/polls/tests.py", line 16, in test_was_published_recently_with_future_question    self.assertIs(future_question.was_published_recently(), False)AssertionError: True is not False----------------------------------------------------------------------Ran 1 test in 0.001sFAILED (failures=1)Destroying test database for alias ‘default‘...

def was_published_recently(self):    now = timezone.now()    return now - datetime.timedelta(days=1) <= self.pub_date <= now

python manage.py test polls

Creating test database for alias ‘default‘....----------------------------------------------------------------------Ran 1 test in 0.001sOKDestroying test database for alias ‘default‘...

def test_was_published_recently_with_old_question(self):    """    was_published_recently() should return False for questions whose    pub_date is older than 1 day.    """    time = timezone.now() - datetime.timedelta(days=30)    old_question = Question(pub_date=time)    self.assertIs(old_question.was_published_recently(), False)def test_was_published_recently_with_recent_question(self):    """    was_published_recently() should return True for questions whose    pub_date is within the last day.    """    time = timezone.now() - datetime.timedelta(hours=1)    recent_question = Question(pub_date=time)    self.assertIs(recent_question.was_published_recently(), True)

>>> from django.test.utils import setup_test_environment>>> setup_test_environment()

>>> from django.test import Client>>> # create an instance of the client for our use>>> client = Client()
>>> # get a response from ‘/‘>>> response = client.get(‘/‘)>>> # we should expect a 404 from that address>>> response.status_code404>>> # on the other hand we should expect to find something at ‘/polls/‘>>> # we‘ll use ‘reverse()‘ rather than a hardcoded URL>>> from django.urls import reverse>>> response = client.get(reverse(‘polls:index‘))>>> response.status_code200>>> response.contentb‘\n    <ul>\n    \n        <li><a href="http://www.mamicode.com/polls/1/">What&#39;s up?</a></li>\n    \n    </ul>\n\n‘>>> # If the following doesn‘t work, you probably omitted the call to>>> # setup_test_environment() described above>>> response.context[‘latest_question_list‘]<QuerySet [<Question: What‘s up?>]>

class IndexView(generic.ListView):    template_name = ‘polls/index.html‘    context_object_name = ‘latest_question_list‘    def get_queryset(self):        """Return the last five published questions."""        return Question.objects.order_by(‘-pub_date‘)[:5]

def get_queryset(self):    """    Return the last five published questions (not including those set to be    published in the future).    """    return Question.objects.filter(        pub_date__lte=timezone.now()    ).order_by(‘-pub_date‘)[:5]

def create_question(question_text, days):    """    Creates a question with the given `question_text` and published the    given number of `days` offset to now (negative for questions published    in the past, positive for questions that have yet to be published).    """    time = timezone.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=days)    return Question.objects.create(question_text=question_text, pub_date=time)class QuestionViewTests(TestCase):    def test_index_view_with_no_questions(self):        """        If no questions exist, an appropriate message should be displayed.        """        response = self.client.get(reverse(‘polls:index‘))        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)        self.assertContains(response, "No polls are available.")        self.assertQuerysetEqual(response.context[‘latest_question_list‘], [])    def test_index_view_with_a_past_question(self):        """        Questions with a pub_date in the past should be displayed on the        index page.        """        create_question(question_text="Past question.", days=-30)        response = self.client.get(reverse(‘polls:index‘))        self.assertQuerysetEqual(            response.context[‘latest_question_list‘],            [‘<Question: Past question.>‘]        )    def test_index_view_with_a_future_question(self):        """        Questions with a pub_date in the future should not be displayed on        the index page.        """        create_question(question_text="Future question.", days=30)        response = self.client.get(reverse(‘polls:index‘))        self.assertContains(response, "No polls are available.")        self.assertQuerysetEqual(response.context[‘latest_question_list‘], [])    def test_index_view_with_future_question_and_past_question(self):        """        Even if both past and future questions exist, only past questions        should be displayed.        """        create_question(question_text="Past question.", days=-30)        create_question(question_text="Future question.", days=30)        response = self.client.get(reverse(‘polls:index‘))        self.assertQuerysetEqual(            response.context[‘latest_question_list‘],            [‘<Question: Past question.>‘]        )    def test_index_view_with_two_past_questions(self):        """        The questions index page may display multiple questions.        """        create_question(question_text="Past question 1.", days=-30)        create_question(question_text="Past question 2.", days=-5)        response = self.client.get(reverse(‘polls:index‘))        self.assertQuerysetEqual(            response.context[‘latest_question_list‘],            [‘<Question: Past question 2.>‘, ‘<Question: Past question 1.>‘]        )

class DetailView(generic.DetailView):    ...    def get_queryset(self):        """        Excludes any questions that aren‘t published yet.        """        return Question.objects.filter(pub_date__lte=timezone.now())

class QuestionIndexDetailTests(TestCase):    def test_detail_view_with_a_future_question(self):        """        The detail view of a question with a pub_date in the future should        return a 404 not found.        """        future_question = create_question(question_text=‘Future question.‘, days=5)        url = reverse(‘polls:detail‘, args=(future_question.id,))        response = self.client.get(url)        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)    def test_detail_view_with_a_past_question(self):        """        The detail view of a question with a pub_date in the past should        display the question‘s text.        """        past_question = create_question(question_text=‘Past Question.‘, days=-5)        url = reverse(‘polls:detail‘, args=(past_question.id,))        response = self.client.get(url)        self.assertContains(response, past_question.question_text)