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[LeetCode] Encode and Decode TinyURL 编码和解码小URL地址

 

Note: This is a companion problem to the System Design problem: Design TinyURL.

TinyURL is a URL shortening service where you enter a URL such as https://leetcode.com/problems/design-tinyurl and it returns a short URL such as http://tinyurl.com/4e9iAk.

Design the encode and decode methods for the TinyURL service. There is no restriction on how your encode/decode algorithm should work. You just need to ensure that a URL can be encoded to a tiny URL and the tiny URL can be decoded to the original URL.

 

这道题让我们编码和解码精简URL地址,这其实很有用,因为有的链接地址特别的长,就很烦,如果能精简成固定的长度,就很清爽。最简单的一种编码就是用个计数器,当前是第几个存入的url就编码成几,然后解码的时候也能根据数字来找到原来的url,参见代码如下:

 

解法一:

class Solution {public:    // Encodes a URL to a shortened URL.    string encode(string longUrl) {        url.push_back(longUrl);        return "http://tinyurl.com/" + to_string(url.size() - 1);    }    // Decodes a shortened URL to its original URL.    string decode(string shortUrl) {        auto pos = shortUrl.find_last_of("/");        return url[stoi(shortUrl.substr(pos + 1))];    }    private:    vector<string> url;};

 

上面这种方法虽然简单,但是缺点却很多,首先,如果接受到多次同一url地址,仍然会当错不同的url来处理。当然这个缺点可以通过将vector换成哈希表,每次先查找url是否已经存在。虽然这个缺点可以克服掉,但是由于是用计数器编码,那么当前服务器存了多少url就曝露出来了,也许会有安全隐患。而且计数器编码另一个缺点就是数字会不断的增大,那么编码的长度也就不是确定的了。而题目中明确推荐了使用六位随机字符来编码,那么我们只要在所有大小写字母和数字中随机产生6个字符就可以了,我们用哈希表建立6位字符和url之间的映射,如果随机生成的字符之前已经存在了,我们就继续随机生成新的字符串,直到生成了之前没有的字符串为止。下面的代码中使用了两个哈希表,目的是为了建立六位随机字符串和url之间的相互映射,这样进来大量的相同url时,就不用生成新的随机字符串了。当然,不加这个功能也能通过OJ,这道题的OJ基本上是形同虚设,两个函数分别直接返回参数字符串也能通过OJ,囧~

 

解法二:

class Solution {public:    Solution() {        dict = "0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ";        short2long.clear();        long2short.clear();        srand(time(NULL));    }    // Encodes a URL to a shortened URL.    string encode(string longUrl) {        if (long2short.count(longUrl)) {            return "http://tinyurl.com/" + long2short[longUrl];        }        int idx = 0, val = 0;        string randStr;        for (int i = 0; i < 6; ++i) randStr.push_back(dict[rand() % 62]);        while (short2long.count(randStr)) {            randStr[idx] = dict[rand() % 62];            idx = (idx + 1) % 5;        }        short2long[randStr] = longUrl;        long2short[longUrl] = randStr;        return "http://tinyurl.com/" + randStr;    }    // Decodes a shortened URL to its original URL.    string decode(string shortUrl) {        string randStr = shortUrl.substr(shortUrl.find_last_of("/") + 1);        return short2long.count(randStr) ? short2long[randStr] : shortUrl;    }    private:    unordered_map<string, string> short2long, long2short;    string dict;};

 

参考资料:

https://discuss.leetcode.com/topic/81637/two-solutions-and-thoughts/2

https://discuss.leetcode.com/topic/81736/c-solution-using-random-just-for-fun

 

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[LeetCode] Encode and Decode TinyURL 编码和解码小URL地址