Upon a homely object Love can wink.
—William Shakespeare, The Two Gentlemen of Verona

The simple types of JavaScript are numbers, strings, booleans (true and false), null,and undefined. All other values are objects. Numbers, strings, and booleans are object-like in that they have methods, but they are immutable. Objects in JavaScript are mutable keyed collections. In JavaScript, arrays are objects, functions are objects,regular expressions are objects, and, of course, objects are objects.

An object is a container of properties, where a property has a name and a value. A property name can be any string, including the empty string. A property value can be any JavaScript value except for undefined.

> var undefined_object = {...     name:undefined... }undefined> undefined_object{ name: undefined }> undefined_object.name === undefinedtrue

Objects in JavaScript are class-free. There is no constraint on the names of new properties or on the values of properties. Objects are useful for collecting and organizing data. Objects can contain other objects, so they can easily represent tree or graph structures.

JavaScript includes a prototype linkage feature that allows one object to inherit the properties of another. When used well, this can reduce object initialization time and memory consumption. 

Object Literals

Object literals provide a very convenient notation for creating new object values.An object literal is a pair of curly braces surrounding zero or more name/value pairs. An object literal can appear anywhere an expression can appear:

var empty_object = {};var stooge = {    "first-name": "Jerome",    "last-name": "Howard"};

> var empty_object = {};undefined> var stooge = {...     "first-name": "Jerome",...     "last-name": "Howard"... };undefined> empty_object{}> stooge{ ‘first-name‘: ‘Jerome‘,  ‘last-name‘: ‘Howard‘ }

A property’s name can be any string, including the empty string. The quotes around a property’s name in an object literal are optional if the name would be a legal JavaScript name and not a reserved word. So quotes are required around "first-name", but are optional around first_name. Commas are used to separate the pairs.

A property’s value can be obtained from any expression, including another object literal. Objects can nest:

var flight = {    airline: "Oceanic",    number: 815,    departure: {        IATA: "SYD",        time: "2004-09-22 14:55",        city: "Sydney"    },    arrival: {        IATA: "LAX",        time: "2004-09-23 10:42",        city: "Los Angeles"    }};

Retrieval

Values can be retrieved from an object by wrapping a string expression in a [] suffix. If the string expression is a constant, and if it is a legal JavaScript name and not a reserved word, then the . notation can be used instead. The . notation is preferred because it is more compact and it reads better:

> var flight = {...     airline: "Oceanic",...     number: 815,...     departure: {.....         IATA: "SYD",.....         time: "2004-09-22 14:55",.....         city: "Sydney".....     },...     arrival: {.....         IATA: "LAX",.....         time: "2004-09-23 10:42",.....         city: "Los Angeles".....     }... };undefined> stooge["first-name"]     // "Joe"‘Jerome‘> flight.departure.IATA    // "SYD"‘SYD‘

The undefined value is produced if an attempt is made to retrieve a nonexistent member:

> stooge["middle-name"]    // undefinedundefined> flight.status            // undefinedundefined> stooge["FIRST-NAME"]     // undefinedundefined>

The || operator can be used to fill in default values:

var middle = stooge["middle-name"] || "(none)";var status = flight.status || "unknown";

Attempting to retrieve values from undefined will throw a TypeError exception. This can be guarded against with the && operator:

flight.equipment                              // undefinedflight.equipment.model                        // throw "TypeError"flight.equipment && flight.equipment.model    // undefined

> flight.equipment                              // undefinedundefined> flight.equipment.model                        // throw "TypeError"TypeError: Cannot read property ‘model‘ of undefined    at repl:1:18    at REPLServer.self.eval (repl.js:110:21)    at Interface.<anonymous> (repl.js:239:12)    at Interface.emit (events.js:95:17)    at Interface._onLine (readline.js:202:10)    at Interface._line (readline.js:531:8)    at Interface._ttyWrite (readline.js:760:14)    at ReadStream.onkeypress (readline.js:99:10)    at ReadStream.emit (events.js:98:17)    at emitKey (readline.js:1095:12)> flight.equipment && flight.equipment.model    // undefinedundefined

Update

A value in an object can be updated by assignment. If the property name already exists in the object, the property value is replaced:

stooge[‘first-name‘] = ‘Jerome‘;

If the object does not already have that property name, the object is augmented:

stooge[‘middle-name‘] = ‘Lester‘;stooge.nickname = ‘Curly‘;flight.equipment = {    model: ‘Boeing 777‘};flight.status = ‘overdue‘;

Reference

Objects are passed around by reference. They are never copied:

var x = stooge;x.nickname = ‘Curly‘;var nick = stooge.nickname;    // nick is ‘Curly‘ because x and stooge    // are references to the same objectvar a = {}, b = {}, c = {};    // a, b, and c each refer to a    // different empty objecta = b = c = {};    // a, b, and c all refer to    // the same empty object

Prototype

Every object is linked to a prototype object from which it can inherit properties. All objects created from object literals are linked to Object.prototype, an object that comes standard with JavaScript.

When you make a new object, you can select the object that should be its prototype.The mechanism that JavaScript provides to do this is messy and complex, but it can be significantly simplified. We will add a create method to the Object function. The create method creates a new object that uses an old object as its prototype. There will be much more about functions in the next chapter.

if (typeof Object.create !== ‘function‘) {     Object.create = function (o) {         var F = function () {};         F.prototype = o;         return new F();     };}var another_stooge = Object.create(stooge);> if (typeof Object.create !== ‘function‘) {...      Object.create = function (o) {.....          var F = function () {};.....          F.prototype = o;.....          return new F();.....      };... }undefined> var another_stooge = Object.create(stooge);undefined> another_stooge{}> stooge{ ‘first-name‘: ‘Jerome‘,  ‘last-name‘: ‘Howard‘ }> stooge[‘last-name‘]‘Howard‘> stooge[‘first-name‘]‘Jerome‘

The prototype link has no effect on updating. When we make changes to an object,the object’s prototype is not touched:

another_stooge[‘first-name‘] = ‘Harry‘;another_stooge[‘middle-name‘] = ‘Moses‘;another_stooge.nickname = ‘Moe‘;

The prototype link is used only in retrieval. If we try to retrieve a property value from an object, and if the object lacks the property name, then JavaScript attempts to retrieve the property value from the prototype object. And if that object is lacking the property, then it goes to its prototype, and so on until the process finally bottoms out with Object.prototype. If the desired property exists nowhere in the prototype chain,then the result is the undefined value. This is called delegation.

The prototype relationship is a dynamic relationship. If we add a new property to a prototype, that property will immediately be visible in all of the objects that are based on that prototype:

stooge.profession = ‘actor‘;another_stooge.profession    // ‘actor‘

We will see more about the prototype chain in Chapter 6.

Re?ection

It is easy to inspect an object to determine what properties it has by attempting to retrieve the properties and examining the values obtained. The typeof operator can be very helpful in determining the type of a property:

typeof flight.number      // ‘number‘typeof flight.status      // ‘string‘typeof flight.arrival     // ‘object‘typeof flight.manifest    // ‘undefined‘

Some care must be taken because any property on the prototype chain can produce a value:

typeof flight.toString    // ‘function‘typeof flight.constructor // ‘function‘

There are two approaches to dealing with these undesired properties. The first is to have your program look for and reject function values. Generally, when you are reflecting, you are interested in data, and so you should be aware that some values could be functions.

The other approach is to use the hasOwnProperty method, which returns true if the object has a particular property. The hasOwnProperty method does not look at the prototype chain:

flight.hasOwnProperty(‘number‘)         // trueflight.hasOwnProperty(‘constructor‘)    // false

Enumeration

The for in statement can loop over all of the property names in an object. The enumeration will include all of the properties—including functions and prototype properties that you might not be interested in—so it is necessary to filter out the values you don’t want. The most common filters are the hasOwnProperty method and using typeof to exclude functions:

var name;for (name in another_stooge) {    if (typeof another_stooge[name] !== ‘function‘) {        console.log(name + ‘: ‘ + another_stooge[name]);    }}

There is no guarantee on the order of the names, so be prepared for the names to appear in any order. If you want to assure that the properties appear in a particular order, it is best to avoid the for in statement entirely and instead make an array containing the names of the properties in the correct order:

var i;var properties = [    ‘first-name‘,    ‘middle-name‘,    ‘last-name‘,    ‘profession‘];for (i = 0; i < properties.length; i += 1) {    document.writeln(properties[i] + ‘: ‘ +            another_stooge[properties[i]]);}

By using for instead of for in, we were able to get the properties we wanted without worrying about what might be dredged up from the prototype chain, and we got them in the correct order.

Delete

The delete operator can be used to remove a property from an object. It will remove a property from the object if it has one. It will not touch any of the objects in the prototype linkage.

Removing a property from an object may allow a property from the prototype linkage to shine through:

another_stooge.nickname    // ‘Moe‘// Remove nickname from another_stooge, revealing// the nickname of the prototype.delete another_stooge.nickname;another_stooge.nickname    // ‘Curly‘

Global Abatement

JavaScript makes it easy to define global variables that can hold all of the assets of your application. Unfortunately, global variables weaken the resiliency of programs and should be avoided.

One way to minimize the use of global variables is to create a single global variable for your application:

var MYAPP = {};

That variable then becomes the container for your application:

MYAPP.stooge = {    "first-name": "Joe",    "last-name": "Howard"};MYAPP.flight = {    airline: "Oceanic",    number: 815,    departure: {        IATA: "SYD",        time: "2004-09-22 14:55",        city: "Sydney"    },    arrival: {        IATA: "LAX",        time: "2004-09-23 10:42",        city: "Los Angeles"    }};

By reducing your global footprint to a single name, you significantly reduce the chance of bad interactions with other applications, widgets, or libraries. Your program also becomes easier to read because it is obvious that MYAPP.stooge refers to a top-level structure. In the next chapter, we will see ways to use closure for information hiding, which is another effective global abatement technique.

JavaScript- The Good Parts Chapter 3 Objects