When I first started learning about JavaScript object model my reaction was of horror and disbelief. I was totally puzzled by its prototype nature as it was my first encounter with a prototype based language. I didn’t help that JavaScript has a unique take on prototypes as it adds the concept of function constructors. I bet that many of you have had similar experience.

But as I used JavaScript more I didn’t just learn to understand its object model but also started love parts of it. Thanks to JavaScript I have find out the elegance and flexibility of prototypes languages. I am now quite fond of prototype languages because they have a simpler and more flexible object model than class based languages.

Prototypes in Javascript

Most guides / tutorials start explaining JavaScript objects by going directly to ‘constructor functions’, I think this is a mistake, as they introduce a fairly complex concept early on making Javascript look difficult and confusing from the start. Let’s leave this for later. First let’s start with the basics of prototypes.

Prototype chains (aka prototype inheritance)

Every object in Javascript has a prototype. When a messages reaches an object, JavaScript will attempt to find a property in that object first, if it cannot find it then the message will be sent to the object’s prototype and so on. This works just like single parent inheritance in a class based language.

Prototype inheritance chains can go as long as you want. But in general it is not a good idea to make long chains as your code can get difficult to understand and maintain.

The __proto__ object

To understand prototype chains in JavaScript there is nothing as simple as the __proto__property. Unfortunately __proto__ is not part of the standard interface of JavaScript, not at least until ES6. So you shouldn’t use it in production code. But anyway it makes explaining prototypes easy.

// let‘s create an alien objectvar alien = {  kind: ‘alien‘}// and a person objectvar person = {  kind: ‘person‘}// and an object called ‘zack‘var zack = {};// assign alien as the prototype of zackzack.__proto__ = alien// zack is now linked to alien// it ‘inherits‘ the properties of alienconsole.log(zack.kind); //=> ‘alien’// assign person as the prototype of zackzack.__proto__ = person// and now zack is linked to personconsole.log(zack.kind); //=> ‘person’

As you can see the __proto__ property is very straightforward to understand and use. Even if we shouldn’t use __proto__ in production code, I think that these examples give the best foundation to understand the JavaScript object model.

You can check that one object is the prototype of another by doing:

console.log(alien.isPrototypeOf(zack))//=> true

Prototype lookups are dynamic

You can add properties to the prototype of an object at any time, the prototype chain lookup will find the new property as expected.

var person = {}var zack = {}zack.__proto__ = person// zack doesn‘t respond to kind at this pointconsole.log(zack.kind); //=> undefined// let‘s add kind to personperson.kind = ‘person‘// now zack responds to kind// because it finds ‘kind‘ in personconsole.log(zack.kind); //=> ‘person‘

New / updated properties are assigned to the object, not to the prototype

What happens if you update a property that already exists in the prototype? Let’s see:

var person = {  kind: ‘person‘}var zack = {}zack.__proto__ = personzack.kind = ‘zack‘console.log(zack.kind); //=> ‘zack‘// zack now has a ‘kind‘ propertyconsole.log(person.kind); //=> ‘person‘// person has not being modified

Note that the property ‘kind’ now exists in both person and zack.

Object.create

As explained before __proto__ is not a well supported way of assigning prototypes to objects. So the next simplest way is using Object.create(). This is available in ES5, but old browsers / engines can be shimmed using this es5-shim.

var person = {  kind: ‘person‘}// creates a new object which prototype is personvar zack = Object.create(person);  console.log(zack.kind); // => ‘person’

You can pass an object to Object.create to add specific properties for the new object

var zack = Object.create(person, {age: {value:  13} });console.log(zack.age); // => ‘13’

Yes, the object you need to pass is a bit convoluted, but that is the way it is. See the docs here.

Object.getPrototype

You can get the prototype of an object using Object.getPrototypeOf

var zack = Object.create(person);Object.getPrototypeOf(zack); //=> person

There is no such thing as Object.setPrototype.

Constructor Functions

Constructor functions are the most used way in JavaScript to construct prototype chains. The popularity of constructor functions comes from the fact that this was the only original way for constructing types. It is also an important consideration the fact that many engines are highly optimized for constructor functions.

Unfortunately they can get confusing, they are in my opinion one of the main reasons why new comers find JavaScript puzzling, but they are a big part of the language and we need to understand them well.

Functions as constructors

In JavaScript you create an instance of a function like this:

function Foo(){}var foo = new Foo();//foo is now an instance of Fooconsole.log(foo instanceof Foo ) //=> true

In essence functions when used with the keyword new behave like factories, meaning that they create new objects. The new object they create is linked to the function by its prototype, more on this later. So in JavaScript we call this an instance of the function.

‘this’ is assigned implicitly

When we use ‘new’, JavaScript injects an implicit reference to the new object being created in the form of the ‘this’ keyword. It also returns this reference implicitly at the end of the function.

When we do this:

function Foo() {  this.kind = ‘foo’}var foo = new Foo(); foo.kind //=> ‘foo’

Behind the scenes it is like doing something like this:

function Foo() {  var this = {}; // this is not valid, just for illustration  this.__proto__ = Foo.prototype;    this.kind = ‘foo’    return this;}

But keep in mind that the implicit ‘this’ is only assigned to a new object when using ‘new’. If you forget ‘new’ keyword then ‘this’ will be the global object. Of course forgetting new is a cause of multiple bugs, so don’t forget new.

One convention that I like is capitalizing the first letter of a function when it is intented to be used as a function constructor, so you now straightaway to you are missing the new keyword.

The ‘function prototype’

Every function in JavaScript has a special property called ‘prototype’.

function Foo(){}Foo.prototype

As confusing as it may sound, this ‘prototype’ property is not the real prototype (__proto__) of the function.

Foo.__proto__ === Foo.prototype //=> false

This of course generates a lot of confusion as people use the term ‘prototype’ to refer to different things. I think that a good clarification is to always refer to the special ‘prototype’ property of functions as ‘the function prototype’, never just ‘prototype’.

The ‘prototype’ property points to the object that will be asigned as the prototype of instances created with that function when using ‘new’. Confusing? This is easier to explain with an example:

function Person(name) {  this.name = name;}// the function person has a prototype property// we can add properties to this function prototypePerson.prototype.kind = ‘person’// when we create a new object using newvar zack = new Person(‘Zack’);// the prototype of the new object points to person.prototypezack.__proto__ == Person.prototype //=> true// in the new object we have access to properties defined in Person.prototypezack.kind //=> person

That is mostly everything there is to know about the JavaScript object model. Understanding how __proto__ and function.prototype are related will give you countless hours of joy and satisfaction, or maybe not.

Mistakes, confusing? Let me know.

A Plain English Guide to JavaScript Prototypes