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C++ 继承之虚继承与普通继承的内存分布

仅供互相学习,请勿喷,有观点欢迎指出~

class A{    virtual void aa(){};};class B : public virtual  A{    char j[3];                                    //加入一个变量是为了看清楚class中的vfptr放在什么位置public:    virtual void bb(){};};class C : public virtual A{    char i[3];public:    virtual void cc(){};};class C1 : public A{    char i1[3];public:    virtual void cc1(){};};class D : public C{    char d[3];public:    virtual void dd(){};};class D1 : public C1{    char d1[3];public:    virtual void dd1(){};};class E : public virtual C{    char e[3];public:    virtual void ee(){};};class E1 : public virtual C1{    char e1[3];public:    virtual void ee1(){};};class F : public C, public virtual B{    char f[3];public:    virtual void ff(){};};class F1 : public virtual C, public B{    char f1[3];public:    virtual void ff1(){};};class G : public virtual E{    char g[3];public:    virtual void gg(){};};class H : public virtual E, public virtual C{    char h[3];public:    virtual void hh(){};};class H1 : public E, public C1{    char h1[3];public:    virtual void hh1(){};};
  在VS2013下,在项目->属性->C/C++->命令行中添加/d1reportAllClassLayout即可查看所有类的内存分布情况:

1>  class A    size(4):1>      +---1>   0    | {vfptr}1>      +---1>  1>  A::$vftable@:1>      | &A_meta1>      |  01>   0    | &A::aa 1>  1>  A::aa this adjustor: 01>  1>  1>  class B    size(16):1>      +---1>   0    | {vfptr}1>   4    | {vbptr}1>   8    | j1>        | <alignment member> (size=1)1>      +---1>      +--- (virtual base A)1>  12    | {vfptr}1>      +---1>  1>  B::$vftable@B@:1>      | &B_meta1>      |  01>   0    | &B::bb 1>  1>  B::$vbtable@:1>   0    | -41>   1    | 8 (Bd(B+4)A)1>  1>  B::$vftable@A@:1>      | -121>   0    | &A::aa 1>  1>  B::bb this adjustor: 01>  1>  vbi:       class  offset o.vbptr  o.vbte fVtorDisp1>                 A      12       4       4 01>  1>  1>  class C    size(16):1>      +---1>   0    | {vfptr}1>   4    | {vbptr}1>   8    | i1>        | <alignment member> (size=1)1>      +---1>      +--- (virtual base A)1>  12    | {vfptr}1>      +---1>  1>  C::$vftable@C@:1>      | &C_meta1>      |  01>   0    | &C::cc 1>  1>  C::$vbtable@:1>   0    | -41>   1    | 8 (Cd(C+4)A)1>  1>  C::$vftable@A@:1>      | -121>   0    | &A::aa 1>  1>  C::cc this adjustor: 01>  1>  vbi:       class  offset o.vbptr  o.vbte fVtorDisp1>                 A      12       4       4 01>  1>  1>  class C1    size(8):1>      +---1>      | +--- (base class A)1>   0    | | {vfptr}1>      | +---1>   4    | i11>        | <alignment member> (size=1)1>      +---1>  1>  C1::$vftable@:1>      | &C1_meta1>      |  01>   0    | &A::aa 1>   1    | &C1::cc1 1>  1>  C1::cc1 this adjustor: 01>  1>  1>  class D    size(20):1>      +---1>      | +--- (base class C)1>   0    | | {vfptr}1>   4    | | {vbptr}1>   8    | | i1>        | | <alignment member> (size=1)1>      | +---1>  12    | d1>        | <alignment member> (size=1)1>      +---1>      +--- (virtual base A)1>  16    | {vfptr}1>      +---1>  1>  D::$vftable@C@:1>      | &D_meta1>      |  01>   0    | &C::cc 1>   1    | &D::dd 1>  1>  D::$vbtable@:1>   0    | -41>   1    | 12 (Dd(C+4)A)1>  1>  D::$vftable@A@:1>      | -161>   0    | &A::aa 1>  1>  D::dd this adjustor: 01>  1>  vbi:       class  offset o.vbptr  o.vbte fVtorDisp1>                 A      16       4       4 01>  1>  1>  class D1    size(12):1>      +---1>      | +--- (base class C1)1>      | | +--- (base class A)1>   0    | | | {vfptr}1>      | | +---1>   4    | | i11>        | | <alignment member> (size=1)1>      | +---1>   8    | d11>        | <alignment member> (size=1)1>      +---1>  1>  D1::$vftable@:1>      | &D1_meta1>      |  01>   0    | &A::aa 1>   1    | &C1::cc1 1>   2    | &D1::dd1 1>  1>  D1::dd1 this adjustor: 01>  1>  1>  class E    size(28):1>      +---1>   0    | {vfptr}1>   4    | {vbptr}1>   8    | e1>        | <alignment member> (size=1)1>      +---1>      +--- (virtual base A)1>  12    | {vfptr}1>      +---1>      +--- (virtual base C)1>  16    | {vfptr}1>  20    | {vbptr}1>  24    | i1>        | <alignment member> (size=1)1>      +---1>  1>  E::$vftable@:1>      | &E_meta1>      |  01>   0    | &E::ee 1>  1>  E::$vbtable@E@:1>   0    | -41>   1    | 8 (Ed(E+4)A)1>   2    | 12 (Ed(E+4)C)1>  1>  E::$vftable@A@:1>      | -121>   0    | &A::aa 1>  1>  E::$vftable@C@:1>      | -161>   0    | &C::cc 1>  1>  E::$vbtable@C@:1>   0    | -41>   1    | -8 (Ed(C+4)A)1>  1>  E::ee this adjustor: 01>  1>  vbi:       class  offset o.vbptr  o.vbte fVtorDisp1>                 A      12       4       4 01>                 C      16       4       8 01>  1>  1>  class E1    size(20):1>      +---1>   0    | {vfptr}1>   4    | {vbptr}1>   8    | e11>        | <alignment member> (size=1)1>      +---1>      +--- (virtual base C1)1>      | +--- (base class A)1>  12    | | {vfptr}1>      | +---1>  16    | i11>        | <alignment member> (size=1)1>      +---1>  1>  E1::$vftable@E1@:1>      | &E1_meta1>      |  01>   0    | &E1::ee1 1>  1>  E1::$vbtable@:1>   0    | -41>   1    | 8 (E1d(E1+4)C1)1>  1>  E1::$vftable@C1@:1>      | -121>   0    | &A::aa 1>   1    | &C1::cc1 1>  1>  E1::ee1 this adjustor: 01>  1>  vbi:       class  offset o.vbptr  o.vbte fVtorDisp1>                C1      12       4       4 01>  1>  1>  class F    size(32):1>      +---1>      | +--- (base class C)1>   0    | | {vfptr}1>   4    | | {vbptr}1>   8    | | i1>        | | <alignment member> (size=1)1>      | +---1>  12    | f1>        | <alignment member> (size=1)1>      +---1>      +--- (virtual base A)1>  16    | {vfptr}1>      +---1>      +--- (virtual base B)1>  20    | {vfptr}1>  24    | {vbptr}1>  28    | j1>        | <alignment member> (size=1)1>      +---1>  1>  F::$vftable@C@:1>      | &F_meta1>      |  01>   0    | &C::cc 1>   1    | &F::ff 1>  1>  F::$vbtable@C@:1>   0    | -41>   1    | 12 (Fd(C+4)A)1>   2    | 16 (Fd(F+4)B)1>  1>  F::$vftable@A@:1>      | -161>   0    | &A::aa 1>  1>  F::$vftable@B@:1>      | -201>   0    | &B::bb 1>  1>  F::$vbtable@B@:1>   0    | -41>   1    | -8 (Fd(B+4)A)1>  1>  F::ff this adjustor: 01>  1>  vbi:       class  offset o.vbptr  o.vbte fVtorDisp1>                 A      16       4       4 01>                 B      20       4       8 01>  1>  1>  class F1    size(32):1>      +---1>      | +--- (base class B)1>   0    | | {vfptr}1>   4    | | {vbptr}1>   8    | | j1>        | | <alignment member> (size=1)1>      | +---1>  12    | f11>        | <alignment member> (size=1)1>      +---1>      +--- (virtual base A)1>  16    | {vfptr}1>      +---1>      +--- (virtual base C)1>  20    | {vfptr}1>  24    | {vbptr}1>  28    | i1>        | <alignment member> (size=1)1>      +---1>  1>  F1::$vftable@B@:1>      | &F1_meta1>      |  01>   0    | &B::bb 1>   1    | &F1::ff1 1>  1>  F1::$vbtable@B@:1>   0    | -41>   1    | 12 (F1d(B+4)A)1>   2    | 16 (F1d(F1+4)C)1>  1>  F1::$vftable@A@:1>      | -161>   0    | &A::aa 1>  1>  F1::$vftable@C@:1>      | -201>   0    | &C::cc 1>  1>  F1::$vbtable@C@:1>   0    | -41>   1    | -8 (F1d(C+4)A)1>  1>  F1::ff1 this adjustor: 01>  1>  vbi:       class  offset o.vbptr  o.vbte fVtorDisp1>                 A      16       4       4 01>                 C      20       4       8 01>  1>  1>  class G    size(40):1>      +---1>   0    | {vfptr}1>   4    | {vbptr}1>   8    | g1>        | <alignment member> (size=1)1>      +---1>      +--- (virtual base A)1>  12    | {vfptr}1>      +---1>      +--- (virtual base C)1>  16    | {vfptr}1>  20    | {vbptr}1>  24    | i1>        | <alignment member> (size=1)1>      +---1>      +--- (virtual base E)1>  28    | {vfptr}1>  32    | {vbptr}1>  36    | e1>        | <alignment member> (size=1)1>      +---1>  1>  G::$vftable@G@:1>      | &G_meta1>      |  01>   0    | &G::gg 1>  1>  G::$vbtable@:1>   0    | -41>   1    | 8 (Gd(G+4)A)1>   2    | 12 (Gd(G+4)C)1>   3    | 24 (Gd(G+4)E)1>  1>  G::$vftable@A@:1>      | -121>   0    | &A::aa 1>  1>  G::$vftable@C@:1>      | -161>   0    | &C::cc 1>  1>  G::$vbtable@C@:1>   0    | -41>   1    | -8 (Gd(C+4)A)1>  1>  G::$vftable@E@:1>      | -281>   0    | &E::ee 1>  1>  G::$vbtable@E@:1>   0    | -41>   1    | -20 (Gd(E+4)A)1>   2    | -16 (Gd(E+4)C)1>  1>  G::gg this adjustor: 01>  1>  vbi:       class  offset o.vbptr  o.vbte fVtorDisp1>                 A      12       4       4 01>                 C      16       4       8 01>                 E      28       4      12 01>  1>  1>  class H    size(40):1>      +---1>   0    | {vfptr}1>   4    | {vbptr}1>   8    | h1>        | <alignment member> (size=1)1>      +---1>      +--- (virtual base A)1>  12    | {vfptr}1>      +---1>      +--- (virtual base C)1>  16    | {vfptr}1>  20    | {vbptr}1>  24    | i1>        | <alignment member> (size=1)1>      +---1>      +--- (virtual base E)1>  28    | {vfptr}1>  32    | {vbptr}1>  36    | e1>        | <alignment member> (size=1)1>      +---1>  1>  H::$vftable@H@:1>      | &H_meta1>      |  01>   0    | &H::hh 1>  1>  H::$vbtable@:1>   0    | -41>   1    | 8 (Hd(H+4)A)1>   2    | 12 (Hd(H+4)C)1>   3    | 24 (Hd(H+4)E)1>  1>  H::$vftable@A@:1>      | -121>   0    | &A::aa 1>  1>  H::$vftable@C@:1>      | -161>   0    | &C::cc 1>  1>  H::$vbtable@C@:1>   0    | -41>   1    | -8 (Hd(C+4)A)1>  1>  H::$vftable@E@:1>      | -281>   0    | &E::ee 1>  1>  H::$vbtable@E@:1>   0    | -41>   1    | -20 (Hd(E+4)A)1>   2    | -16 (Hd(E+4)C)1>  1>  H::hh this adjustor: 01>  1>  vbi:       class  offset o.vbptr  o.vbte fVtorDisp1>                 A      12       4       4 01>                 C      16       4       8 01>                 E      28       4      12 01>  1>  1>  class H1    size(40):1>      +---1>      | +--- (base class E)1>   0    | | {vfptr}1>   4    | | {vbptr}1>   8    | | e1>        | | <alignment member> (size=1)1>      | +---1>      | +--- (base class C1)1>      | | +--- (base class A)1>  12    | | | {vfptr}1>      | | +---1>  16    | | i11>        | | <alignment member> (size=1)1>      | +---1>  20    | h11>        | <alignment member> (size=1)1>      +---1>      +--- (virtual base A)1>  24    | {vfptr}1>      +---1>      +--- (virtual base C)1>  28    | {vfptr}1>  32    | {vbptr}1>  36    | i1>        | <alignment member> (size=1)1>      +---1>  1>  H1::$vftable@E@:1>      | &H1_meta1>      |  01>   0    | &E::ee 1>   1    | &H1::hh1 1>  1>  H1::$vftable@C1@:1>      | -121>   0    | &A::aa 1>   1    | &C1::cc1 1>  1>  H1::$vbtable@E@:1>   0    | -41>   1    | 20 (H1d(E+4)A)1>   2    | 24 (H1d(E+4)C)1>  1>  H1::$vftable@A@:1>      | -241>   0    | &A::aa 1>  1>  H1::$vftable@C@:1>      | -281>   0    | &C::cc 1>  1>  H1::$vbtable@C@:1>   0    | -41>   1    | -8 (H1d(C+4)A)1>  1>  H1::hh1 this adjustor: 01>  1>  vbi:       class  offset o.vbptr  o.vbte fVtorDisp1>                 A      24       4       4 01>                 C      28       4       8 0

总结出单继承内存分布大致如下:
  1. 普通继承情况下,先父类元素后子类元素,若父类元素本身也是从某个爷爷类继承而来:父类是虚继承而来,则先父后子再爷爷(其实这个分布是满足规则2的),即爷爷放在最后;父类是普通继承而来,先爷爷后父再子,即爷爷放在前面。
  2. 虚继承情况下,先子类元素后父类元素,如果父类元素本身也是从某个爷爷类继承(不论是虚继承还是普通继承)而来,则父类由类的深到浅依次分布(先爷爷后父,爷爷在子和父之间)。

  多继承的内存分布情况如下:

  1. 虚继承和普通继承同时存在的情况下,先进行普通继承,再进行虚继承。
  2. 继承都是虚继承或者普通继承的时候,按照从左到右声明顺序进行继承,注意,都是虚继承的话,如果继承的相同的类,这个类只会在最先出现的地方出现一次而已;如果是普通继承,相同的类会多次出现。

  总之,先满足基本的父子类分布情况,如果父类还有更深层次的基类,这些基类再依据普通继承和虚继承的情况进行内存分布(即红字标注部分)。另外,具体内存分布情况会不会还与编译环境有关就不得而知了,至少sizeof类的大小是会与编译环境有关的(http://www.cnblogs.com/yanqi0124/p/3829964.html文章最后对比了gcc和VC下sizeof的不同,因为对虚表指针的处理方式不同)

  根据上述解释,就能解释程序员面试宝典中的一题:

class A{      virtual aa(){};};class B : public virtual  A{      char j[3];                                    //加入一个变量是为了看清楚class中的vfptr放在什么位置      public:            virtual bb(){};};class C : public virtual B{      char i[3];      public:            virtual cc(){};};