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MVC路由探寻,涉及路由的惯例、自定义片段变量、约束、生成链接和URL等

 引子


在了解MVC路由之前,必须了解的概念是"片段"。片段是指除主机名和查询字符串以外的、以"/"分隔的各个部分。比如,在http://site.com/Home/Index中,包含2个片段,第一个片段是Home,第二个片段是Index。

 

URL匹配的特点:
● 保守的:URL中的片段数量必须和路由规则中的片段数量一致(路由规则没有设置默认值的前提下)
● 宽松的:在满足片段数要求的前提下,URL中的片段内容是宽松的

 

本篇涉及的方面包括:
1、路由惯例
2、自定义片段变量
3、设置路由规则搜寻的命名空间和控制器的优先顺序
4、路由约束
5、路由允许对静态文件的请求 
6、生成链接
7、生成URL

 

  路由惯例

□ 当URL中对应的controller,action根本不存在,报404错误。

routes.MapRoute("MyRoute", "{controller}/{action}");http://localhost:2213/Demo/Index 报404错误 因为还没有创建Demo控制器

□ 当URL中对应的controller,action存在,而路由规则的片段数量和URL的片段数量不等,报404错误。

routes.MapRoute("MyRoute", "{controller}/{action}");http://localhost:2213/ 报404错误http://localhost:2213/Home 报404错误http://localhost:2213/Home/Index/Index 报404错误

□ 当URL中对应的controller,action存在,路由规则中设置了默认值,URL中的某些片段可省略。

routes.MapRoute("MyRoute", "{controller}/{action}",new {action = "Index"});http://localhost:2213/Home 可以,因为设置了默认的action值http://localhost:2213/Home/Index 当然也可以

□ 当路由规则中设置了静态片段,即使在路由规则中设置了默认值,URL的片段数量必须和路由规则中的动态片段数量一致,不能缺省。

 

routes.IgnoreRoute("{resource}.axd/{*pathInfo}");            routes.MapRoute(                name: "Default",                url: "{controller}/{action}",                defaults: new { controller = "Home", action = "Index" }            );            routes.MapRoute(                name:"",                url:"Category/{controller}/{action}",                defaults: new {controller = "Home", action = "Index"}            );


在第二条路由规则中,Category是静态片段,{controller}和{action}是2个动态片段。以上,当给这2个动态片段同时赋默认值,由于URL中的动态片段数量也必须是2个,所以这里的动态片段赋默认值,赋不赋都无所谓了,即动态片段默认值是无效的。

http://localhost:2213/Category/ 报404错误,因为 第二条路由要求2个片段变量    http://localhost:2213/Category/Home/Index 可以

□ 当路由中设置了静态片段,并且在路由规则中只为一个动态片段赋了默认值,那么这个赋值是有效的,URL中动态片段数量还是必须和路由规则中的动态片段数量一致。

routes.MapRoute(                name:"Shop",                url:"Shop/{action}",                defaults:new {controller = "Home"}            );http://localhost:2213/Shop  报404错误,因为必须至少一个片段变量   http://localhost:2213/Shop/Index 可以,显式Home/Index.cshtml的内容,个动态片段{controller}赋的默认值起作用了。

□ 当路由规则中设置了混合片段,URL中的片段数量必须和路由规则片段数量一致,且URL片段中同时包含静态和动态

 

routes.MapRoute(                name:"",                url:"X{controller}/{action}"            );            routes.MapRoute(                name: "Default",                url: "{controller}/{action}",                defaults: new { controller = "Home", action = "Index" }            );            routes.MapRoute(                name:"Category",                url:"Category/{controller}/{action}",                defaults: new {controller = "Home", action = "Index"}            );


在第一条路由股则中,X{controller}是混合片段。

http://localhost:2213/XHome/  报404错误   http://localhost:2213/XHome/Index 可以

□ 路由的添加是有顺序的

在下面的路由,会添加到RouteCollection的结尾处。

 

□ 路由的匹配是有顺序的

从上到下开始匹配。

 

□ 路由的优先顺序是有讲究的

一般把具体的路由规则放在上面,把宽泛的路由规则放在下面。  
如果把具体的路由规则放在下面,把宽泛的路由规则放在上面。

 

routes.MapRoute(                name: "Default",                url: "{controller}/{action}",                defaults: new { controller = "Home", action = "Index" }            );            routes.MapRoute(                name: "",                url: "X{controller}/{action}"            );


http://localhost:2213/XHome/Index 报404错误,因为对第一条宽泛的路由规则而言,XHome控制器是不存在的。 

 

  自定义片段变量

→什么是自定义片段变量
如果说controller和action是MVC固有的片段变量,我们同样可以自定义片段变量。所有的片段变量,包括自定义片段变量都是以键值对的形式放在RouteDate.Values中的,key就是片段变量名。

 

→从RouteDate.Values中取出自定义片段变量并显示

在路由中添加一个自定义变量id,并附上初始值:

 

routes.MapRoute(                name: "Default",                url: "{controller}/{action}/{id}",                defaults: new { controller = "Home", action = "Index", id = "DefaultId" }            );


在HomeController中:

public ActionResult Index()        {            ViewBag.c = RouteData.Values["id"];            return View();        }        public ViewResult CustomVariable()        {            ViewBag.c = RouteData.Values["id"];            return View();        }

在Home/Index.cshtml中:

<h2>Index</h2><h2>自定义片段变量id的值为:@ViewBag.c</h2>

在Home/CustomVariable.cshtml中:

<h2>自定义片段变量id的值为:@ViewBag.c</h2>

输入:http://localhost:2213/,在Home/Index.cshtml中显示自定义片段变量的默认值:
1

 

输入:http://localhost:2213/Home/CustomVariable/OK,在Home/CustomVariable.cshtml中显示自定义片段变量的新值:
2

 

→MVC默认模型绑定机制把自定义片段变量赋值给方法参数

public ViewResult CustomVariable(string id)        {            ViewBag.c = id;            return View();        }

→把自定义片段变量设置为可选

routes.MapRoute(                name: "Default",                url: "{controller}/{action}/{id}",                defaults: new { controller = "Home", action = "Index", id = UrlParameter.Optional }            );

→把自定义片段变量设置为可变长

 

routes.MapRoute(                name: "Default",                url: "{controller}/{action}/{id}/{*catchall}",                defaults: new { controller = "Home", action = "Index", id = UrlParameter.Optional }            );


即在URL中,自定义片段变量id后面的片段都赋给catchall变量。

 

  设置路由规则搜寻的命名空间和控制器的优先顺序

→如果想让路由规则优先搜寻某个命名空间和控制器,可以这样设置:

 

routes.MapRoute(                name: "Default",                url: "{controller}/{action}/{id}/{*catchall}",                defaults: new { controller = "Home", action = "Index", id = UrlParameter.Optional },                constraints:new[]{"UrlsAndRoutes.Controllers"}            );


这样,路由规则优先搜寻UrlsAndRoutes命名空间下的控制器,然后再搜寻其它可用的命名空间。

→如果想让路由规则优先搜寻某些命名空间和控制器,应该写多条路由,并且有先后顺序,可以这样设置:

routes.MapRoute(                name: "Default1",                url: "{controller}/{action}/{id}/{*catchall}",                defaults: new { controller = "Home", action = "Index", id = UrlParameter.Optional },                constraints: new[] { "Additional.Controllers" }            );            routes.MapRoute(                name: "Default",                url: "{controller}/{action}/{id}/{*catchall}",                defaults: new { controller = "Home", action = "Index", id = UrlParameter.Optional },                constraints:new[]{"UrlsAndRoutes.Controllers"}            );

→如果想让路由规则只搜寻某个命名空间,可以这样设置:

Route r = routes.MapRoute(                name: "Default1",                url: "{controller}/{action}/{id}/{*catchall}",                defaults: new { controller = "Home", action = "Index", id = UrlParameter.Optional },                constraints: new[] { "Additional.Controllers" }            );            r.DataTokens["UserNamespaceFallback"] = false;

 

  路由约束

→正则表达式约束路由

routes.MapRoute(                "Default",                "{controller}/{action}/{id}/{*catchall}",                new { controller = "Home", action = "Index", id = UrlParameter.Optional },                new{ controller = "^H.*"},                new[]{"UrlsAndRoutes.Controllers"}            );

→指定值约束路由

routes.MapRoute(                "Default",                "{controller}/{action}/{id}/{*catchall}",                new { controller = "Home", action = "Index", id = UrlParameter.Optional },                new{ controller = "^H.*", action = "^Index$|^About$"},                new[]{"UrlsAndRoutes.Controllers"}            );

→HTTP方式约束路由

routes.MapRoute(                "Default",                "{controller}/{action}/{id}/{*catchall}",                new { controller = "Home", action = "Index", id = UrlParameter.Optional },                new{ controller = "^H.*", action = "^Index$|^About$", httpMethod = new HttpMethodConstraint("GET","POST")},                new[]{"UrlsAndRoutes.Controllers"}            );

→自定义约束,实现IRouteConstraint接口     

using System.Web.Routing;namespace UrlsAndRoutes.Extension{    public class UserAgentConstraint : IRouteConstraint    {        private string requiredAgent;        public UserAgentConstraint(string agent)        {            this.requiredAgent = agent;        }        public bool Match(System.Web.HttpContextBase httpContext, Route route, string parameterName, RouteValueDictionary values, RouteDirection routeDirection)        {            return httpContext.Request.UserAgent != null && httpContext.Request.UserAgent.Contains(requiredAgent);        }    }}            routes.MapRoute(                "Default",                "{controller}/{action}/{id}/{*catchall}",                new { controller = "Home", action = "Index", id = UrlParameter.Optional },                new                {                    controller = "^H.*",                     action = "^Index$|^About$",                    httpMethod = new HttpMethodConstraint("GET","POST"),                    customConstraint = new UserAgentConstraint("IE")                },                new[]{"UrlsAndRoutes.Controllers"}            );

 

  路由允许对静态文件的请求

→在项目根目录下创建static.html。

→把RoutingExistingFiles设置为true:
routes.RouteExistingFiles = true;

→输入http://localhost:2213/static.html:
3

 

  生成链接

→使用默认路由规则,Html.ActionLink()生成链接

routes.MapRoute(                name: "Default",                url: "{controller}/{action}/{id}",                defaults: new { controller = "Home", action = "Index", id = UrlParameter.Optional }            );

@Html.ActionLink("关于我们","About")
<a href="http://www.mamicode.com/Home/About">关于我们</a>

→添加含有静态片段变量的路由规则,Html.ActionLink()生成链接

routes.MapRoute(                "NewRoute",                "App/Do{action}",                new {controller = "Home"}            );            routes.MapRoute(                name: "Default",                url: "{controller}/{action}/{id}",                defaults: new { controller = "Home", action = "Index", id = UrlParameter.Optional }            );

@Html.ActionLink("关于我们","About")
<a href="http://www.mamicode.com/App/DoAbout">关于我们</a>

→Html.ActionLink()带控制器名重载生成链接

 

@Html.ActionLink("关于我们","About","MyController")<a href="http://www.mamicode.com/MyController/About">关于我们</a>


因为含有2个片段变量的值,所以符合第二条路由规则。

→Html.ActionLink()传递额外的值

先把路由改回:

routes.MapRoute(                name: "Default",                url: "{controller}/{action}/{id}",                defaults: new { controller = "Home", action = "Index", id = UrlParameter.Optional }            );

@Html.ActionLink("关于我们","About",new {id="MyID"})
<a href="http://www.mamicode.com/Home/About/MyID">关于我们</a>

→当在Html.ActionLink()方法中路由匿名函数的变量名与路由规则中的片段变量不一致,路由匿名函数的变量值作为查询字符串追加到输出URL上

@Html.ActionLink("关于我们","About",new {id="MyID", myVariable = "MyValue"})<a href="http://www.mamicode.com/Home/About/MyID?myVariable=MyValue">关于我们</a>

→Html.ActionLink()指定输出链接的标签属性

@Html.ActionLink("关于我们","About","Home",new {id="MyID", myVariable = "MyValue"},new {@class = "MyClass"})<a class="MyClass" href="http://www.mamicode.com/Home/About/MyID?myVariable=MyValue">关于我们</a>

→Html.ActionLink()生成绝对路径链接

@Html.ActionLink("关于我们","About","Home",    "https",    "myserver.mydomain.com",    "myFragmentName",    new {id="MyID", myVariable = "MyValue"},    new {@class = "MyClass"})<a class="MyClass" href="https://myserver.mydomain.com/Home/About/MyID?myVariable=MyValue#myFragmentName">关于我们</a>

→Html.RouteLink()根据路由数据生成链接

@Html.RouteLink("关于我们",new {controller = "Home", action = "About", id = "MyID"})<a href="http://www.mamicode.com/Home/About/MyID">关于我们</a>

→Html.RouteLink()根据路由名称生成链接

@Html.RouteLink("关于我们", "Default", new {action = "About"})<a href="http://www.mamicode.com/Home/About">关于我们</a>

 

  生成URL

Url.Action()的重载和Html.ActionLink()类似,除此之外还包括:

→使用Url.Action()在控制器方法中生成URL

public ViewResult SomeAction(){    string url = Url.Action("Index", new {id = "MyID"})}

→使用Url.RouteUrl()在控制器方法中生成URL

public ViewResult SomeAction(){    string url = Url.RouteUrl(new {controller = "Home", action = "Index"});}

→使用RedirecToAction()在控制器方法中重定向到一个URL

public ActionResult SOmeAction(){    return RedirectToAction("Index");}

→使用RedirecToRoute()在控制器方法中重定向到一个URL

public ActionResult SOmeAction(){    return RedirectToRoute(new {controller = "Home", action = "Index", id = "MyID"});}

 

  来自Jeffery Zhao的生成自定义链接的几种方法

有这样的一个Model:

namespace MvcApplication1.Models{    public class Article    {        public int Id { get; set; }        public string Title { get; set; }    }}

ArticleController:

public ActionResult Index()        {            return View(GetArticles());        }        private List<Article> GetArticles()        {            return new List<Article>()            {                new Article(){Id = 1, Title = "This is an article"},                new Article(){Id = 2, Title = "We are the champion"}            };        }

→Article/Index.cshtml中使用拼接字符串生成链接

@model IEnumerable<MvcApplication1.Models.Article>@{    ViewBag.Title = "Index";    Layout = "~/Views/Shared/_Layout.cshtml";}<table>    @foreach (var item in Model)    {        <tr>            <td>@item.Id</td>            <td>@item.Title</td>            <td>                <a href="http://www.mamicode.com/article/@item.Id-@Url.Encode(item.Title.Replace(‘ ‘,‘-‘))">查看详细</a>            </td>        </tr>    }</table>

生成的链接为:<a href="http://www.mamicode.com/article/1-This-is-an-article">查看详细</a>


→通过扩展UrlHelper生成链接

using System.Web.Mvc;using MvcApplication1.Models;namespace MvcApplication1.Extension{    public static class ArticleUrlExtension    {        public static string ToArticle(this UrlHelper helper, Article article)        {            return "/article/" + article.Id + "-" + helper.Encode(article.Title.Replace(‘ ‘, ‘-‘));        }    }}

在Article/Index.cshtml视图中:

@using MvcApplication1.Extension@model IEnumerable<MvcApplication1.Models.Article>@{    ViewBag.Title = "Index";    Layout = "~/Views/Shared/_Layout.cshtml";}<table>    @foreach (var item in Model)    {        <tr>            <td>@item.Id</td>            <td>@item.Title</td>            <td>                @*<a href="http://www.mamicode.com/article/@item.Id-@Url.Encode(item.Title.Replace(‘ ‘,‘-‘))">查看详细</a>*@                <a href="http://www.mamicode.com/@Url.ToArticle(item)">查看详细</a>            </td>        </tr>    }</table>