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非类型模板参数
对于函数模板与类模板,模板参数并不局限于类型,普通值也可以作为模板参数。在基于类型参数的模板中,你定义了一些具体的细节来加以确定代码,直到代码被调用时这些细节才被真正的确定。但是在这里,我们面对的是这些细节是值,而不是类型,当要使用基于值的模板时,必须显式地指定这些值,才能够对模板进行实例化。
非类型的类模板参数
创建类的头文件
#include<stdexcept>#include<iostream>using namespace std;template<typename T, int MAXSIZE>class Stack{private: T elems[MAXSIZE]; int numElems;public: Stack(); void push(T const&); void pop(); T top() const; bool empty() const { return numElems == 0; } bool full() const { return numElems == MAXSIZE; }};template<typename T, int MAXSIZE>Stack<T, MAXSIZE>::Stack():numElems(0) {}template<typename T, int MAXSIZE>void Stack<T, MAXSIZE>::push(T const& elem){ if(numElems == MAXSIZE) { throw out_of_range("Stack<>::push(): stack is full"); } elems[numElems] = elem; ++numElems;}template<typename T, int MAXSIZE>void Stack<T, MAXSIZE>::pop(){ if(numElems <= 0) { throw out_of_range("Stack<>::pop(): stack is full"); } --numElems;}template<typename T, int MAXSIZE>T Stack<T, MAXSIZE>::top() const{ if(numElems <= 0) { throw out_of_range("Stack<>::top(): stack is full"); } return elems[numElems - 1];}
#include<stdexcept>#include<iostream>using namespace std;template<typename T, int MAXSIZE>class Stack{private: T elems[MAXSIZE]; int numElems;public: Stack(); void push(T const&); void pop(); T top() const; bool empty() const { return numElems == 0; } bool full() const { return numElems == MAXSIZE; }};template<typename T, int MAXSIZE>Stack<T, MAXSIZE>::Stack():numElems(0) {}template<typename T, int MAXSIZE>void Stack<T, MAXSIZE>::push(T const& elem){ if(numElems == MAXSIZE) { throw out_of_range("Stack<>::push(): stack is full"); } elems[numElems] = elem; ++numElems;}template<typename T, int MAXSIZE>void Stack<T, MAXSIZE>::pop(){ if(numElems <= 0) { throw out_of_range("Stack<>::pop(): stack is full"); } --numElems;}template<typename T, int MAXSIZE>T Stack<T, MAXSIZE>::top() const{ if(numElems <= 0) { throw out_of_range("Stack<>::top(): stack is full"); } return elems[numElems - 1];}
实现代码:
#include<iostream>#include<vector>#include<deque>#include<stdexcept>#include<string>#include<cstdlib>#include "stack4.h"using namespace std;int main(){ try { Stack<int, 20> int20Stack; Stack<int, 40> int40Stack; Stack<string, 40> stringStack; int20Stack.push(7); cout<<int20Stack.top()<<endl; int20Stack.pop(); stringStack.push("hello"); cout<<stringStack.top()<<endl; stringStack.pop(); stringStack.pop(); } catch(exception const& ex) { cerr<<"Exception: "<<ex.what()<<endl; //return EXIT_FAILURE; } cin.get(); return 0;}
#include<iostream>#include<vector>#include<deque>#include<stdexcept>#include<string>#include<cstdlib>#include "stack4.h"using namespace std;int main(){ try { Stack<int, 20> int20Stack; Stack<int, 40> int40Stack; Stack<string, 40> stringStack; int20Stack.push(7); cout<<int20Stack.top()<<endl; int20Stack.pop(); stringStack.push("hello"); cout<<stringStack.top()<<endl; stringStack.pop(); stringStack.pop(); } catch(exception const& ex) { cerr<<"Exception: "<<ex.what()<<endl; //return EXIT_FAILURE; } cin.get(); return 0;}
MAXSIZE是新加入的第二个模板参数,类型为int,它指定了数组最多可包含的栈元素的个数
同样,我们可以为模板参数指定缺省值:
template<typename T = int, int MAXSIZE = 100>class Stack { ...};
非类型的函数模板参数
你也可以为函数模板定义非类型参数。例如:
template<typename T, int VAL>T addValue(T const& x){ return x + VAL:}
借助于STL,可以传递这个函数模板的实例化给集中的每一个元素,让他们都增加一个整数值:
std::transform(source.begin(), source.end(), dest.begin(), (int(*)(int const&))addValue<int, 5>);
非类型模板参数的限制
非类型模板参数是有限制的,通常而言,它们可以是常整数(包括枚举值)或者指向外部链接对象的指针。
浮点数和类对象是不允许作为非类型模板参数的:
template<double VAT>double process(double v) //error{ return V * VAT;}template<string name> //errorclass MyClass { ...};
另外,你也不能使用全局指针作为模板参数:
template<char const* name>class MyClass{ ...};char const* s = "hello";MyClass<s> x; //s是一个指向内部连接对象的指针
但是你可以这样使用:
template<char const* name>class MyClass { ...};extern char const s[] = "hello";MyClass<s> x; //OK
全局字符数组s由"hello"初始化,是一个外部链接对象
非类型模板参数
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