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Python 模块

 

目录

    • 1 时间模块time
      • 1.1 时间戳
      • 1.2 结构化时间
      • 1.3 格式化的时间
      • 1.4 三种时间形式的转换
        • 1.4.1 时间戳转换结构化时间
        • 1.4.2 结构化时间转 时间戳
        • 1.4.2 格式化字符串时间转换成结构化时间
        • 1.4.4 结构化时间转化成格式化时间
    • 2 random模块
    • 3 hashlib 模块
      • 3.1 MD5
      • 3.2 SH1、SH…
      • 3.2 加盐 slat
    • 4 os模块
    • 5 sys模块

 

模块就是py文件

注意文件的命名不能和模块的名字相同,正则在寻找的时候首先从当前路径寻找,然后从内置查找

1 时间模块time

Python中有三种表示时间的方法:

1.时间戳

    - 时间戳timestap(浮点型数字):(计算机)
    time.time()
    1970年1月1日的是0

2.元组(struct time)结构化时间

    - 结构化时间:(操作时间)
     >>> time.localtime()  # 默认放的是time.time()
    time.struct_time(tm_year=2017, tm_mon=4,                                 tm_mday=26, tm_hour=9, tm_min=15, tm_se
    c=53, tm_wday=2, tm_yday=116, tm_isdst=0)
    >>>
     c=time.localtime()
     拿到时间:
      c.tm_year

3.格式化的时间字符串

    - 格式化的时间字符串:(给人看)
    time.strftime()
    >>> time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d")
    ‘2017-04-26‘
    >>> time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %X")
    ‘2017-04-26 09:13:02‘

字符串时间和时间戳是不能直接转换的,通过结构化时间转换

1.1 时间戳

通常来说,时间戳表示的是从1970年1月1日00:00:00开始按秒计算的偏移量。我们运行“type(time.time())”,返回的是float类型。

import time
print(time.time())

1.2 结构化时间

struct_time元组共有9个元素共九个元素:(年,月,日,时,分,秒,一年中第几周,一年中第几天等

print(time.localtime())

结果:
time.struct_time(tm_year=2017, tm_mon=4, tm_mday=26, tm_hour=16, tm_min=0, tm_sec=5, tm_wday=2, tm_yday=116, tm_isdst=0)

1.3 格式化的时间

格式化的时间需要参数,可以用help查看

print(time.strftime(‘%Y-%m-%d %X‘))

使用help(time.strftime)

  %Y  Year with century as a decimal number.

  %m  Month as a decimal number [01,12].

  %d  Day of the month as a decimal number [01,31].

  %H  Hour (24-hour clock) as a decimal number [00,23].

  %M  Minute as a decimal number [00,59].

  %S  Second as a decimal number [00,61].

  %z  Time zone offset from UTC.

  %a  Locale‘s abbreviated weekday name.

  %A  Locale‘s full weekday name.

  %b  Locale‘s abbreviated month name.

  %B  Locale‘s full month name.

  %c  Locale‘s appropriate date and time representation.

  %I  Hour (12-hour clock) as a decimal number [01,12].

  %p  Locale‘s equivalent of either AM or PM.

1.4 三种时间形式的转换

技术分享

1.4.1 时间戳转换结构化时间

import time
print(time.localtime(time.time())) # 时间戳--》结构化时间  现在是当前时间
print(time.localtime(time.time()+86400))  # 明天的时间
print(time.gmtime(time.time()))  # 这是标准时间

1.4.2 结构化时间转 时间戳

print(time.mktime(time.localtime()))

1.4.2 格式化字符串时间转换成结构化时间

import time
res=time.strftime(‘%Y-%m-%d %X‘,time.localtime())
print(time.strptime(res,‘%Y-%m-%d %X‘))  # string format

先获取格式化的时间,赋值给res,res作为参数 后面是格式

1.4.4 结构化时间转化成格式化时间

print(time.strftime(‘%Y-%m-%d %X‘,time.localtime()))  
print(time.strftime(‘%Y-%m-%d %X‘))  #time.localtime() 是默认放上的

2 random模块

random.random()  # 0-1的浮点型数字
random.randint(1,4)  # [1-4]  取整数
random.randrange(1,4) #[1-4) #没有4  顾头不顾尾
random.choice([11,44,55]) # 从这里面中随机取
random.sample([11,44,55],2) # 从这里面中随机取  参数2是取两个
random.uniform(1,3) # 定义范围的浮点数
random.shuffle([11,22,33]) # 重新打乱
item=[1,2,3,4]
print(random.shuffle(item))
print(item)

生成验证码:
需求是生成5位的验证码,是随机的字母数字,字母有大写小写

分析:关键是通过chr能够把数字转换成相应的字母,这里用的是ASCII码表的知识

import random
def Verification():
    s=‘‘ # 新建一个字符串用于拼接
    for i in range(5): # 生成5位数的验证码
        rnum = random.randint(0,9)  # 随机生成0-9的数字
        rL = chr(random.randint(65,90))  # 大写字母 关键是chr能够把数字转化成ASCII
        rl = chr(random.randint(97,122)) # 小写字母
        res = random.choice([rnum,rL,rl])  # 从列表中随机取
        s+=str(res)  #把数字强制转换成str,循环追加字符串中
    return s
print(Verification())

ASCII维基百科

3 hashlib 模块

把任意长度的数据转换成固定长度的数据(通常用16进制的字符串表示)

严格来说,这个并不是加密,加密的是能够解密的,hash是通过算法把数据转换,例如密码保存在数据库中是MD5,用户输入密码后,会把密码用md5转换,用转换后的和数据库中的比对

摘要算法:MD5 SHA…

3.1 MD5

ftp传文件的时候可以通过吧文件的每一行进行update

import hashlib # 导入hashlib模块
a=hashlib.md5()  # 拿到的是内存地址
a.update(‘hello‘.encode(‘utf-8‘))
print(a.hexdigest())   # 打印的是hello的MD5值
a.update(‘hello‘.encode(‘utf-8‘))
print(a.hexdigest())  # 此时就是hellohello进行的转换

b=hashlib.md5() # 重新定义一个对象n
b.update(‘hellohello‘.encode(‘utf-8‘))
print(a.hexdigest()) #此时打印的值是一样的

结果:
5d41402abc4b2a76b9719d911017c592
23b431acfeb41e15d466d75de822307c
23b431acfeb41e15d466d75de822307c

3.2 SH1、SH…

调用的方法是一样的,只是名字不一样

import hashlib
m=hashlib.md5()
m.update(‘hello‘.encode(‘utf-8‘)) #
print(m.hexdigest())
n=hashlib.sha1()
n.update(‘hello‘.encode(‘utf-8‘))
print(n.hexdigest())  # sha1的用法

结果:位数不一样
5d41402abc4b2a76b9719d911017c592
aaf4c61ddcc5e8a2dabede0f3b482cd9aea9434d

3.2 加盐 slat

加盐的应用,适用于系统添加固定的字符强化加密

import hashlib
a = hashlib.md5(‘hello‘.encode(‘utf-8‘)) # 加盐slat
a.update(‘hello‘.encode(‘utf-8‘))
print(a.hexdigest())


b=hashlib.md5()  # 重新定义一个b
b.update(‘hellohello‘.encode(‘utf-8‘))  # 测试加盐是加在了前面
print(b.hexdigest())

4 os模块

os模块是与操作系统交互的接口

记住功能

1.os.getcwd() 当前绝对路径
2.os.chdir(r’绝对路径’) 切换目录
3.os.curdir 返回当前目录 就是.
4.os.pardir ..
5.os.makedirs(“aaa/bbb”) 在当前目录生成多层递归
6.os.removedirs(‘aaa’) 如果目录为空,则删除
7.os.rmdir()
8.os.listdir(r””) 就是ls功能 把当前的路径下的所有的内容
9.os.rename(“old,new”)
10.os.stat(r””) 文件信息 返回的是文件的结构化信息(文件大小、访问时间、)
11.os.sep win是\,linux是/
12.os.linesep 行终止符号 win是\t\n linux — \n
13.os.pathsep 文件路径拼接 win; linux
14.os.name win — nt linux— posix 可以判断平台
15.os.system(“dir”) # 类似bash 可以输入ls cd
16.os.path.abspath(“test.txt”) basepath+filename
17.os.dirname(“test.txt”) 文件路径
18.os.bsename(“test.txt”) 文件名
19.os.path.exits()
20.isabs
21.isdir
22.os.path.join(s1,s2)路径的拼接 在不同的平台的情况能够自动
23.os.getatime(path)
24.os.getmtime(path)
25.os.getsize(path) 获取文件的大小

import os
print(os.getcwd())  获得当前的绝对路径
print(os.getcwd())
os.chdir(r"D:\Python_fullstack_s4\32") # 相当于cd命令
print(os.getcwd())  # 此时查看就是改变的路径

结果:
D:\Python_fullstack_s4\33
D:\Python_fullstack_s4\32

print(os.curdir)  # 返回当前目录  就是.
print(os.pardir)  # 获取当前目录的父目录字符串  ..

结果:
.
..

os.makedirs("aaaa/bbb")   # 递归生成多层目录
os.removedirs("aaaa/bbb") # 删除这个目录
os.rename(‘aaa‘,‘bbb‘)  # 把文件aaa重命名成bbb
res=os.stat(‘D:\Python_fullstack_s4\day33/bbb‘)
print(res)

结果:
os.stat_result(st_mode=33206, st_ino=1970324837071832, st_dev=374768, st_nlink=1, st_uid=0, st_gid=0, st_size=0, st_atime=1493205622, st_mtime=1493205622, st_ctime=1493205622)

os.mkdir(‘123‘)  # 生成单级目录;相当于shell中mkdir dirname
os.rmdir(‘123‘) #  删除单级空目录,若目录不为空则无法删除,报错;相当于shell中rmdir dirname
os.remove(r‘D:\Python_fullstack_s4\day33\bbb‘) # 删除文件
print(os.name)
```结果 win---nt
linux---posix

```python
os.system(‘dir‘)  #里面是命令
print(os.path.abspath(‘test.txt‘)) #返回path规范化的绝对路径
abs=os.path.abspath(‘test.txt‘)
print(os.path.basename(abs))
print(os.path.dirname(abs))

test.txt
D:\Python_fullstack_s4\day33

print(os.path.exists(‘test.txt‘) )  # 判断文件是否存在
print(os.path.isabs(‘test.txt‘))  #判断是否是绝对路径
print(os.path.isdir(‘aa‘))  # 判断是否存在目录
s1=r"C:\Users\Administrator\PycharmProjects"
s2=r"py_fullstack_s4\day33"
#print(s1+os.sep+s2)
ret=os.path.join(s1,s2)   # 推荐方式
print(ret)




‘‘‘
os.getcwd() 获取当前工作目录,即当前python脚本工作的目录路径
os.chdir("dirname")  改变当前脚本工作目录;相当于shell下cd
os.curdir  返回当前目录: (‘.‘)
os.pardir  获取当前目录的父目录字符串名:(‘..‘)
os.makedirs(‘dirname1/dirname2‘)    可生成多层递归目录
os.removedirs(‘dirname1‘)    若目录为空,则删除,并递归到上一级目录,如若也为空,则删除,依此类推
os.mkdir(‘dirname‘)    生成单级目录;相当于shell中mkdir dirname
os.rmdir(‘dirname‘)    删除单级空目录,若目录不为空则无法删除,报错;相当于shell中rmdir dirname
os.listdir(‘dirname‘)    列出指定目录下的所有文件和子目录,包括隐藏文件,并以列表方式打印
os.remove()  删除一个文件
os.rename("oldname","newname")  重命名文件/目录
os.stat(‘path/filename‘)  获取文件/目录信息
os.sep    输出操作系统特定的路径分隔符,win下为"\\",Linux下为"/"
os.linesep    输出当前平台使用的行终止符,win下为"\t\n",Linux下为"\n"
os.pathsep    输出用于分割文件路径的字符串 win下为;,Linux下为:
os.name    输出字符串指示当前使用平台。win->‘nt‘; Linux->‘posix‘
os.system("bash command")  运行shell命令,直接显示
os.environ  获取系统环境变量
os.path.abspath(path)  返回path规范化的绝对路径
os.path.split(path)  将path分割成目录和文件名二元组返回
os.path.dirname(path)  返回path的目录。其实就是os.path.split(path)的第一个元素
os.path.basename(path)  返回path最后的文件名。如何path以/或\结尾,那么就会返回空值。即os.path.split(path)的第二个元素
os.path.exists(path)  如果path存在,返回True;如果path不存在,返回False
os.path.isabs(path)  如果path是绝对路径,返回True
os.path.isfile(path)  如果path是一个存在的文件,返回True。否则返回False
os.path.isdir(path)  如果path是一个存在的目录,则返回True。否则返回False
os.path.join(path1[, path2[, ...]])  将多个路径组合后返回,第一个绝对路径之前的参数将被忽略
os.path.getatime(path)  返回path所指向的文件或者目录的最后存取时间
os.path.getmtime(path)  返回path所指向的文件或者目录的最后修改时间
os.path.getsize(path) 返回path的大小
‘‘‘

5 sys模块

sys是与解释器有关的

1.sys.exit() 程序退出
2.sys.version Python版本
3.sys.platform 返回操作系统的平台
4.sys.argv 程序执行前输入参数,返回值是一个列表 可以去到
5.sys.path sys的寻找路径的优先级 大一点的程序是在不同的目录中的、模块化

sys.argv           命令行参数List,第一个元素是程序本身路径
sys.exit(n)        退出程序,正常退出时exit(0)
sys.version        获取Python解释程序的版本信息
sys.maxint         最大的Int值
sys.path           返回模块的搜索路径,初始化时使用PYTHONPATH环境变量的值
sys.platform       返回操作系统平台名称

 

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Python 模块