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ASP.NET MVC 4 (十二) Web API

Web API属于ASP.NET核心平台的一部分,它利用MVC框架的底层功能方便我们快速的开发部署WEB服务。我们可以在常规MVC应用通过添加API控制器来创建web api服务,普通MVC应用程序控制器根据用户请求的action方法返回ActionResult,而web api服务返回的则是json封装的模型数据。

在开始下面的内容前先给出相关类与接口的代码:

public interface IReservationRepository {        IEnumerable<Reservation> GetAll();        Reservation Get(int id);        Reservation Add(Reservation item);        void Remove(int id);        bool Update(Reservation item);    }public class Reservation {        public int ReservationId { get; set; }        public string ClientName { get; set; }        public string Location { get; set; }        }public class ReservationRepository : IReservationRepository {        private List<Reservation> data = http://www.mamicode.com/new List {"Adam", Location = "London"},            new Reservation {ReservationId = 2,  ClientName = "Steve", Location = "New York"},            new Reservation {ReservationId = 3,  ClientName = "Jacqui", Location = "Paris"},        };        private static ReservationRepository repo = new ReservationRepository();        public static IReservationRepository getRepository() {            return repo;        }        public IEnumerable<Reservation> GetAll() {            return data;        }        public Reservation Get(int id) {            var matches = data.Where(r => r.ReservationId == id);            return matches.Count() > 0 ? matches.First() : null;        }        public Reservation Add(Reservation item) {            item.ReservationId = data.Count + 1;            data.Add(item);            return item;        }        public void Remove(int id) {            Reservation item = Get(id);            if (item != null) {                data.Remove(item);            }        }        public bool Update(Reservation item) {            Reservation storedItem = Get(item.ReservationId);            if (storedItem != null) {                storedItem.ClientName = item.ClientName;                storedItem.Location = item.Location;                return true;            } else {                return false;            }        }    }

 

创建API控制器

在已有的MVC WEB应用中添加API控制器来创建WEB服务,VS的添加控制器对话框中可以选择创建API控制器,我们可以选择“Empty API controller”创建不包含任何方法的空API控制器,手工添加对应各个WEB服务操作的方法,一个完整的API控制类类似:

using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Web.Http;using WebServices.Models;namespace WebServices.Controllers {    public class ReservationController : ApiController {        IReservationRepository repo = ReservationRepository.getRepository();        public IEnumerable<Reservation> GetAllReservations() {            return repo.GetAll();        }        public Reservation GetReservation(int id) {            return repo.Get(id);        }        public Reservation PostReservation(Reservation item) {            return repo.Add(item);        }        public bool PutReservation(Reservation item) {            return repo.Update(item);        }        public void DeleteReservation(int id) {            repo.Remove(id);        }    }}

当我们从浏览器访问 /api/reservation时得到的GetAllReservations方法封装的JSON数据,在IE10中得到的结果类似:

[{"ReservationId":1,"ClientName":"Adam","Location":"London"}, {"ReservationId":2,"ClientName":"Steve","Location":"New York"}, {"ReservationId":3,"ClientName":"Jacqui","Location":"Paris"}] 

如果是Chrome或者Firefox结果则是XML:

<ArrayOfReservation>   <Reservation>     <ClientName>Adam</ClientName>     <Location>London</Location>     <ReservationId>1</ReservationId>   </Reservation>   <Reservation>     <ClientName>Steve</ClientName>     <Location>New York</Location>     <ReservationId>2</ReservationId>   </Reservation>   <Reservation>     <ClientName>Jacqui</ClientName>     <Location>Paris</Location>     <ReservationId>3</ReservationId>   </Reservation> </ArrayOfReservation> 

这种区别源于浏览器提交的Accept头,IE10发送的Accept头类似:

... Accept: text/html, application/xhtml+xml, */* ...

表示IE10优先接受 text/html,接下来是application/xhtml+xml,如果前两者不可行, */*表示接受任何格式。Web API支持XML和JSON两种格式,但是优先使用JSON,所以IE10得到的*/*选择的JSON格式。Chrome发送的Accept头类似:

... Accept:text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8 ... 

Chrome优先接受application/xml,所以WEB API使用XML格式发送数据。

理解API控制器如何作用

在IE10中如果访问/api/reservation/3,得到的JSON数据类似:

{"ReservationId":3,"ClientName":"Jacqui","Location":"Paris"}

这里得到的ReservationIdvalue=http://www.mamicode.com/3的对象数据,这和MVC的路径映射很相似,实际上确实也是这样,API有自己的的路径映射,定义在 WebApiConfig.cs文件中:

using System.Web.Http;namespace WebServices {    public static class WebApiConfig {        public static void Register(HttpConfiguration config) {            config.Routes.MapHttpRoute(                name: "DefaultApi",                routeTemplate: "api/{controller}/{id}",                defaults: new { id = RouteParameter.Optional }            );        }    }}

这里的路径映射非常类似于MVC控制器的路径映射,但是所用的路径映射表和配置类都来自于System.Web.Http命名空间,Microsoft在这个命名空间复制了MVC的对应的类,这样做使得我们可以脱离MVC单独使用WEB API。这里注册的API路径映射最后在global.asax中通过WebApiConfig.Register(GlobalConfiguration.Configuration)注册到全局配置文件中。

和MVC控制器通过URL选择action方法不同,API控制器根据HTTP请求方法的不同来选择API控制器方法。API控制器方法的命名规则一般是HTTP方法作为前缀加上控制器的名称,比如GetReservation(这只是常规做法,DoGetReservation、ThisIsTheGetAction都是允许的),我们从浏览器访问/api/reservation所用的HTTP方法为GET,API控制器会查找所有包含GET的所有控制器方法,GetReservation和GetAllReservations都在考虑之类,但是具体选择哪个还参考了所带的参数,访问/api/reservation没有任何参数,因此API控制器选择了GetAllReservations,访问/api/reservation/3自然就选择了GetReservation。由此我们也知道PostReservation、PutReservation、DeleteReservation分别对应HTTP的Post、Put、Delete三种方法(WEB API的Representation State Transfer - REST)。

PutReservation方法命名多少有点不自然,我们更习惯称呼它为UpdateReservation,和MVC一样,System.Web.Http也提供一些特性可以应用于控制器方法:

public class ReservationController : ApiController {        IReservationRepository repo = ReservationRepository.getRepository();        public IEnumerable<Reservation> GetAllReservations() {            return repo.GetAll();        }        public Reservation GetReservation(int id) {            return repo.Get(id);        }        [HttpPost]        public Reservation CreateReservation(Reservation item) {            return repo.Add(item);        }        [HttpPut]        public bool UpdateReservation(Reservation item) {            return repo.Update(item);        }        public void DeleteReservation(int id) {            repo.Remove(id);        }    }

这里通过HttpPost特性指定CreateReservation对应HTTP的POST请求,HttpPut指定UpdateReservation对应HTTP的PUT请求,MVC也有类似的特性,但是注意它们虽然同名但是定义在System.Web.Http命名空间。

使用WEB API

如同常规WEB服务,我们可以有多种方式来调用WEB API,比如windows form程序、其他ASP.NET应用程序,这里给出如何在当前MVC应用中利用javascript脚本来使用web api。

视图文件index.cshtml:

@{ ViewBag.Title = "Index";}@section scripts {    <script src="http://www.mamicode.com/~/Scripts/jquery.unobtrusive-ajax.js"></script>    <script src="http://www.mamicode.com/~/Scripts/Home/Index.js"></script>}<div id="summaryDisplay" class="display">    <h4>Reservations</h4>    <table>        <thead>            <tr>                <th class="selectCol"></th>                <th class="nameCol">Name</th>                <th class="locationCol">Location</th>            </tr>        </thead>        <tbody id="tableBody">            <tr><td colspan="3">The data is loading</td></tr>        </tbody>    </table>    <div id="buttonContainer">        <button id="refresh">Refresh</button>        <button id="add">Add</button>        <button id="edit">Edit</button>        <button id="delete">Delete</button>    </div></div><div id="addDisplay" class="display">    <h4>Add New Reservation</h4>    @{        AjaxOptions addAjaxOpts = new AjaxOptions {            OnSuccess = "getData",            Url = "/api/reservation"        };    }    @using (Ajax.BeginForm(addAjaxOpts)) {        @Html.Hidden("ReservationId", 0)        <p><label>Name:</label>@Html.Editor("ClientName")</p>        <p><label>Location:</label>@Html.Editor("Location")</p>        <button type="submit">Submit</button>    }</div><div id="editDisplay" class="display">    <h4>Edit Reservation</h4>    <form id="editForm">        <input id="editReservationId" type="hidden" name="ReservationId"/>        <p><label>Name:</label><input id="editClientName" name="ClientName" /></p>        <p><label>Location:</label><input id="editLocation" name="Location" /></p>    </form>    <button id="submitEdit" type="submit">Save</button></div>

Index.js:

function selectView(view) {    $(‘.display‘).not(‘#‘ + view + "Display").hide();    $(‘#‘ + view + "Display").show();}function getData() {    $.ajax({        type: "GET",        url: "/api/reservation",        success: function (data) {            $(‘#tableBody‘).empty();            for (var i = 0; i < data.length; i++) {                $(‘#tableBody‘).append(‘<tr><td><input id="id" name="id" type="radio"‘                    + ‘value="http://www.mamicode.com/‘ + data[i].ReservationId + ‘" /></td>‘                    + ‘<td>‘ + data[i].ClientName + ‘</td>‘                    + ‘<td>‘ + data[i].Location + ‘</td></tr>‘);            }            $(‘input:radio‘)[0].checked = "checked";            selectView("summary");        }    });}$(document).ready(function () {    selectView("summary");    getData();    $("button").click(function (e) {        var selectedRadio = $(‘input:radio:checked‘)        switch (e.target.id) {            case "refresh":                getData();                break;            case "delete":                $.ajax({                    type: "DELETE",                    url: "/api/reservation/" + selectedRadio.attr(‘value‘),                    success: function (data) {                        selectedRadio.closest(‘tr‘).remove();                    }                });                break;            case "add":                selectView("add");                break;            case "edit":                $.ajax({                    type: "GET",                    url: "/api/reservation/" + selectedRadio.attr(‘value‘),                    success: function (data) {                        $(‘#editReservationId‘).val(data.ReservationId);                        $(‘#editClientName‘).val(data.ClientName);                        $(‘#editLocation‘).val(data.Location);                        selectView("edit");                    }                });                break;            case "submitEdit":                $.ajax({                    type: "PUT",                    url: "/api/reservation/" + selectedRadio.attr(‘value‘),                    data: $(‘#editForm‘).serialize(),                    success: function (result) {                        if (result) {                            var cells = selectedRadio.closest(‘tr‘).children();                            cells[1].innerText = $(‘#editClientName‘).val();                            cells[2].innerText = $(‘#editLocation‘).val();                            selectView("summary");                        }                    }                });                break;        }    });});

第一次访问index视图HTML界面装载完成后调用JS函数selectView("summary"),它显示ID=summaryDisplay的DIV块,隐藏其他的addDisplay、editDisplay块,然后通过调用JS函数getData(),getData使用GET方法向WEB API请求数据,返回的数据每个项目一行在表格中。summaryDisplay底部有Refresh、Add、Edit、Delete四个按钮,这些按钮的点击在“$("button").click(function (e)”处理;点击Refresh时调用getdata刷新数据;点击add时隐藏其他DIV块,显示addDisplay DIV块,这个DIV块创建一个AJAX表单,POST方法提交到API控制器的CreateReservation;EDIT按钮根据当前的选项从/api/reservation/{id} GET相应的对象后显示editDisplay DIV块,同时隐藏其他DIV块;点击editDisplay DIV块中的submitEdit按钮,JS使用PUT方法请求/api/reservation/{id}调用API控制器的UpdateReservation方法修改数据,完成后再次显示summaryDisplay DIV块,隐藏其他DIV块;点击delete按钮则是使用DELETE方法请求/api/reservation/{id}调用控制器方法DeleteReservation删除对象,完成后删除summaryDisplay DIV块中的相应行。

 

以上为对《Apress Pro ASP.NET MVC 4》第四版相关内容的总结,不详之处参见原版 http://www.apress.com/9781430242369。 

ASP.NET MVC 4 (十二) Web API