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javaweb(十四)——JSP原理

一、什么是JSP?

  JSP全称是Java Server Pages,它和servle技术一样,都是SUN公司定义的一种用于开发动态web资源的技术。
  JSP这门技术的最大的特点在于,写jsp就像在写html,但它相比html而言,html只能为用户提供静态数据,而Jsp技术允许在页面中嵌套java代码,为用户提供动态数据。

二、JSP原理

2.1、Web服务器是如何调用并执行一个jsp页面的?

  浏览器向服务器发请求,不管访问的是什么资源,其实都是在访问Servlet,所以当访问一个jsp页面时,其实也是在访问一个Servlet,服务器在执行jsp的时候,首先把jsp翻译成一个Servlet,所以我们访问jsp时,其实不是在访问jsp,而是在访问jsp翻译过后的那个Servlet,例如下面的代码:

index.jsp

 1 <%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
 2 <%
 3 String path = request.getContextPath();
 4 String basePath = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path+"/";
 5 %>
 6 
 7 <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
 8 <html>
 9   <head>
10     <base href="<%=basePath%>">
11     
12     <title>First Jsp</title>
13     
14   </head>
15   
16   <body>
17     <%
18         out.print("Hello Jsp");
19     %>
20   </body>
21 </html>

  当我们通过浏览器访问index.jsp时,服务器首先将index.jsp翻译成一个index_jsp.class,在Tomcat服务器的work\Catalina\localhost\项目名\org\apache\jsp目录下可以看到index_jsp.class的源代码文件index_jsp.java,index_jsp.java的代码如下:

 1 package org.apache.jsp;
 2 
 3 import javax.servlet.*;
 4 import javax.servlet.http.*;
 5 import javax.servlet.jsp.*;
 6 import java.util.*;
 7 
 8 public final class index_jsp extends org.apache.jasper.runtime.HttpJspBase
 9     implements org.apache.jasper.runtime.JspSourceDependent {
10 
11   private static final JspFactory _jspxFactory = JspFactory.getDefaultFactory();
12 
13   private static java.util.List _jspx_dependants;
14 
15   private javax.el.ExpressionFactory _el_expressionfactory;
16   private org.apache.AnnotationProcessor _jsp_annotationprocessor;
17 
18   public Object getDependants() {
19     return _jspx_dependants;
20   }
21 
22   public void _jspInit() {
23     _el_expressionfactory = _jspxFactory.getJspApplicationContext(getServletConfig().getServletContext()).getExpressionFactory();
24     _jsp_annotationprocessor = (org.apache.AnnotationProcessor) getServletConfig().getServletContext().getAttribute(org.apache.AnnotationProcessor.class.getName());
25   }
26 
27   public void _jspDestroy() {
28   }
29 
30   public void _jspService(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
31         throws java.io.IOException, ServletException {
32 
33     PageContext pageContext = null;
34     HttpSession session = null;
35     ServletContext application = null;
36     ServletConfig config = null;
37     JspWriter out = null;
38     Object page = this;
39     JspWriter _jspx_out = null;
40     PageContext _jspx_page_context = null;
41 
42 
43     try {
44       response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8");
45       pageContext = _jspxFactory.getPageContext(this, request, response,
46                   null, true, 8192, true);
47       _jspx_page_context = pageContext;
48       application = pageContext.getServletContext();
49       config = pageContext.getServletConfig();
50       session = pageContext.getSession();
51       out = pageContext.getOut();
52       _jspx_out = out;
53 
54       out.write(‘\r‘);
55       out.write(‘\n‘);
56 
57 String path = request.getContextPath();
58 String basePath = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path+"/";
59 
60       out.write("\r\n");
61       out.write("\r\n");
62       out.write("<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN\">\r\n");
63       out.write("<html>\r\n");
64       out.write("  <head>\r\n");
65       out.write("    <base href=http://www.mamicode.com/"");
66       out.print(basePath);
67       out.write("\">\r\n");
68       out.write("    \r\n");
69       out.write("    <title>First Jsp</title>\r\n");
70       out.write("\t\r\n");
71       out.write("  </head>\r\n");
72       out.write("  \r\n");
73       out.write("  <body>\r\n");
74       out.write("    ");
75 
76         out.print("Hello Jsp");
77     
78       out.write("\r\n");
79       out.write("  </body>\r\n");
80       out.write("</html>\r\n");
81     } catch (Throwable t) {
82       if (!(t instanceof SkipPageException)){
83         out = _jspx_out;
84         if (out != null && out.getBufferSize() != 0)
85           try { out.clearBuffer(); } catch (java.io.IOException e) {}
86         if (_jspx_page_context != null) _jspx_page_context.handlePageException(t);
87       }
88     } finally {
89       _jspxFactory.releasePageContext(_jspx_page_context);
90     }
91   }
92 }

  我们可以看到,index_jsp这个类是继承 org.apache.jasper.runtime.HttpJspBase这个类的,通过查看Tomcat服务器的源代码,可以知道在apache-tomcat-6.0.20-src\java\org\apache\jasper\runtime目录下存HttpJspBase这个类的源代码文件,如下图所示:

  技术分享

我们可以看看HttpJsBase这个类的源代码,如下所示:

 1 /*
 2  * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
 3  * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
 4  * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
 5  * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
 6  * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
 7  * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 8  * 
 9  *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
10  * 
11  * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
12  * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
13  * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
14  * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
15  * limitations under the License.
16  */
17 
18 package org.apache.jasper.runtime;
19 
20 import java.io.IOException;
21 
22 import javax.servlet.ServletConfig;
23 import javax.servlet.ServletException;
24 import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
25 import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
26 import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
27 import javax.servlet.jsp.HttpJspPage;
28 import javax.servlet.jsp.JspFactory;
29 
30 import org.apache.jasper.compiler.Localizer;
31 
32 /**
33  * This is the super class of all JSP-generated servlets.
34  *
35  * @author Anil K. Vijendran
36  */
37 public abstract class HttpJspBase 
38     extends HttpServlet 
39     implements HttpJspPage 
40         
41     
42 {
43     
44     protected HttpJspBase() {
45     }
46 
47     public final void init(ServletConfig config) 
48     throws ServletException 
49     {
50         super.init(config);
51     jspInit();
52         _jspInit();
53     }
54     
55     public String getServletInfo() {
56     return Localizer.getMessage("jsp.engine.info");
57     }
58 
59     public final void destroy() {
60     jspDestroy();
61     _jspDestroy();
62     }
63 
64     /**
65      * Entry point into service.
66      */
67     public final void service(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) 
68     throws ServletException, IOException 
69     {
70         _jspService(request, response);
71     }
72     
73     public void jspInit() {
74     }
75 
76     public void _jspInit() {
77     }
78 
79     public void jspDestroy() {
80     }
81 
82     protected void _jspDestroy() {
83     }
84 
85     public abstract void _jspService(HttpServletRequest request, 
86                      HttpServletResponse response) 
87     throws ServletException, IOException;
88 }

  HttpJspBase类是继承HttpServlet的,所以HttpJspBase类是一个Servlet,而index_jsp又是继承HttpJspBase类的,所以index_jsp类也是一个Servlet,所以当浏览器访问服务器上的index.jsp页面时,其实就是在访问index_jsp这个Servlet,index_jsp这个Servlet使用_jspService这个方法处理请求。

2.2、Jsp页面中的html排版标签是如何被发送到客户端的?

浏览器接收到的这些数据

 1 <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
 2 <html>
 3   <head>
 4     <base href="http://localhost:8080/JavaWeb_Jsp_Study_20140603/">
 5     
 6     <title>First Jsp</title>
 7     
 8   </head>
 9   
10   <body>
11     Hello Jsp
12   </body>
13 </html>

都是在_jspService方法中使用如下的代码输出给浏览器的:

 1 out.write(‘\r‘);
 2       out.write(‘\n‘);
 3 
 4 String path = request.getContextPath();
 5 String basePath = request.getScheme()+"://"+request.getServerName()+":"+request.getServerPort()+path+"/";
 6 
 7       out.write("\r\n");
 8       out.write("\r\n");
 9       out.write("<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN\">\r\n");
10       out.write("<html>\r\n");
11       out.write("  <head>\r\n");
12       out.write("    <base href=http://www.mamicode.com/"");
13       out.print(basePath);
14       out.write("\">\r\n");
15       out.write("    \r\n");
16       out.write("    <title>First Jsp</title>\r\n");
17       out.write("\t\r\n");
18       out.write("  </head>\r\n");
19       out.write("  \r\n");
20       out.write("  <body>\r\n");
21       out.write("    ");
22 
23         out.print("Hello Jsp");
24     
25       out.write("\r\n");
26       out.write("  </body>\r\n");
27       out.write("</html>\r\n");

  在jsp中编写的java代码和html代码都会被翻译到_jspService方法中去,在jsp中编写的java代码会原封不动地翻译成java代码,如<%out.print("Hello Jsp");%>直接翻译成out.print("Hello Jsp");,而HTML代码则会翻译成使用out.write("<html标签>\r\n");的形式输出到浏览器。在jsp页面中编写的html排版标签都是以out.write("<html标签>\r\n");的形式输出到浏览器,浏览器拿到html代码后才能够解析执行html代码。

2.3、Jsp页面中的java代码服务器是如何执行的?

  在jsp中编写的java代码会被翻译到_jspService方法中去,当执行_jspService方法处理请求时,就会执行在jsp编写的java代码了,所以Jsp页面中的java代码服务器是通过调用_jspService方法处理请求时执行的。

2.4、Web服务器在调用jsp时,会给jsp提供一些什么java对象?

  查看_jspService方法可以看到,Web服务器在调用jsp时,会给Jsp提供如下的8个java对象

1 PageContext pageContext;
2 HttpSession session;
3 ServletContext application;
4 ServletConfig config;
5 JspWriter out;
6 Object page = this;
7 HttpServletRequest request, 
8 HttpServletResponse response

  其中page对象,request和response已经完成了实例化,而其它5个没有实例化的对象通过下面的方式实例化

1 pageContext = _jspxFactory.getPageContext(this, request, response,null, true, 8192, true);
2 application = pageContext.getServletContext();
3 config = pageContext.getServletConfig();
4 session = pageContext.getSession();
5 out = pageContext.getOut();

 这8个java对象在Jsp页面中是可以直接使用的,如下所示:

 1 <%
 2         session.setAttribute("name", "session对象");//使用session对象,设置session对象的属性
 3         out.print(session.getAttribute("name")+"<br/>");//获取session对象的属性
 4         pageContext.setAttribute("name", "pageContext对象");//使用pageContext对象,设置pageContext对象的属性
 5         out.print(pageContext.getAttribute("name")+"<br/>");//获取pageContext对象的属性
 6         application.setAttribute("name", "application对象");//使用application对象,设置application对象的属性
 7         out.print(application.getAttribute("name")+"<br/>");//获取application对象的属性
 8         out.print("Hello Jsp"+"<br/>");//使用out对象
 9         out.print("服务器调用index.jsp页面时翻译成的类的名字是:"+page.getClass()+"<br/>");//使用page对象
10         out.print("处理请求的Servlet的名字是:"+config.getServletName()+"<br/>");//使用config对象
11         out.print(response.getContentType()+"<br/>");//使用response对象
12         out.print(request.getContextPath()+"<br/>");//使用request对象
13 %>

运行结果如下:

  技术分享

2.5、Jsp最佳实践

  Jsp最佳实践就是jsp技术在开发中该怎么去用。

  不管是JSP还是Servlet,虽然都可以用于开发动态web资源。但由于这2门技术各自的特点,在长期的软件实践中,人们逐渐把servlet作为web应用中的控制器组件来使用,而把JSP技术作为数据显示模板来使用。其原因为,程序的数据通常要美化后再输出:让jsp既用java代码产生动态数据,又做美化会导致页面难以维护。让servlet既产生数据,又在里面嵌套html代码美化数据,同样也会导致程序可读性差,难以维护。因此最好的办法就是根据这两门技术的特点,让它们各自负责各的,servlet只负责响应请求产生数据,并把数据通过转发技术带给jsp,数据的显示jsp来做。

2.6、Tomcat服务器的执行流程

  技术分享

第一次执行:

  1. 客户端通过电脑连接服务器,因为是请求是动态的,所以所有的请求交给WEB容器来处理
  2. 在容器中找到需要执行的*.jsp文件
  3. 之后*.jsp文件通过转换变为*.java文件
  4. *.java文件经过编译后,形成*.class文件
  5. 最终服务器要执行形成的*.class文件

第二次执行:

  1. 因为已经存在了*.class文件,所以不在需要转换和编译的过程

修改后执行:

       1.源文件已经被修改过了,所以需要重新转换,重新编译。

javaweb(十四)——JSP原理