A peak element is an element that is greater than its neighbors.
Given an input array where num[i] ≠ num[i+1], find a peak element and return its index.
You may imagine that num[-1] = num[n] = -∞.
For example, in array [1, 2, 3, 1], 3 is a peak element and your function should return the index number 2.
Note:
Your solution should be in logarithmic complexity.

这个题目要求时间复杂度为O(log(N))，可以利用二分查找来做，只是这里更新搜索区间的时候不太一样：如果到mid的前一步是上坡而mid的下一步是下坡，那么mid即是山顶；如果mid的前一步和后一步都是上坡，那么山顶必然位于后半区间；如果mid的前一步和后一步都是下坡，那么山顶必然位于前半区间。除此之外，还需要处理边界问题。

我的C++代码实现如下：

int findPeakElement(const vector<int> &num) {
    int low = 0, high = num.size() - 1;
    while (low <= high) {
        int mid  = (low + high) >> 1;
        bool isUphillForward = (mid == 0 ? true : num[mid] > num[mid - 1]);
        bool isUphillAfter = (mid == num.size() - 1 ? false : num[mid + 1] > num[mid]);

        if (isUphillForward && !isUphillAfter) return mid;
        else if (isUphillForward && isUphillAfter) low = mid + 1;
        else high = mid - 1;
    }

    return low;
}

LeetCode[Array]: Find Peak Element